国内外青少年生殖健康现状

随着青少年性成熟期提前和初婚年龄推后,青少年性行为的发生率大大增加,初次性行为的年龄呈降低趋势;但他们对青春期发育、性生理、避孕、感染性传播疾病和艾滋病(AIDS)及其他生殖健康知识缺乏认识,对性行为的态度日益开放,导致青少年STD/AIDS(HIV)的感染率、少女妊娠和人工流产的发生率上升.要提高青少年的生殖健康现状,应关注青少年生殖健康,转变观念,通过正规途径向青少年提供适宜的生殖健康服务.     

嘉定区流动建筑民工AIDS/STD知识、态度、行为调查分析

目的了解流动建筑民工对艾滋病性病(AIDS/STD)的知识、态度与行为特征,为进一步在该人群中开展艾滋病性病健康教育提供科学依据。方法采取整群随机抽样方法抽取嘉定区真新地区施工期限在6个月以上的4个建筑工地的民工进行问卷调查。结果流动建筑民工对AIDS/STD的基本知识、传播途径、预防措施等有一定的了解,但对不会传染AIDS/STD的途径及重要的相关知识认识不足,存在对艾滋病的恐惧心理;在获得知识的途径上,以电视、报刊、广播为主;对艾滋病感染者的态度不够积极,部分民工对性观念比较开放。结论应进一步加强流动建筑民工AIDS/STD的健康教育,增强他们的健康意识,正确对待艾滋病感染者,采纳健康的生活方式,进一步预防与控制AIDS/STD的传播。     

女性桑拿按摩从业人员性病和艾滋病预防干预研究

目的评价综合性预防干预措施对提高桑拿按摩女性从业人员性传播疾病/艾滋病(STD/AIDS)相关知识的效果.方法运用综合预防干预措施,于干预前后采用同一匿名问卷调查并进行评价.结果半数以上目标人群对STD/AIDS传播途径有了解,但对无STD/AIDS症状的患者认识不足,避孕套正确使用率低,与固定性伴侣避孕套使用率低,绝大多数人认为自己没有患STD/AIDS的危险.预防干预后,目标人群掌握STD/AIDS相关知识较干预前有不同程度的提高.结论预防干预措施可提高目标人数STD/AIDS相关知识的知晓率.     

某地区娱乐场所女性性工作者基础情况调查

在开展预防性传播疾病/艾滋病(STD/AIDS)的健康教育,普及STD/AIDS防治知识的同时,对高危人群的高危行为实施有效的行为干预是预防和控制性病/艾滋病的有效方法.近年来我国通过性接触传播艾滋病的比例已占其3种主要传播途径的首位.因此对在娱乐场所的女性性工作者(FSW)进行高危行为干预,推广100%使用安全套是遏制艾滋病的重要手段.     

大学和中专生艾滋病知识、态度和行为的调查

目的 :了解大中专学生对艾滋病 (AIDS)的认识、态度及行为状况 ,为开展 AIDS健康教育提供科学依据。方法 :对 2 0 0 3年入校的大学生 6 78名、中专生 1178名进行问卷调查。结果 :大学生己具有一定的预防 AIDS知识和较为正确的态度 ,中专生对三大传播途径知晓率较高 ,为 82 .4 % ,对不传播 AIDS的途径知之甚少 ,为 4 3.4 %。大学生 AIDS知识来源于广播、电视、报刊、杂志占 6 0 .9% ,来源于系统专题讲座、报告会 ,占 39.1%。中专生来源于社会传媒占 73.1% ,来源于系统专题讲座、报告会占 2 6 .9%。 97%的大学生和 71.6 %的中专生愿意接受 AIDS和性知识的教育。结论 :应结合大、中专学生对 AIDS认识情况及其行为特点 ,有针对性进行 AIDS健康教育。     

促进生殖健康的综合服务——艾滋病/性病预防与计划生育服务相结合的试点研究

<正> 非洲一些发展中国家的经验表明,利用现有的计划生育(Family Planning,FP)服务机构进行艾滋病/性传播疾病(AIDS/STD)预防干预,是一种促进妇女生殖健康、控制AIDS/STD在妇女人群中流行的有效服务途径。同时也是一种值得推广的AIDS/STD预防服务模式。     

大学生性病艾滋病知识认知程度及需求调查

目的:了解武汉地区非医学专业大学生性传播疾病(简称STD)知识掌握与需求状况,为开展STD健康教育提供依据.方法:在武汉地区高校中分层整群抽取1 143名大学生,采用匿名自填问卷方式进行调查.结果:大学生对艾滋病、梅毒、淋病知晓率均在58.72%以上.对STD传播途径的知晓率:性接触为81.81%,间接传播为52.20%,母婴传播为51.05%,血液传播为41.83%.对STD预防措施的知晓率:使用避孕套为63.82%,避免非婚性行为为68.05%.大学生对STD相关知识需求较高.结论:大学生虽具有一定的STD知识,但深度和广度都不够,多数大学生希望通过多种形式接受STD相关知识.     

广西艾滋病流行现状与公众健康教育策略的探讨

目的了解广西预防艾滋病项目执行情况及公众健康教育成效,为调整宣传教育策略及加强预防措施提供依据. 方法对广西艾滋病(AIDS)进行流行病学分析和公众健康教育效果评价,探讨相关策略. 结果广西艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染流行速度加快,AIDS病例逐渐增多,已经进入快速增长期;效果评价显示,由于吸毒人数众多而共用注射器比率(59.23%)偏高,以及性传播疾病(STD)蔓延而卖淫行为安全套使用率(49.54%)较低,人群中HIV感染机会增加;大众健康教育卫生人员和社区人员的培训率以及学校(初中)和社区教育活动比率均达到80%以上;大众媒介信息可及性比率达83.27%,成为人们获取相关信息的主要途径;人际传播信息可及性比率(19.72%)和传播材料可及性比率(28.27%)偏低;对传播途径和预防措施知晓率分别达74.50%和69.88%;AIDS紧迫感、宣传教育必要性和对感染者或患者认同正确率分别达61.83%、89.49%和48.28%;主动寻求信息、要求使用一次性注射器和参与无偿献血比率分别为31.07%、66.28%和7.28%. 结论广西AIDS形势严峻,公众健康教育取得一定成效,应适时调整策略,增加投入,采取更为有效的干预措施,控制AIDS流行.     

寿宁县12年性传播疾病流行病学及重点人群监测分析

[目的 ]观察性传播疾病 (STD)的流行动态。[方法 ]分析 1992— 2 0 0 3年全县STD疫情 ,监测重点人群STD并调查漏报率。[结果 ]STD发病率 1992年 12 2 9/10万持续升至 1999年 3 67 2 /10万 ,之后虽有下降 ,但仍在较高水平波动 ;患者女性多于男性 ,外地感染略多于本地感染 ;病种以淋病为主 ,NGU和尖锐湿疣次之。 6个重点人群STD平均患病率为14 9% ,以性罪错犯人最高 ( 3 2 4% ) ;未发现AIDS和HIV感染者。[结论 ]深入开展性病及防治知识的宣传教育 ,规范基层性病防治机构和专业队伍建设 ,尤其应加强对重点人群的健康教育及监测     

社区女性性工作者性病艾滋病干预效果评估

目的　探讨针对社区女性性工作者 (CFSWs)采用综合性干预措施预防性病 /艾滋病(STD/AIDS)的策略。方法　于 2 0 0 3年在广东省中部某乡镇社区对CFSWs开展以讲课和发放宣传资料为主 ,观看录像、同伴教育为辅的预防STD/AIDS的宣传教育活动 ;在各类娱乐场所内为CFSWs提供免费的安全套 ;在卫生院性病门诊为CFSWs提供免费的规范化的性病检查 ,派发STD/AIDS健康教育处方和开展生殖健康咨询服务工作。干预前后在知情同意情况下用相同调查表对研究对象进行面对面调查。结果　干预前后分别调查 139名和 12 5名CFSWs;研究对象对AIDS知识知晓率从干预前的 33 1%提高到干预后的 6 0 8% (P <0 0 1) ;最近一周的商业性性行为中每次使用安全套的比例由干预前的 86 2 % (81/94 )提高到干预后的 95 0 % (95 /10 0 ) (P <0 0 5 ) ;男用安全套的正确使用率由干预前的 6 0 3% (73/12 1)上升到干预后的 77 0 % (87/113) (P <0 0 1)。结论　对社区CFSWs采取宣传教育等AIDS综合干预措施能有效提高其对防病知识的知晓率和安全套使用率 ,对减缓和阻止HIV通过性乱人群向一般人群传播具有重要作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.