支架影像增强显影技术及其对球囊后扩张的指导作用

目的:探讨支架影像增强显影技术(StentBoost,SB)增强冠状动脉(冠脉)支架显影以及对球囊后扩张的指导作用。方法:收集2009-03至2010-07经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)术后在SB指导下给予球囊后扩张的184例患者资料,平均年龄(64.5±10.9)岁(42～83岁),对其后扩张前后SB测量数据进行比较。其中52例(28.26%)患者给予血管内超声(IVUS)检查,并分别对冠脉狭窄程度定量分析(QCA)、IVUS和SB检测数据进行相关性分析。结果:后扩张后较后扩张前支架内最小直径[(2.72±0.35)mm vs.(2.42±0.39)mm]、支架内最大直径[(3.26±0.37)mm vs.(3.09±0.38)mm]及支架内平均直径[(2.99±0.36)mm vs.(2.76±0.43)mm]均明显增大,支架偏心指数(0.17±0.04 vs.0.22±0.06)明显减小,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。支架内最小直径IVUS与SB的相关性r=0.979,P<0.0001;冠脉狭窄程度定量分析与SB的相关性r=0.973,P<0.0001;QCA与IVUS的相关性r=0.964,P<0.0001。结论:SB与IVUS具有良好的相关性,且在评价支架置入效果以及指导高压球囊后扩张方面具有临床实用价值。     

支架影像增强显影技术在老年冠脉介入治疗患者中的应用

目的评价支架增强显影技术(SB)在老年冠脉介入患者中的应用价值。方法 2011年10月至2013年3月行冠脉介入治疗(PCI)老年患者102例为观察组,在冠状动脉造影定量分析(QCA)基础上,应用SB进行支架可视性评价和支架后扩张必要性评价;同期进行冠脉介入的老年患者102例作为对照组,单纯应用QCA冠状动脉造影定量分析进行支架可视性评价和支架后扩张必要性评价。通过标准的QCA和SB对支架可视性进行评价并分为1~4级(1级=差,2级=可,3级=良,4级=优)。经QCA定量分析、SB对球囊后扩张的必要性进行评价(球囊后扩张必要性:0=支架贴壁良好不需要后扩张;1=支架贴壁可,不需要后扩张;2=支架贴壁不良,需要后扩张)。结果 QCA显示支架可视性为(2.03±0.84)级(其中1级40个,2级71个,3级32个,4级8个),SB显示支架可视性为(2.79±0.84)级(其中1级14个,2级32个,3级82个,4级28个),两者相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。根据QCA定量分析结果行球囊后扩张30次,根据SB评价结果行球囊后扩张48次,两者相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。结论 SB可明显提高支架的可视性,有效指导支架的后扩张,在不增加手术时间和费用的基础上可能降低支架血栓形成的风险。     

冠心病患者药物洗脱支架植入术后球囊高压后扩张疗效观察

目的观察冠心病患者药物洗脱支架（DES）植入术后球囊高压后扩张的临床疗效。方法选择冠心病患者656例,其中332例（观察组）冠状动脉DES植入术后予非顺应性球囊高压后扩张,324例（对照组）仅行DES植入术,记录术中及术后情况。结果两组血管病变情况、血管病变数量、植入DES数量、支架植入后管腔狭窄程度、术中并发症比较,P均〉0．05。对照组支架植入后管腔最小直径为（2．74±0．32）mm、绝对内径获得为（2．25±0．40）mm,观察组分别为（3．13±0．34）、（2．63±0．47）mm,P均〈0．05;对照组术后随访亚急性支架内血栓发生率为1．54％、晚期支架内血栓发生率为1．85％,观察组分别为0．30％、0．30％,P均〈0．05。对照组术后12个月主要心脏不良事件发生率为6．79％、支架内再狭窄发生率为6．10％、支架最小内径为（2．37±0．38）mm、支架绝对内径丢失为（0．38±0．19）mm、管腔狭窄程度为18．70％±9．28％,观察组分别为2．41％、2．28％、（2．78±0．42）mm、（0．23±0．13）mm、13．50％±8．67％,P均〈0．05。结论冠心病患者DES植入术后行球囊高压后扩张治疗可明显减轻管腔狭窄、减少绝对内径丢失,主要心脏不良事件发生率和支架内再狭窄发生率也明显降低。     

支架影像增强显影技术在冠状动脉置入支架可视性及球囊后扩张必要性评价中的应用

目的 探讨支架影像增强显影技术（SB）在冠状动脉置入支架可视性和球囊后扩张必要性评价中的指导作用.方法 行冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术并置入支架的冠心病患者102例.通过标准的冠状动脉造影（CA）和SB对支架可视性进行评价,并进行积分评价（1分为差,2分为可,3分为良,4分为优）.经CA定量分析、SB对球囊后扩张的必要性进行评价（球囊后扩张必要性：0为支架贴壁良好不需要后扩张;1为支架贴壁可,不需要后扩张;2为支架贴壁不良,需要后扩张）.结果 CA显示支架可视性为（2.03 ±0.84）分（其中1分44例,2分71例,3分33例,4分8例）,SB显示支架可视性为（2.79 ±0.84）分（其中1分14例,2分32例,3分82例,4分28例）,两者相比,P＜0.05.根据CA定量分析结果拟行球囊后扩张31例,根据SB评价结果实际行球囊后扩张48例,两者相比,P＜0.01.结论 SB可明显提高冠状动脉置入支架的可视性,有效指导球囊后扩张.     

血管内超声指导对于冠状动脉真性分叉病变介入治疗长期预后的影响

目的研究血管内超声（intravascular ultrasound,IVUS）指导对于冠状动脉真性分叉病变植入药物洗脱支架（drug eluting stent,DES）长期预后的影响。方法通过分析2005年10月至2010年3月DK—Crush系列随机对照研究入选735例原位冠状动脉真性分叉病变植入DES患者,应用倾向评分匹配临床和造影特征,165例IVUS指导和165例冠状动脉造影指导患者纳入研究,比较两组患者的长期预后。结果两组临床基线资料和造影特征比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。IVUS指导组更常见选择双支架策略（P=0．007）,IVUS指导组主支血管（MV）和分支血管（SB）的最大支架直径和支架总长度以及分支血管支架个数显著超过常规造影指导组;介入治疗后QCA分析显示,IVUS指导组分支血管参考血管直径（RVD）和即刻获得以及主支血管近端和分支血管最小管腔直径（MLD）显著超过造影指导组。12个月随访发现两组心脏死亡、靶病变重建（TLR）和主要心血管事件（MACE）比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。然而,IVUS指导组晚期支架内血栓和急性心肌梗死发生率显著低于造影指导组,差异有统计学意义（0．6％ vs.4．8％。P=0．04;1．8％ vs.6．7％,P=0．03）。结论IVUS指导冠状动脉真性分叉病变植入DES可以显著减低晚期支架内血栓和由此引起急性sT段抬高心肌梗死发生率而改善长期预后。     

直接冠状动脉内支架植入术的可行性研究

目的 :评价直接冠状动脉 (冠脉 )内支架植入术的安全性和可行性。方法 :对 1999年 12月～ 2 0 0 0年 6月接受冠脉内支架植入术的 171例患者中 ,孤立性、狭窄程度≤ 90 %、参考直径≥ 2 .5mm、长度≤ 18mm ;无明显的钙化、扭曲和成角 ,非完全闭塞和分叉处病变者 5 6例行直接冠脉内支架植入术。观察住院期和术后 3个月随访期内不良心脏事件的发生率。结果 :5 6例的 6 0处病变成功 5 5处 (91.7% ) ;1处因支架未能通过狭窄处而改行球囊预扩张后的支架植入术 ,1处在支架植入后因远端血管发生撕裂而需再植入 1个支架 ,3例因支架植入后冠脉造影显示支架扩张不满意而再用高压球囊扩张。住院期和术后随访期内无心源性死亡、心肌梗死、急诊冠脉旁路术发生 ;9例行冠脉造影复查 ,其中 2例因显示再狭窄而行再次经皮腔内冠脉成形术治疗。与经球囊导管预扩张后行冠脉内支架植入术相比 ,直接冠脉内支架植入术费用降低 2 9% ,造影剂用量减少 2 7% ,手术操作和X线照射时间缩短 2 6 %和 2 5 %。结论 :直接冠脉内支架植入术在经选择的病变中安全可行 ,并可降低手术费用 ,减少X线照射。     

冠状动脉支架内再狭窄切割球囊成形术在老年患者中的应用

目的观察冠状动脉支架内再狭窄切割球囊成形术在老年冠脉支架术后再狭窄中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析60例老年冠脉支架术后再狭窄患者临床资料,采用随机数字表法将其分为观察组和对照组,每组30例,对照组行普通球囊血管成形术,观察组行切割球囊成形术,对比两组球囊扩张后即刻弹性回缩率、血管最小直径和狭窄程度、管腔丢失和再狭窄发生。结果两组均成功顺利完成球囊血管成形术,手术成功率为100.00%,观察组球囊扩张后即刻弹性回缩率〔(6.28±2.65)%〕明显小于对照组〔(20.08±12.56)%〕(P0.05);观察组术后即刻、随访各时刻血管最小直径均明显大于对照组,血管狭窄程度均明显小于对照组(P0.05);观察组随访3、6、12个月管腔直径丢失明显小于对照组(P0.05);观察组再狭窄率(16.67%)明显低于对照组(40.00%)(P0.05)。结论冠状动脉支架内再狭窄老年患者行切割球囊成形术手术成功率高,术后即刻弹性回缩率低,血管扩张效果明确,再狭窄率低,可作为首选的球囊扩张方案之一。     

血管内超声指导CYPHERTM支架球囊后扩张的临床应用

目的:在血管内超声(IVUS)指导下,评价雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架(CYPHERTM)置入后球囊后扩张的临床价值。方法:选取72例CYPHERTM置入患者,在IVUS指导下选择支架大小,置入支架后,根据IVUS结果是否满足MUSIC标准分为不需球囊后扩张的支架组(NPB组)和需要球囊后扩张的支架组(PB组),对PB组患者继续用比支架大0.5mm的后扩张球囊1418.2~2026kPa扩张1~4次,反复IVUS检查,直到符合标准。术后6个月内随访观察主要临床心血管事件,满6个月时复查冠状动脉造影和IVUS。结果:球囊后扩张前,PB组支架贴壁状况、支架对称系数、支架最小截面积不满意,和NBP组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),球囊后扩张后IVUS参数达到标准,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),并且球囊后扩张后支架近远端夹层没有明显增加。6个月复查时,2组支架最小截面积、增生内膜面积、面积狭窄率、主要临床心血管事件也差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是PB组的面积狭窄率和临床心血管事件有减低趋势。结论:CYPHERTM置入后,在IVUS指导下进行球囊后扩张安全可行,对那些支架扩张不充分的患者能减低再狭窄率和心血管不良事件。     

冠状动脉介入治疗中StentBoost技术的应用及其与血管内超声的比较

目的:探讨StentBoost技术增强冠状动脉支架显影及检测支架扩张不充分的可行性并与血管内超声(IVUS)进行比较。方法:2009-03至2009-06间我院17例同时行IVUS和StentBoost检查的患者资料,平均年龄(55.76±12.63)岁,32～79岁,其中男性13例(76.47%),女性4例(23.53%),分别对冠状动脉造影定量分析(QCA)、IVUS和StentBoost检测数据进行相关性分析。结果:最小支架直径IVUS与StentBoost的相关性(r=0.9733,P0.0001)优于QCA与StentBoost的相关性(r=0.9708,P0.0001),以及优于QCA与IVUS的相关性(r=0.9589,P0.0001),而支架偏心指数QCA与StentBoost的相关性最好(r=0.5527;P=0.021)。结论:与QCA相比,StentBoost和IVUS具有更好的相关性。     

直接冠状动脉支架植入治疗急性冠状动脉综合征的疗效观察

常规的冠脉内支架植入是预先用球囊扩张冠脉病变部位,给支架植入创造一个良好的通道,然后再植入支架.近年来,随着支架植入技术和球囊预装支架设计的改进,临床医生对一些经选择的病变(A型和B1型)开始试用不用球囊预扩张的直接支架植入.本研究主要是观察不用球囊预扩张的直接冠脉内支架植入术的优点及安全性和可行性.     

Stent boost enhancement compared to intravascular ultrasound in the evaluation of stent expansion in elective percutaneous coronary interventions

Background

Stent underexpansion is a major risk factor for in-stent restenosis and acute in-stent thrombosis¹Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is one of the standards for detection of stent underexpansion (de Feyter et al. 1999; Mintz et al., 2001). StentBoost (SB) enhancement allows an improved angiographic visualization of the stent (Koolen et al., 2005).

Determination of adequate coronary stent expansion using StentBoost, a novel fluoroscopic image processing technique.

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that the use of motion-corrected fluoroscopic images results in enhanced coronary stent visualization and improved detection of inadequate stent expansion. BACKGROUND: Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) more accurately detects inadequate stent expansion when compared with coronary angiography. Stent under-expansion is associated with stent restenosis and thrombosis. Developing a technique to improve fluoroscopic-based assessment of stent expansion is desirable. METHODS: We analyzed measurements of 48 coronary stents implanted in 30 patients using quantitative coronary angiography (QCA), IVUS, and StentBoost (SB), a novel fluoroscopic image processing technique. Correlations of stent diameter between the modalities were determined. Using established IVUS criteria for adequate stent deployment, we assessed the diagnostic test characteristics of SB to detect inadequate stent expansion. RESULTS: Correlations of minimum stent diameter were highest between IVUS and SB (r=0.75; P<0.0001) when compared with QCA and IVUS (r=0.65; P<0.0001), and QCA and SB (r=0.49; P=0.0004). IVUS and SB demonstrated a small difference in minimum stent diameter, 0.043 mm (95% CI: 0.146-0.061 mm). The correlation between IVUS and SB was lower for vessels with intimal calcification (r=0.57; P=0.002) when compared with vessels with deeper calcification (r=0.84; P<0.0001). A SB minimum diameter of <2.5 mm predicted inadequate stent expansion by IVUS with 88% sensitivity, 70% specificity, and a positive likelihood ratio of 2.9. CONCLUSIONS: SB had superior correlations for stent expansion measured by IVUS when compared with QCA. A minimum stent diameter by SB measurement<2.5 mm is associated with inadequate stent expansion using IVUS criteria.     

Assessment of optimum stent deployment by stent boost imaging: comparison with intravascular ultrasound

Stent boost (SB) imaging is an enhancement of the radiologic edge of the stent by digital management of regular X-ray images. The purpose of the present study was to validate SB imaging by comparison with the anatomical standard using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). We investigated SB and IVUS after stent implantation in 68 arteries in 60 patients. Based on those findings, we added high-pressure dilatation in four patients and another stent implantation in four patients. We defined the SB criteria for adequate stent deployment as: complete stent expansion, stent minimum diameter ≥70% of reference diameter, and stent minimum diameter ≥2.0 mm; and IVUS criteria for adequate stent deployment as: minimal stent area ≥5.0 mm². If the reference vessel was <2.8 mm, adequate stent deployment was defined as minimum stent area ≥4.5 mm². IVUS findings indicated inadequate stent deployment in 21/72 observations (29%). Seven SB images showed inadequate stent expansion. SB predicted inadequate findings of IVUS with 100% specificity, 33% sensitivity, and 81% agreement. Although the sensitivity of SB image for adequate stent deployment is low, the specificity is sufficiently high for it to be the first-line for monitoring just after stent implantation in centers where IVUS is not used routinely.     

药物洗脱支架断裂的影像认识

目的借助冠状动脉造影和血管内超声的影像资料,确定支架断裂的发生和类型。方法回顾性分析北京大学人民医院2 021例冠状动脉造影和183例血管内超声（IVUS）影像资料。结果共发现3例患者的6处支架断裂,其中2例经IVUS证实。3例支架断裂均发生在西罗莫司药物洗脱支架,且均发生在冠状动脉介入术后1年以内。冠状动脉造影证实4处支架断裂为完全断裂伴断裂处支架移位。IVUS证实3处支架断裂为完全断裂,2处为部分断裂;1处断裂靠近支架重叠处;1处支架断裂伴有血管瘤形成。结论冠状动脉造影和IVUS可以帮助确定支架断裂的诊断。     

Comparison of paclitaxel-eluting stent and sirolimus-eluting stent expansion at incremental delivery pressures

OBJECTIVES: We sought to compare the adequacy of paclitaxel-eluting stent (PES) and sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) expansion based on intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging criteria at conventional delivery pressures. METHODS: Forty-six patients underwent SES implantation and 42 patients underwent PES implantation for de novo native coronary lesions<33 mm in length with reference lumen diameters of 2.5-3.5 mm. Stents were serially expanded with gradual balloon inflations at 14 and 20 atm. IVUS imaging was performed prior to intervention and after each balloon inflation. Stent expansion (minimal stent cross-sectional area/reference lumen cross-sectional area) was measured. Inadequate stent expansion was defined using the MUSIC criteria (all struts apposed, no tissue protrusion, and final lumen cross-sectional area>80% of the reference or >90% if minimal lumen cross-sectional area was <9 mm2). RESULTS: The baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar except for shorter lesion length, larger mean lumen cross-sectional area, larger lumen diameter, and lower plaque burden in the PES group. Stent expansion was inadequate in 80% of patients with SES versus 63% of patients with PES at 14 atm, although this was not statistically significant. After 20 atm, 48% of patients with SES remained underexpanded as compared with 35% of patients with PES. CONCLUSION: Drug-eluting stents showed significant underexpansion by MUSIC criteria at conventionally used inflation pressures. Higher balloon inflations are required especially during deployment of a SES. IVUS guidance is recommended to ensure optimal results and outcomes with both stents.     

Revisiting late loss and neointimal volumetric measurements in a drug-eluting stent trial: analysis from the SPIRIT FIRST trial.

This study was conducted to reevaluate the significance of angiographic late loss and to assess the agreement between new proposed neointimal volumetric measurements derived from quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and standard intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-based parameters. Neointimal volumetric measurements may better estimate the magnitude of neointimal growth after stenting than late loss. In 56 in-stent segments (27, everolimus; 29, bare metal) in the SPIRIT FIRST study, we compared QCA measures with the corresponding IVUS parameters. Two IVUS-late loss models were derived from minimal luminal diameter (MLD) using either a circular model or a so-called projected MLD. QCA-neointimal volume was calculated as follows: stent volume (mean area of the stented segment x stent length) at post procedure - lumen volume (mean area of the stented segment x stent length) at follow-up (the stent length either from nominal stent length or the length measured by QCA). Videodensitometric neointimal volume was also evaluated. Each of the three neointimal volume and percentage volume obstruction by QCA showed significant correlation with the corresponding IVUS parameters (r = 0.557-0.594, P < 0.0001), albeit with a broad range of limits of agreement. Late loss and volumetric measurements by QCA had a broader range of standard deviation than those by IVUS. QCA-volumetric measurements successfully confirmed the efficacy of everolimus-eluting stents over bare metal stents (P < 0.05). Our proposed QCA volumetric measurements may be a practical surrogate for IVUS measurements and a discriminant methodological approach for assessment of treatment effects of drug-eluting stents.     

Restenosis rate after intravascular ultrasound-guided coronary stent implantation

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that patients fulfilling intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) criteria for optimal coronary stent implantation show a reduction in the restenosis rate at 6 months. IVUS guidance for stent dilation may be associated with faciliated stent implantation and an increased acute luminal gain, but it has not yet been determined, whether and to what extent this procedure is associated with a reduction in the restenosis rate. IVUS-guided optimization of Palmaz-Schatz stent placement was performed in 125 consecutive patients, 64 of whom fulfilled IVUS-criteria for optimal stent placement. Another 125 patients served as the non-IVUS control group. In 107 patients (86%) of the non-IVUS control group and 105 patients (84 %) of the IVUS group, angiographic follow-up was performed. The IVUS group of patients revealed a significantly lower restenosis rate of 20.9% as compared with 29.9% in the control group (P = 0.033). Patients that met IVUS criteria for optimal stent placement had a larger minimal lumen diameter immediately after stent implantation (3.13 ± 0.44 vs. 2.95 ± 0.47 mm; P = 0.045) and at 6-month follow-up (2.23 ± 0.78 vs. 1.87 ± 0.76 mm; P = 0.019) as well as a significantly lower restenosis rate (13.5% vs. 28.3%; P = 0.038) as compared with patients that did not fulfil these criteria. Our data suggest that patients fulfilling IVUS criteria for optimal stent placement demonstrate a reduced risk for the development of restenosis. Thus, IVUS investigation identifies factors predictive of restenosis after coronary stent placement. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 44:380–386, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.