肺心病住院患者获得性肺炎的临床危险因素调查分析

目的：探讨肺心病患者院内肺炎的临床特点及危险因素。方法：对891例住院患者中的73例院内肺炎进行回顾性分析，在计算机上建立FOXBASE数据库，用SAS软件进行统计，对院内肺炎危险因素分别进行单因素和逻辑多因素分析。结果：肺心病患者院内肺炎感染率为8．19％，死亡率为33．89％，主要病原菌为G^-杆菌(73％)，其中以铜绿假单孢菌为主，其它依次为肺炎杆菌、大肠埃希菌等。结论：肺心病患者院内肺炎的临床表现不典型，诊断主要靠胸部x线检查及探部痰细菌培养。昏迷时间≥3d、类固醇激素使用时间≥10d、气管插/机械通道≥5d、广谱抗生素使用≥30d等是造成院内肺炎的主要危险因素，故提出相应预防和控制措施。     

1204株革兰阴性杆菌感染分布特点及耐药性分析

目的 总结革兰阴性杆菌的分布特点及耐药情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 从院内感染的各类感染标本中分离的1 204例革兰阴性杆菌,对其进行分析统计,并对其耐药性进行分析.结果 1 204株革兰阴性杆菌主要菌群分布依次是大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肠杆菌属;产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和...     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的影响因素与病原菌研究

目的:了解呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的影响因素及细菌的耐药性.方法:采用目标性监测.结果:气管切开、使用皮质激素、昏迷、通气前使用大量抗生素,VAP的发生差异有统计学意义;从VAP患者分离出的病原菌中G-杆菌占75.2 %,以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌为主;鲍曼不动杆菌对大多数抗菌药物耐药性＞75 %.结论:机械通气时间延长、气管切开、气管插管、长期使用抗生素与皮质激素、昏迷是VAP发生的主要危险原因.除碳青酶烯类的亚胺培南外,鲍曼不动杆菌对第三、第四代头孢菌素、β-内酰胺类、氨基糖甙类、喹诺酮类等抗生素都显示很强的耐药性.     

1398株革兰阴性杆菌的感染分布及耐药性分析

目的 研究革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性,指导临床合理使用抗生素.方法 采用迪尔微生物分析仪对细菌做药敏实验.结果 笔者所在医院革兰阴性杆菌位于前四位的依次是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌.产超光谱酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌为31.5%,肺炎克雷伯菌为19.2%,鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药现象严重.结论 针对革兰阴性杆菌引起的院内感染日益增多的现象,研究细菌的分布及耐药性,提高临床抗感染的效率,可谓微生物检验工作的重中之重.     

G-杆菌的分布及常见菌的体外药物敏感性

由于激素、免疫制剂的大量使用以及广谱抗生素的滥用,目前G-杆菌已成为院内感染的主要致病菌,其中大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的分离数位居前三位;特别是产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLS)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的出现,增加了临床治疗难度.     

重症监护病房内病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护病房(ICU)内主要引起院内感染的病原菌及其耐药性。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2006年9月确定为ICU内感染病人的感染病原菌及其耐药性。结果革兰氏阴性杆菌(G-杆菌)菌株354株,占60.51%,占前4位者分别为铜绿假单胞菌131株(22.39%)、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种51株(8.72%)、鲍氏不动杆菌38株(6.50%)、大肠埃希菌32株(5.47%)。革兰氏阳性球菌(G+球菌)135株,占23.08%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄菌(MRSA)74例(12.65%)。真菌96株,占16.41%,以白假丝酵母为主,占5.64%;其次为热带假丝酵母占5.47%,光滑假丝酵母占3.76%。耐药性结果显示铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素多重耐药率比较高,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌及阴沟肠杆菌未发现对碳青霉烯类耐药者,鲍氏不动杆菌和粘质沙雷菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率较低,其中对亚胺培南较美洛培南耐药率更低。嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌对头孢他啶和环丙沙星耐药率较低。结论该ICU的院内感染中以G-杆菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种、鲍氏不动杆菌和大肠埃希菌为主要构成菌。MRSA和真菌的感染比例也较高。     

重症监护病房医院感染及细菌耐药分析

目的:了解重症监护病房(ICU)医院感染的流行病学及细菌耐药情况,为防治医院感染提供依据。方法:采集内科ICU(MICU)493例患者中疑似院内感染者的下呼吸道、泌尿道、中心静脉导管等部位标本进行细菌培养,对医院感染发生率及感染部位病原微生物检出结果及分布情况、病原微生物耐药情况进行分析。结果:493例患者共发生医院感染94例,医院感染254例次,医院感染发生率19.07%;主要感染部位为下呼吸道、泌尿道、中心静脉导管;常见病原菌为革兰阴性菌,依次为铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;下呼吸道感染的主要细菌为铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌;泌尿道感染的主要细菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌;铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮舒巴坦的耐药率最低,为56.16%;不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率27.03%;结论:ICU发生医院感染部位主要在下呼吸道,主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌,细菌耐药率高。     

小儿肺炎痰培养阳性95株及药敏结果分析

目的:了解阿克苏地区小儿肺炎病原菌感染分布的特点和对抗生素的敏感及耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法:对在我院儿科住院的肺炎患儿吸取下呼吸道痰液进行培养和药敏试验,并由ATB细菌鉴定分析仪进行鉴定,对结果进行分析。结果:共培养出致病菌95株,其中革兰氏阳性球菌17株(17.89%),革兰氏阴性杆菌78株(82.11%),其中肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动菌、铜绿假单胞菌4种致病菌总培养率为66.31%,主要致病菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌23株、大肠埃希菌19株、金黄色葡萄球菌13株、鲍曼不动杆菌11株、铜绿假单胞菌10株、产酸肺炎链球菌4株、水生拉恩菌2株、肺炎链球菌株2株。结论:阿克苏地区小儿肺炎的病原菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌等阴性杆菌为主,及时掌握小儿肺炎的病原菌及其对抗生素的敏感及耐药情况,可为临床合理用药提供依据。     

常见革兰阴性杆菌AmpC酶的检测分析

目的了解常见革兰阴性杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞AmpCs发生率及表型构成,以及产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌AmpC酶的发生率及表型构成。方法采用底物协同-拮抗法(MSSAT)检测大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌产AmpCs情况及表型构成。结果产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌AmpC酶检出率分别40%、56%、100%、100%、100%。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌同时存在AmpC酶的机制,应引起临床和实验室工作者的重视。AmpC酶的耐药表型与菌株的耐药程度相关。     

医院感染常见病原菌耐药性动态分析

目的了解院内感染菌群分布,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法常规方法结合微生物全自动分析仪鉴定细菌及药敏试验,必要时用K-B法补充药敏试验。结果5487株细菌主要来源于痰、尿、血液及分泌物;以大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌为主,分别占25.1%、18.6%、8.9%、8.4%和2.9%,舒普深和泰能耐药率均在11.6%以下,大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌产ESBLs的阳性率为17.3%~30.3%;非发酵菌对舒普深的耐药率低于11.6%;革兰氏阳性球菌对奈替米星和万古霉素的耐药率分别低于8.5%和1.6%。结论大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌和白色假丝酵母菌是院内感染的主要致病菌。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.