XIAP与顺铂诱导的感音神经性聋

顺铂是常用的化疗药物，但具有耳毒性，在很多应用高剂量顺铂治疗的患者中出现听力损失的症状。在动物实验和人的颞骨研究中也发现，顺铂可导致耳蜗多部位损伤。听力损伤的机制可能是活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）产生过多等的原因激发了细胞凋亡。调控细胞凋亡级联反应下游的凋亡蛋白因子可望阻止细胞凋亡和听力损失。本文对顺铂耳毒性及XIAP预防顺铂耳毒性损伤的可能机制进行综述。     

吖啶橙荧光染色技术对顺铂致聋机理的研究

报告利用吖啶橙荧光染色技术对正常豚鼠和由顺铂致聋豚鼠的内耳毛细胞和螺旋神经节细胞的ＤＮＡ及ＲＮＡ进行观察。结果显示，正常内耳细胞核内ＤＮＡ呈亮黄绿色荧光，胞质ＲＮＡ呈桔红色荧光，核酸代谢障碍的胞核ＤＨＮ呈浅黄色荧光，胞质ＲＡＮ呈浅绿色或粉红色荧光，认为顺铂致螺旋神经节细胞内核酸代谢障碍的其致聋原理之一。同时表明，荧光染色技术对研究内耳细胞核酸含量变化，探讨药物耳毒性机理是一种简便，有效的手段。     

DPOAE监测一次性大剂量顺铂致豚鼠耳毒性的实验研究

目的观察一次性大剂量顺铂注射后豚鼠畸变产物耳声发射(DPOAE)和内耳形态学的依时性改变,探讨应用耳声发射监测顺铂耳毒性的最佳时机。方法将豚鼠随机分为对照组(A组)及实验组(B、C、D组),每组6只,A组皮下注射生理盐水,B、C、D各组一次性皮下注射顺铂(10mg/kg),分别于给药前及给药后第3(B组)、5(C组)、10(D组)天检测DPOAE,比较给药前、后DPOAE的幅值的变化,并行耳蜗铺片,观察毛细胞缺失率及耳蜗形态学的改变。结果给药后第3天,DPOAE的幅值仅8kHz处有明显改变(P<0.05);给药后第5、10天DPOAE幅值明显降低(P<0.01)。给药后第3、5、10天,耳蜗外毛细胞缺失率分别为4.34%±3.20%、16.14%±9.15%、18.25%±9.04%。在第5、10天后尚可见血管纹充血以及螺旋神经节细胞肿胀缺失。结论顺铂的耳毒性主要作用于耳蜗底回、中回的外毛细胞,用药后第3~5天应用畸变产物耳声发射检查能早期发现其耳毒性损伤。     

鼓室注射地塞米松拮抗顺铂耳毒性的研究

目的：探讨鼓室注射地塞米松对顺铂致听觉损伤的保护作用。方法将55只豚鼠分为4组：正常对照组（I组）10只,腹腔注射生理盐水16 ml／kg;地塞米松组（II组）15只,经鼓室注射地塞米松10 mg／ml;顺铂组（III组）15只,单次腹腔注射顺铂16 mg／kg;顺铂＋地塞米松组（IV组）15只,经鼓室注射地塞米松10 mg／ml ,1小时后腹腔注射顺铂16 mg／kg。给药前及给药后第7天测试各组豚鼠听性脑干反应（auditory brainstem response, ABR）,并检测耳蜗组织丙二醛（malondiadehyde,MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）活性。结果 I～IV组给药前ABR反应阈分别为28．50±4．74、28．67±5．82、26．67±4．88和27．33±5．30 dB nHL,差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;给药后I组和II组ABR反应阈分别为29．00±3．94和31．33±5．81 dB nHL,给药前后差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）;给药后III组和IV组ABR反应阈为55．33±4．81、40．67±3．72 dB nHL,均显著高于给药前（P＜0．05）,但IV组ABR反应阈低于III组（P＜0．05）。给药后I组 MDA含量和SOD活性分别为2．01±0．07 mmol／L和234．10±13．09 U／ml,II组分别为2．06±0．09 mmol／L和233．20±13．24 U／ml,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）,III、IV组 MDA含量分别为5．74±0．17、3．51±0．18 mmol／L,显著高于I、II 组（均为P＜0．05）,但IV组 MDA含量显著低于 III 组（P＜0．001）;III、IV 组 SOD 活性分别为107．90±14．21、162．70±11．25 U／ml,明显低于I、II组（均为P＜0．05）,但IV组的SOD活性显著高于III组（P＜0．001）。结论鼓室注射地塞米松对顺铂耳毒性具有一定的拮抗作用。     

顺氯氨铂的耳毒性

由于抗癌药物顺铂的广泛应用,对其副作用,如耳毒性引起临床普遍关注。本文就顺铂耳毒性特点、中毒因素、病理改变、中毒机制及预防方法等方面作简要综述。认为严密观察、给予适当治疗,可望改善其耳毒性作用。     

Analysis of genetic and non genetic risk factors for cisplatin ototoxicity in pediatric patients

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyse the genetic and non genetic risk factors for cisplatin ototoxicity.MethodsThis study was conducted on 72 children who received cisplatin based chemotherapy. Brock and Muenster classifications were used to evaluate ototoxicity seen in these children. 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP); ERCC1 rs 11615, GSTP1 rs1138272, GSTP1 rs1695, LRP2 rs 2075252, TPMT rs 12201199, COMT rs 9332377, were evaluated as genetic factors by real time PCR. Non genetic factors such as cranial irradiation, cumulative doses of cisplatin, age, gender, administration of other ototoxic drugs were analysed as well. By using Chi-square test, risk factors were matched with the ototoxicity classifications. Significant risk factors were reevaluated using logistic regression modelling.ResultsAccording to univariate analyses, male gender, co-treatment with aminoglycosides and mutant genotype of GSTP1 rs1695 were significantly related with cisplatin ototoxicity. Logistic regression modelling analyses also showed that male gender, co-treatment with aminoglycosides were found to be significantly related with cisplatin ototoxicity. Mutant genotype of GSTP1 rs1695 was not found to be significant, but close to the level of statistical significance.ConclusionMale gender, co-treatment with aminoglycosides are significant risk factors for cisplatin ototoxicity in pediatric patients. Mutant genotype of GSTP1 rs1695 seems to be a genetic risk factor in univariate analyses, although not confirmed by multivariate analyses. Therefore, GSTP1 rs1695 SNP needs to be studied in larger series.     

The protective role of tiopronin in cisplatin ototoxicity in Wistar rats

The purpose of this study was to evaluate cisplatininduced ototoxicity and the protective effects of tiopronin. Twenty-four adult Wistar rats served as subjects and were divided into three groups. Eight rats receiving only saline (group A) were used as controls. Eight rats received cisplatin (2 mg/kg) injections (group B) and eight rats received cisplatin and tiopronin (300 mg/kg) (group C) for 8 consecutive days. Both ears of all animals were tested by DPOAE before treatment and on the 4th and 9th days. Seventy-two hours after the final recording session, all animals were killed, and the left cochleas were prepared for electron microscopy and analysed. DPOAE responses were significantly reduced in group B compared to controls ( p_0.05). When tiopronin was added, DPOAE responses were significantly increased compared to those obtained with the administration of cisplatin alone ( p_0.05). The cochleogram showed that tiopronin had a significant protective effect in the basal half and in the lower half of the middle turn. We conclude that tiopronin, a drug effective in protecting against cisplatin nephrotoxicity, is also effective in protecting against cisplatin ototoxicity.     

黄芪对顺铂耳毒性保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨黄芪是否对顺铂的耳毒性具有保护作用。方法健康SD大鼠40只随机分成4组,每组10只。对照组：生理盐水2ml／d腹腔注射6天;黄芪组：黄芪注射液5g&#183;kg^-1&#183;d。腹腔注射6天;顺铂组：顺铂4mg&#183;kg^-1&#183;d^-1腹腔注射6天;顺铂加黄芪组：腹腔注射黄芪5g&#183;kg^-1&#183;d^-1加顺铂4mg&#183;kg^-1&#183;d^-16天。用药前及用药后第7天行畸变产物耳声发射（DPOAE）检测,然后处死大鼠。每组半数动物冰冻连续切片,DNA末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测毛细胞凋亡;半数动物扫描电镜观察毛细胞形态。结果顺铂组用药后DPOAE幅值下降,毛细胞受损,并可观察到凋亡细胞,与对照组及黄芪组比较差异具有显著统计学意义（P〈0．01）。顺铂加黄芪组用药后DPOAE幅值上升,毛细胞受损减轻,凋亡细胞数量减少,与顺铂组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论黄芪能有效保护耳蜗免受顺铂的耳毒性损伤。     

The effect of sodium thiosulfate on ototoxicity and pharmacokinetics after cisplatin treatment in guinea pigs

The effect of sodium thiosulfate (STS) on the pharmacokinetics and ototoxicity of cisplatin (CDDP) was investigated in guinea pigs. Animals received three intramuscular injections of 7.5 mg/kg CDDP separated by intervals of 5 days with or without STS (1,000 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally immediately and 1 h after each injection of CDDP or 3 and 6 h later. When administered alone, CDDP caused total outer hair cell (OHC) loss in the basal and second turns of the cochlea. In the group administered CDDP and STS, damage to the OHCs was mild when STS was given concurrently, but was severe when STS was given 3 and 6 h later. Pharmacokinetics measured as free and total platinum (Pt) concentrations in plasma and total Pt concentration in perilymph was not affected after administration of STS with CDDP. These results suggest that an inactive Pt-thiosulfate complex is formed in plasma and is measured as a free Pt component which enters the perilymph via the blood-cochlear barrier. Two possible mechanisms are proposed by which STS reduces ototoxicity: entry of CDDP into target cells such as OHCs and striai marginal cells or binding to intracellular macromolecules of these cells is prevented.     

Ototoxic effects of cisplatin in a Sprague-Dawley rat animal model as revealed by ABR and transiently evoked otoacoustic emission measurements

The ototoxic effects of cisplatin in a Sprague–Dawley rat model were evaluated by recordings of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs). The ABR responses were evoked from alternating clicks and 8, 10, 12, 16, 20 and 30 kHz tone pips in a range from 40 to 100 dB SPL range. The TEOAEs were recorded with a non-linear protocol, and were evoked by a 63.5 dB SPL click stimulus. Twenty five male Sprague–Dawley rats were used in the study, 20 animals were treated with cisplatin (16 mg/kg, body weight) and five animals served as controls. The data showed that 72 h after the cisplatin administration, the TEOAE and ABR variables were significantly altered. The relationship between the ABR and TEOAE variables was shown to be non-linear. The most significant relationships were observed between the TEOAE correlation and the ABR threshold values at 10, 12, and 16 kHz.     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎小鼠模型及应用现状

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(CRS)是上呼吸道常见的慢性炎症性疾病,严重影响了患者生活质量,目前其发病机制尚不明确。CRS的动物模型是研究人类CRS病理机制和疗效的理想手段。小鼠是目前CRS常用的造模动物。就小鼠CRS的造模方法、模型评价指标及模型的应用现状等做研究综述。     

Application of a neuroprotective ACTH(4–9) analog to affect cisplatin ototoxicity: an electrocochleographic study in guinea pigs

Ototoxicity and neurotoxicity are among the most serious side-effects of cisplatin therapy. Previous experiments have shown that neurotoxicity can be delayed or prevented by treatment with the melanocortin-derived peptide ORG 2766, and ACTH_4–9 analog. A remedy against ototoxicity is not available. In this study we describe cisplatin-induced abnormalities in cochlear potentials in guinea pigs. These included changes in compound action potential (CAP), cochlear microphonics (CM) and summating potential (SP) at frequencies from 500 Hz to 16 kHz. Cisplatin (2 mg/kg for 8 days) reduced CAP amplitude with the effect becoming more pronounced at higher frequencies. Cisplatin also reduced CM and SP. Concurrent treatment with ORG 2766 prevented cisplatin ototoxicity partially or completely in four out of ten animals. In the other six animals the effects were comparable to those seen in control animals not treated with the peptide. The protective effects found with this neurotrophic peptide warrant further experimentation.     

顺铂对小鼠耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞延迟整流钾电流的影响

目的探讨耳毒性药物顺铂对耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞延迟整流钾电流的影响,了解顺铂耳毒性的离子机制。方法选择状态良好培养2—14d的耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞在电压钳制条件下记录的钾电流作为对照组,浴液中分别加入100,500,1000,5000μM不同浓度的顺铂溶液后记录的电流为实验组,观察其对钾通道电流电生理学特性的影响,并观察冲洗后电流的恢复情况。结果实验显示耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞钾通道电流的电生理学特性受不同浓度顺铂溶液的影响,并具有浓度依赖性,表现在其活化动力学和电流幅度的改变。本实验中顺铂的50％的电流被抑制时的浓度（IC50）为294μM,冲洗后钾通道电流逐渐恢复。结论顺铂可以改变耳蜗螺旋神经节细胞钾通道电流的电生理学特性,这种变化在短期内可逆,揭示其耳毒性的形成具有一定的离子机制。     

顺铂耳毒性机制及耳保护策略研究进展

顺铂作为抗癌一线用药,多用于卵巢癌、前列腺癌、睾丸癌、肺癌、甲状腺癌等癌症的治疗,具有较强的广谱抗癌作用,也常伴有一些副作用,如肾毒性、耳毒性、骨髓抑制等.顺铂的耳毒性可导致双侧永久性听力损失,这会使患者的生活质量受到极大影响,特别是在言语交流和社会发展方面.因此,在应用顺铂治疗癌症的同时,也应注意加强对其耳毒性的防护...