体外神经块轴突机械切断再生模型的建立

目的 建立适用于机械损伤后轴突再生研究的模型.方法 微玻璃管接种神经块法或常规法分别接种神经块至培养皿,免疫荧光和RT-PCR检测胞体和树突在轴突区域的分布情况.显微镜下机械切断轴突后,免疫荧光和RT-PCR检测再生轴突的纯度.结果 相对于常规神经块接种法,在使用微玻璃管接种法的神经块外1/2轴突中,免疫荧光和RT-PCR检测结果显示细胞核和树突为阴性.在使用微玻璃管接种法的神经块切断后再生轴突中,免疫荧光和RT-PCR检查结果显示树突和细胞核未混入再生轴突.结论 微玻璃管接种神经块能获得足够纯净的轴突和再生轴突.机械切断模型的建立为创伤后轴突的分子研究奠定了基础.     

脊髓损伤后轴突再生抑制分子信号传导的研究进展

为什么周围神经损伤后轴突可以再生并恢复功能,而中枢神经系统(CNS)损伤后却不能再生并留下永久性功能障碍?早在100年前Xajal就观察到:家兔脊髓切断后2 d,近侧端的轴突膨大,第5～6天像发育阶段神经轴突的形成一样,呈管样开始出芽,但很快塌陷,形成球状末端.     

联合激活mTOR和STAT信号通路对脊髓损伤小鼠轴突再生及运动功能的影响

目的 探索联合激活AKT/mTOR和JAK/STAT信号通路对小鼠C5脊髓钳夹损伤后皮质脊髓束轴突再生和运动功能的影响.方法 成年C57/BL小鼠40只,随机分为磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)/细胞因子信号抑制物3(SOCS3)组(注射PTEN抑制病毒和SOCS3抑制病毒)、PTEN组(注射PTEN抑制病毒)、SO...     

荧光素双标记和电镜观察神经端侧吻合修复神经缺损的实验研究

目的　观察兔耳大神经端侧吻合后轴突再生情况。方法　采用兔耳大神经端侧吻合模型 ,右侧耳大神经作为供神经 ,在适当部位的外膜上纵行切开 2 .0mm(开窗 ) ,左侧耳大神经在近端切断 ,其远侧段作为受神经 ,随机分为 1月组、2月组、4月组和正常对照组。结果　荧光素组 :右侧C2～ 3背根节内可见 3种不同结构的标记细胞 ,即FB(胞浆 )单标记细胞、NY(胞核 )单标记细胞和FB/NY(胞浆 /胞核 )双标记细胞。每组标记细胞数量不同 ,以 2～ 4月间再生较多。FB标记细胞分布广泛 ,大、中、小型细胞均有 ,NY单标记细胞分布区域相对集中。双标记细胞多分布于背根节的中央区。电镜观察组 :受神经术后 1个月 ,距吻合口 0 .5cm之神经 ,有无髓纤维溃变 ,结构紊乱 ,轴突和髓鞘蹦解 ,在溃变有髓纤维髓鞘外偶见再生的较细的无髓纤维 ,2个月时 ,有大量的无髓纤维再生 ,雪旺氏细胞增殖活跃 ,并可见新生的直径细小的有髓纤维 ,髓鞘较薄 ,内部线粒体结构清晰。术后 4个月 ,新生的有、无髓纤维较 2个月时增多 ,以无髓纤维增多显著。结论　神经端侧吻合后轴突可以再生。     

模拟微重力对神经细胞形态及其生长的影响

目的 探讨模拟微重力对神经细胞的形态、结构和生长的影响.方法 分离新生鼠原代神经细胞,接种于Cytodex3型微载体,培养3 d后转移入旋转细胞培养系统,通过Image-Pro Plus软件进行神经细胞轴突长度测量,用透射电镜观察神经细胞超微结构的变化.结果 模拟微重力条件下培养5 d的神经细胞的轴突长度大于正常重力条件下培养的神经细胞,两组数据相比差异显著[(65.34±8.38)μmvs.(56.10±8.57)μm,P＜0.01];用模拟微重力培养细胞的上清液和正常重力培养的上清液进行交换后,用模拟微重力培养上清液培养的神经细胞的轴突长度有所延长[(60.91±5.04)μm vs.(65.67±5.61)μm,P＜0.01;(54.65±5.49)μm vs.(60.89±6.29)μm,P＜0.01].透射电镜下观察,模拟微重力条件下培养5 d的神经细胞中以成熟神经元为主,核周间隙明显,胞浆其内有丰富的细胞器结构,散在有很多糖原颗粒.结论 模拟微重力影响神经细胞的轴突长度及神经细胞的超微结构,同时引起了细胞培养上清液中某些成分的变化,成分变化了的上清可以继续引起神经细胞轴突长度的变化.     

神经端侧吻合再生轴突荧光素双标记的实验研究

目的　探讨兔耳大神经端侧吻合后轴突再生的来源 ,及供神经外膜开窗与否对轴突再生的影响。方法　兔耳大神经端侧吻合模型 ,分为A ,B ,C ,D组 ,每组分为 2月、4月、8月 3个时间组 ,动物观察到期后于吻合口远侧供、受神经干分别注入FB ,NY两种荧光素 ,FB注入供神经 ,NY注入受神经。取双侧C2～ 3 背根神经节作冰冻切片 ,荧光显微镜下观察标记情况。结果　 (1)A ,B两组右侧C2～ 3 背根节内分别见FB ,NY单标记细胞和FB/NY双标记细胞 ,标记细胞数量随术后时间的延长增多。 (2 )A ,B两组各时间组神经节内标记细胞数量相无明显差别。结论　 (1)神经端侧吻合后再生轴突来源于供神经的侧枝发芽。 (2 )神经外膜开窗与否对神经轴突再生无明显影响。     

晶状体蛋白促大鼠视网膜神经节细胞存活和突起生长的体外研究

目的探讨晶状体内各主要可溶性晶状体蛋白对离体培养的大鼠视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)存活和突起生长的作用,为视神经损伤后再生的研究提供新的思路。方法采用分子排阻凝胶色谱法分离纯化晶状体中各主要可溶性晶状体蛋白——α、β-H、β-L、γ晶状体蛋白,再通过SDS-PAGE电泳、肽质量指纹图谱方法鉴定其为目的蛋白质后,按组分别进行RGCs离体培养试验,观察RGCs的最长突起长度和存活细胞数。结果RGCs的最长突起长度6 d时达最大值,分别为:对照组(92.27±35.93)μm,α晶状体蛋白组(181.59±43.78)μm,β-H晶状体蛋白组(123.33±52.81)μm,β-L晶状体蛋白组(89.55±22.40)μm,γ晶状体蛋白组(86.01±39.15)μm。6 d时,各组RGCs存活细胞数分别为:对照组(9.80±3.25)个/视野,α晶状体蛋白组(13.00±4.25)个/视野,β-H晶状体蛋白组(11.33±6.28)个/视野,β-L晶状体蛋白组(8.10±1.83)个/视野,γ晶状体蛋白组(5.74±2.82)个/视野。α、β-H晶状体蛋白组RGCs的最长突起长度和存活细胞数明显高于对照组,α晶状体蛋白组作用更明显,β-L晶状体蛋白组与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义,γ晶状体蛋白组存活细胞数在6d时明显少于对照组。结论α晶状体蛋白有明显的促进体外培养的RGCs存活和突起生长的作用,是一种晶状体源性神经保护物质。β-H晶状体蛋白也有一定的促RGCs突起生长和保护存活的作用。γ晶状体蛋白有一定的抑制RGCs存活的作用。     

负压封闭引流治疗深度烧伤创面及对炎性因子、致痛因子的影响

目的研究负压封闭引流(VSD)治疗深度烧伤创面(DBW)及对血清炎性因子、致痛因子的影响。方法 2015年1月—2017年12月内江市第一人民医院治疗DBW患者106例,其中男性69例,女性37例;年龄25～59岁,平均44. 5岁;受伤至入院时间0. 5～13d,平均5. 65d。致伤原因:火烧伤75例,热液烧伤31例。按照治疗方法分为VSD组(n=53)和对照组(n=53),VSD组行VSD+游离植皮治疗,对照组行常规清创换药+游离植皮治疗。治疗7d后观察两组创面愈合率及视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS)、创面完全愈合时间、住院时间、住院费用,治疗前及治疗后7d血清超敏C反应蛋白(CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-8(IL-8)、补体C3a等炎性因子及血清5-羟色胺(5-HT)、脑内神经肽(NPY)、前列腺素E2(PGE2)等致痛因子水平。结果治疗后7d VSD组创面愈合率大于对照组[(80. 86±9. 12)%vs.(69. 58±7. 30)%],疼痛评分、创面完全愈合时间、住院时间及住院费用均少于对照组[(2. 78±0. 29)分vs.(5. 79±0. 62)分,(19. 26±2. 04) d vs.(25. 74±2. 65) d,(23. 63±2. 44) d vs.(30. 51±3. 19) d,(3. 29±0. 35)万元vs.(3. 92±0. 41)万元](P <0. 05)]。治疗后7d,VSD组血清CRP、TNF-α、IL-8、补体C3a及5-HT、NPY、PGE2水平均低于对照组[(8. 92±9. 93) mg/L vs.(18. 87±1. 96) mg/L,(35. 74±3. 61)μg/L vs.(67. 94±6. 88)μg/L,(32. 92±4. 37)μg/L vs.(60. 76±6. 19)μg/L,(13. 52±1. 50)μg/L vs.(16. 77±1. 72)μg/L,(109. 92±10. 16) ng/L vs.(143. 97±15. 22) ng/L,(112. 86±11. 41)μg/L vs.(154. 37±16. 03)μg/L,(121. 33±12. 42) pg/m L vs.(186. 93±18. 72) pg/m L,P <0. 05)]。结论 VSD可促进DBW愈合,降低炎性因子及致痛因子水平,患者康复快。     

氨磷汀对小鼠肠型急性放射病的防护作用及其机制

 目的 研究氨磷汀(amifostine, WR2721)对小鼠肠型急性放射病的防护作用及其机制。方法 建立小鼠肠型急性放射病模型。C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为对照组和WR2721给药组,接受15 Gy ⁶⁰Co-γ全身照射,照后移植健康小鼠骨髓细胞,观察小鼠受照后30 d的存活率和平均生存时间,以及用隐窝细胞微克隆实验,研究照后3.5 d隐窝细胞数量及小肠黏膜情况。结果 对照组小鼠均在10 d内死亡,WR2721给药组存活率提高到80%;对照组和WR2721给药组平均隐窝数分别为(6.1±0.7)个、(28.0±1.1)个,差异有统计学意义(P<0.0001);对照组和WR2721给药组绒毛高度分别为(51.48±2.04)μm、(73.29±3.24)μm,差异有统计学意义(P<0.0001)。结论 WR2721对肠型急性放射病小鼠有保护作用,通过提高隐窝干细胞增殖活性,促进黏膜的恢复,提高小鼠的存活率。     

Nogo-A蛋白在小鼠中枢神经系统中的表达及其意义

目的　确定髓鞘关联蛋白Nogo -A在小鼠中枢神经系统 (CNS)细胞水平的分布特点 ,探讨Nogo -A蛋白在脊髓损伤后在CNS神经纤维再生中的作用。　方法　用成年C57BL/ 6小鼠的大脑、脊髓、周围组织以及自由落体致伤的脊髓组织作为研究对象 ,采用免疫组织化学方法观察Nogo -A蛋白的表达特点 ;培养鸡胚E12DRG神经元 ,测定在Nogo -A作用下神经元的生长锥萎陷值。　结果　在小鼠CNS中 ,Nogo -A蛋白的表达主要位于少突胶质细胞及其胞突包绕轴突所形成的髓鞘中 ,在周围组织中无表达。脊髓损伤后 ,在损伤灶的周围Nogo -A的表达呈中度增强 ;Nogo -A组的神经元生长锥萎陷率达 70 % ,明显高于空白对照组和载体对照组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5)。　结论　Nogo -A蛋白在小鼠CNS细胞水平的分布特点对于调控CNS神经纤维轴突的再生可能起重要作用     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.