微量恒流直流电刺激仪的研制及应用

微量直流电刺激治疗骨不连、促进骨折愈合的方法，已在临床应用中得到显著疗效，但对刺激电流量的选择尚缺乏定量研究，电流刺激促进骨折愈合的机制仍不清楚。本实验中研制的微量恒流直流电刺激仪（ＣＤＭＣ－１型），具有自行反馈调节稳定电流的功能，刺激电流强度选择范围广（０～２０００Ａ），精确度高（±１Ａ），便于操作使用等优点。直流电刺激具有促进体外培养成骨细胞生长和代谢作用，影响细胞排列方向。该仪器为定量研究刺激电流强度及作用机制，提供了条件和方法。     

血管内皮细胞与造血

血管内皮细胞与造血邓富贵，祝彼得四川省卫生管理干部学院成都６１００４１血管内皮细胞（ＶＥＣ）是造血诱导微环境中重要的基质细胞成份。有实验提示，无论是ＶＥＣ还是ＶＥＣ条件培养液均可刺激包含粒、红、单核及巨核细胞系的混合集落形成。有学者认为，未经刺激的Ｖ...     

脉冲电刺激对植物生长的影响研究

本文通过分析植物电刺激的现状及存在的问题，采用脉冲电刺激植物的方法，消除了直流电刺激引起的电极极化现象。脉刺激器经电阻给每一电极提供刺激电流对植物进行刺激。实验结果表明：脉冲电刺激能够促进植物生长。     

脐血清对培养人造血祖细胞集落生长的影响

目的：研究脐血清对培养人造血祖细胞集落生长的影响。方法：采用半固体细胞培养法。结果：在正常足月胎儿脐血清中有较高粒细胞集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）和粒－巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）活性，单用脐血清作刺激因子来源，在体外进行粒系造血祖细胞培养，可产生１４８１±８８７个粒系集落（ＣＦＵ－Ｇ），而植物血凝素刺激的单个核细胞条件培养液为５９０±２８８个ＣＦＵ－Ｇ，差别非常显著（Ｐ＜０００１）。脐血清组与３０ｎｇｒｈＧ－ＣＳＦ组所产生１５２０±３４５个ＣＦＵ－Ｇ相比，差别无显著（Ｐ＞００５）。并且我们还观察到脐血清组培养随时间延长有较多粒－巨噬细胞集落（ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ）生长，有些可出现混合爆式集落。结论：脐血清富含多种造血生长因子，并且Ｇ－ＣＳＦ水平较高     

川芎嗪对动脉平滑肌细胞形成粥样硬化的影响

目的 :探讨川芎嗪对动脉平滑肌细胞形成粥样硬化的防治机制。方法 :以高脂高胆固醇 (Ｃｈｏ)膳食制备大白兔高脂高Ｃｈｏ血清。贴块培养法进行ＶＳＭＣｓ原代培养及传代。原代培养到第 9～ 12天 ,组织块周围的细胞生长融合成片并铺满瓶底时 ,进行ＶＳＭＣｓ传代培养。实验选用第 3代传代培养的ＶＳＭＣｓ。实验分为正常组用含双抗和胎牛血清的ＲＰＭＩ16 40培养液培养 ,高脂组用含双抗和高脂血清的ＲＰ ＭＩ16 40培养液培养 ,秋水仙碱组用含双抗和高脂血清的ＲＰＭＩ16 40培养液加入秋水仙碱培养 ,川芎嗪低、中、高剂量组用含双抗和高脂血清…     

Tenascin-C分子中重组Fibronectin各片段对胎鼠脊髓培养神经元的不同作用

用小鼠重组ｔｅｎａｓｃｉｎ－Ｃ（ＴＮ－Ｃ）结构域中类似Ⅲ型ｆｉｂｒｏｎｅｃｔｉｎ（ＦＮ）的不同重复片段，分别作为基质或培养液成分，研究其对培养的胚胎小鼠脊髓神经突起生长、粘附力及神经元活性的影响。结果显示：无论作为基质还是培养液成分，ＦＮ６－８对神经突起生长及神经元活性均有促进作用；ＦＮ３－５对神经突起生长及神经元活性均有抑制作用。ＴＮ－Ｃ促进神经突起生长的功能区在ＦＮ６－８，ＦＮ３－５介导了神经元与ＴＮ－Ｃ的粘附。     

神经肽PACAP拮抗低密度脂蛋白对内皮细胞的损伤

以体外培养的内皮细胞（ＥＣ）为模型，观察神经肽ＰＡＣＡＰ对ＥＣ受低密度脂蛋白（ＬＤＬ）损伤的影响，结果表明，单纯加入ＬＤＬ至培养液时，ＥＣ出现胞体收缩，细胞膜破坏等明显的损伤性改变，在条件培养液中组织型溶酶原激活物（ｔ－ＰＡ）的含量显著降低，脂质过氧化物（ＭＤＡ）的产生显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）；而在培养液中同时加有ＰＡＣＡＰ（１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的ＥＣ，形态损伤不明显，培养液中ｔ－ＰＡ的含量升高     

Tenascin—C分子中重组Fibronectin各片段对胎鼠脊髓培养神经…

用小鼠重组ｔｅｎａｓｃｉｎ－Ｃ（ＴＮ－Ｃ）结构域中类似Ⅲｆｉｂｏｎｅｃｔｉｎ（ＦＮ）的不同重复片段，说明作为基质或培养液成分，研究其对的胚胎小鼠脊髓神经突起生长、粘附力及神经元活性的影响。结果显示，：无论作为基质还是培养液成分，ＦＮ６－８对神经突起生长及神经元活性有促进作用；ＦＮ３－５对神经突起生长及神经元活性均有抑制作用。ＴＮ－Ｃ促进神经突起生长的功能区在ＦＮ６－８，ＦＮ３－５介导了神经元与ＴＮ     

TRH相关肽对体外大鼠肾上腺TRH释放的作用

本文研究了ＴＲＨ相关肽对体外大鼠肾上腺释放ＴＲＨ的作用。用含１．０ｎｇ／ｍｌ杆菌肽的１９９培养液温育大鼠肾上腺２０ｍｉｎ，将ＴＲＨ相关肽加入培养液后，用ＲＩＡ测定释放入培养液中的ＴＲＨ含量。Ｃｙｃｌｏ－ｈｉｓ－ｐｒｏ能刺激大鼠肾上腺释放ＴＲＨ，且呈剂量效应关系，但ＴＲＨ的释放不受其他ＴＲＨ相关肽的影响．因此ｃｙｃｏｌ－ｈｉｓ－ｐｒｏ能在体外刺激大鼠肾上上腺分泌ＴＲＨ。     

4 力—电环境对骨生长代谢影响的细胞生物学机制

<正>深入了解力—电环境对骨组织生长和改建的作用机制,不仅是骨生物力学中一个基本理论课题,也是骨矫形外科急需解决的临床应用项目.以往的实验和临床研究,多侧重于骨器官和骨组织的水平,而对骨发生和代谢的组织学机制所知甚少.本实验使用已初步建立起来的鼠颅盖骨成骨细胞体外培养模型,对力—电环境刺激下成骨细胞的分化、代谢及体外骨生成过程.进行了免疫组织化学、电镜细胞化学和X线探针能谱分析等研究;并应用粘附式细胞激光定量分析及筛选仪,动态追踪观察了活细胞受到刺激后,细胞内DNA含量和钙离子浓度变化;最后对较适宜的力—电刺激强度区间,进行了定量研究.结果显示:骨在外界载荷作用下,可表现出明显的电现象,其产生机制源于压电效应和流动电动势,这种力—电效应为临床骨伤病治疗中,使用加压固定和直流电流刺激等方法,提供了理论依据.体外培养成骨细胞,具备骨生长能力,在适宜的微量直流电刺激下(85～212μA/cm~2),细胞代谢活动增强,骨生成速度加快.刺激电流密度是衡量直流电流作用效果的有效指标,刺激电流密度介于85～212μA/cm~2之间时,可促使成骨细胞膜上钙离子通道开放,增加细胞内游离钙离子浓度,促进DNA合成和细胞分裂增殖.控制钙离子通道启闭,是力—电环境影响骨生长和代谢的细胞生物学机制     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.