延期切开复位内固定治疗严重Pilon骨折的体会

目的：探讨跟骨牵引加延期内固定治疗Rtiedi—AllgowerⅢ型Pilon骨折临床疗效。方法：对20例严重Pilon骨折采用跟骨牵引加延期内固定手术处理的临床资料进行分析、总结。结果：术后随访6—24个月，平均14个月。按Mazur评分标准：优9例，良8例，可2例，差1例，优良率85％。结论：影响复杂Pilon骨折预后的因素很多，术前对损伤作出正确的评估及处理，选择正确的手术时机，再行切复内固定术，可以提高治疗效果。     

跟骨牵引加延期内固定治疗Pilon骨折治疗体会

目的 跟骨牵引加延期内固定治疗对Pilon骨折临床疗效的影响。方法 对24例Pilon骨折采用跟骨牵引加延期内固定手术处理的临床资料进行分析、总结。结果 根据胫骨远端骨折治疗效果的评定标准综合评定疗效，优20例，良3例，差1例。结论 采用跟骨牵引加延期内固定治疗Pilon骨折，可使踝关节功能得到最大限度地恢复。     

Pilon骨折的治疗体会

目的探讨Pilon骨折的治疗方法、手术时机及疗效。方法 32例Pilon骨折患者,对Ruedi-Allgower分型4例Ⅰ型者,采用跟骨牵引加超踝关节小夹板外固定2例,采用松质骨螺钉或可吸收钉加石膏外固定2例;对28例Ⅱ、Ⅲ型者,行解剖型钢板内固定21例,行有限内固定并辅以石膏外固定5例,2例Ⅱ型开放性骨折者用外固定架固定。植骨13例。结果 32例均获随访,时间12-18个月。骨折均愈合。疗效根据Teeny和Wiss提出的评分系统：优23例,良5例,可3例,差1例,优良率为87.5%。结论选择合适的固定方式及最佳的手术时机是治疗Pilon骨折成功的关键。     

单边外固定架结合有限内固定治疗高能量Pilon骨折疗效分析

目的通过观察单边外固定架结合有限内固定治疗高能量Pilon骨折的临床疗效,探索高能量Pilon骨折的有效治疗方法。方法自1995年5月~2004年10月,笔者治疗高能量Pilon骨折50例,随访7~36个月,平均14·2个月。比较外固定架组(单边外固定架结合有限内固定)与跟骨牵引组(有限内固定结合跟骨牵引)在骨折临床愈合时间、伤口感染率,以及踝关节功能三方面的差异。结果外固定架组比跟骨牵引组骨折临床愈合时间早,伤口感染率低,踝关节功能恢复更好(P<0·05)。结论对于高能量Pilon骨折,采用单边外固定架结合有限内固定是一种较好的选择。     

限期手术内固定治疗Pilon骨折

目的探讨限期手术内固定治疗Pilon骨折的疗效。方法 2006年1月至2008年9月收治Ruedi-AllgowerⅡ、Ⅲ型闭合性Pilon骨折27例,采用跟骨结节牵引7～10天后按AO推荐的标准切复内固定术治疗。结果本组均获得随访,随访时间7～15个月,平均12个月。所有骨折均获骨性愈合,无明显畸形愈合,软组织愈合良好。AOFAS评分：优16例,良5例,可5例,差1例,优良率77.8%。结论限期手术内固定治疗Pilon骨折由于软组织情况已稳定,采用标准切复内固定手术效果满意,是一种比较值得推广的治疗方法。     

手术治疗胫骨Pilon骨折

目的探讨胫骨Pilon骨折后石膏托外固定或局麻下行跟骨骨钉牵引治疗后，行切开复位内固定术治疗的临床疗效。方法1996年8月-2005年1月，收治Pilon骨折患者22例。男16例，女6例。年龄17～55岁，平均35．5岁。采用Ruedi—Allgower分型：I型3例，Ⅱ型15例，Ⅲ型4例。伤后予以石膏托外固定或在局麻下行跟骨骨钉牵引治疗7～14d后，采用切开复位内固定术治疗。结果术后切口均I期愈合。患者均获随访1年5个月～3年，平均2．4年。X线片示术后10-32周骨折愈合，平均15周。根据Mazur踝关节症状和功能评分系统评定：优12例，良5例，可3例，差2例，优良率为77．2％。术后并发慢性骨髓炎1例，踝内翻1例，创伤性关节炎改变15例。结论术前评估软组织损伤情况，选择合适治疗时机，根据胫骨Pilon骨折类型选择适当的内固定方式可获得良好复位，减少并发症的发生。     

Pilon骨折治疗方法的选择及疗效分析

目的探讨几种Pilon骨折治疗方法、手术时机及临床效果。方法本组自1994年1月至2007年6月期间共治疗Pilon骨折患者43例，其中Ruedi—AllgowerⅠ型5例，Ⅱ型14例，Ⅲ型24例；AO分型：B．／C，型5例，B，／C：型17例，C，型21例。其中7例患者采用保守治疗方法：U型石膏外固定5例，跟骨牵引2例；20例患者采用闭合复位或有限切开复位加外固定架治疗；其余16例患者采用切开复位、钢板螺钉内固定的治疗方法。结果全部患者均获得1年以上随访，骨折全部愈合，平均愈合时间为22周。Mazur评分结果，优19例，良16例，可5例，差3例。结论Pilon骨折的治疗应根据骨折类型、软组织损伤程度选择治疗方法及手术时机，才能提高疗效，减少并发症。     

新鲜Pilon骨折18例

目的：探讨新鲜Pilon骨折的治疗方法。方法：根据18例新鲜骨折的不同分型选择不同的治疗方法。Ⅰ型骨折跟骨牵引、夹板固定，Ⅱ、Ⅲ型骨折早期切开复位内固定，骨缺损以自、异体骨移植。结果：18例病人随访6～36个月，优良率达83％。结论：新鲜Pilon骨折应尽早手术。     

延迟AO技术内固定治疗胫骨Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型Pilon骨折

目的探讨延迟二期手术、AO技术内固定治疗胫骨Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法收治Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型Pilon骨折26例,先行跟骨牵引,脱水、利尿消肿治疗,二期行AO技术内固定。结果经10～36个月(平均24个月)随访,骨折全部临床愈合,平均愈合时间5个月。参照Helfet放射学评价和临床疗效标准,总优良率76.9%。结论通过延迟二期AO技术内固定,精确复位关节面、一期植骨,坚强固定、早期活动,多数胫骨Ruedi-AllgowerⅢ型Pilon骨折可恢复良好的关节功能。     

严重Pilon骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨严重Pilon骨折的手术治疗的方法及其临床效果。方法自2006年8月至2011年8月共收治严重Pilon骨折患者189例,获得随访的76例患者中,骨折按AO／OTA分类,均为C型,其中C1型19例,C2型35例,C3型22例。合并腓骨骨折75例。开放性骨折9例,软组织损伤程度按Gustilo分型,9例均I型。开放性骨折急诊行清创缝合及跟骨牵引后等待延期手术。闭合性骨折人院后均行跟骨牵引后延期手术。延期手术均在踝部肿胀消退后进行,伤后至手术时间5～14d,平均7．2d。65例行骨折切开复位内侧钢板螺钉内固定术,其中11例加用前或后侧小钢板固定,21例加用螺钉固定。11例采用骨折有限切开固定加超关节外固定架固定。有腓骨骨折者先行腓骨内固定术。61例取自体髂骨植骨。结果76例患者获得随访,随访时间10～54个月,平均27个月,术后骨折复位情况影像学评估结果（Burwell—Chamley标准）：解剖复位33例,复位一般41例,复位差2例。骨折全部愈合,愈合时间12周-73周,平均17．6周,其中骨折延迟愈合9例。皮肤创面浅表坏死7例,浅表感染6例,深部感染2例。发生踝关节创伤性关节炎18例,按美国骨科协会足踝外科分会（AOFAS）评分标准：评分为47～95分,平均82．7分。结论根据骨折类型和软组织损伤程度,对严重Pilon骨折采用手术治疗,通过合理的固定及早期功能锻炼,能取得满意的疗效,有效减少并发症的发生。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.