钛网在脊柱外科的应用及钛网下陷的诊治

20世纪80年代初，Patel等首次以金属网格板状的形式将钛网引入矫形外科，用于颚面骨重建与髋臼置换手术。一直以来，钛网常被用于治疗骨缺损，对钛网进行合理的剪裁与塑形后将其填充骨块，并移植于目标区域提供支撑作用。1986年，Harms与Biedermann发明了第1件钛脊柱内置物，将其设计成椭圆网格状柱形体，作为一种脊柱垫圈，为植骨块提供支撑，该技术明显提高了脊柱植骨融合率，同时使得自体取骨产生的髂骨、胫骨或腓骨植骨块骨折或塌陷等并发症发生率显著降低。     

髂骨块植骨与钛网植骨在胸腰椎结核术中的对比

目的探讨髂骨块植骨与钛网植骨在胸腰椎结核治疗中的疗效。方法采用髂骨块植骨与钛网植骨治疗的38例胸腰椎结核患者,男16例,女22例;年龄17~66岁,平均35.2岁。比较两组术前及术后Cobb角、VAS评分变化,对比术前、术后Frankel分级,分析比较两种术式治疗胸腰椎结核的近期疗效。结果所有患者胸背及下肢疼痛症状均消失,基本恢复了正常生活。脊柱后凸畸形明显改善,Cobb角平均矫正12.5°,12个月随访时Cobb角未见明显丢失。结论髂骨块植骨或钛笼植骨融合均能有效的提供脊柱结核愈合需要的稳定性和静止条件,具有创伤小、矫正后凸畸形、稳定性好、术后恢复快等优点。     

髂骨块植骨与钛网植骨在胸腰椎结核术中的对比简

目的探讨髂骨块植骨与钛网植骨在胸腰椎结核治疗中的疗效。方法采用髂骨块植骨与钛网植骨治疗的38例胸腰椎结核患者,男16例,女22例;年龄17—66岁,平均35．2岁。比较两组术前及术后Cobb角、VAS评分变化,对比术前、术后Frankel分级,分析比较两种术式治疗胸腰椎结核的近期疗效。结果所有患者胸背及下肢疼痛症状均消失,基本恢复了正常生活。脊柱后凸畸形明显改善,Cobb角平均矫正12．5°,12个月随访时Cobb角未见明显丢失。结论髂骨块植骨或钛笼植骨融合均能有效的提供脊柱结核愈合需要的稳定性和静止条件,具有创伤小、矫正后凸畸形、稳定性好、术后恢复快等优点。     

颈前路钛板加钛网固定术后早期稳定性的观察

目的观察半限制型钛板加钛网在颈椎前路减压融合术后早期的稳定性。方法对52例确诊为颈椎病的患者进行颈椎前路单椎体次全切减压融合术,均用半限制型钛板(CSLP-VA或ZEPH IR颈前路钢板)固定,其中22例行钛网植骨,30例行自体髂骨块植骨。术前、术后分别摄正侧位、动力位X线片,观察钛网、植骨块、锁定钢板系统有无塌陷、松动等不稳定情况。对术后2个月以内二者稳定的差异行2χ检验。结果术后2个月以内,22例行钛网植骨融合病例中出现不稳定的有6例,30例行自体髂骨块植骨融合病例中出现不稳定的有1例。用χ2值进行连续校正检验,说明髂骨植骨块和钛网治疗在术后2个月内稳定性的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后2个月以后未见新增不稳定病例,经6-18个月(平均9.4个月)随访,所有病例均获得融合。结论半限制型钛板加钛网内固定治疗颈椎病,在术后早期较易发生钛网塌陷和半限制型钛板固定系统松动。     

钛网椎管成形植骨脊柱融合的实验研究

目的 观察以犬作为实验动物，进行钛合金网为支撑物的脊柱椎管重建及植骨融合情况，并探讨其临床可行性。方法 对6只蒙古犬进行静脉全麻，暴露T10～L3椎板，行全椎板减压，用钛丝将“Q”形钛合金网固定并覆盖于减压区，上填自体骨及异种脱蛋白松质骨，逐层闭合伤口。于术后，6周、12周分别摄手术部位X线正侧位片及CT扫描，对比观察骨质愈合情况，钛网位置及椎管成形情况。同时宰杀3只动物，对实验部位行大体观察。结果 所有伤口均一期愈合。12周X线提示异种骨与钛网融合成片，形成椎板样结构，椎板与异种骨相接处骨质融合。CT扫描示椎管成形良好，硬膜囊未见骨性压迫。结论 应用钛网支撑植骨脊柱后路融合，可以在保护脊髓，神经根免于受压，维持减压效果的同时，有效的进行脊柱后路融合，在临床上有广阔的应用前景。     

前路减压、钛网支撑植骨、Z-Plate钢板内固定治疗陈旧性胸腰段脊柱骨折

目的 探讨陈旧性胸腰段脊柱骨折伴脊髓损伤的前路减压和应用Z-Plate钢板内固定及钛网支撑植骨的优点。方法 对48例陈旧性胸腰段脊柱骨折伴脊髓损伤的病例进行回顾性分析。结果 48例均行前路椎管减压、钛网支撑植骨及Z-Plate钢板内固定。平均随访时间16．5个月,术后椎体间均获骨性融合,95．8％患者神经功能有不同程度恢复,平均改善1．1级,无并发症发生。结论 该方法可充分利用切除的肋骨和减压碎骨块进行植骨,避免取自体髂骨,纠正脊柱后凸,提高椎体问融合率,以重新获得脊柱的稳定性。     

钛网椎管成形植骨脊柱融合的实验研究

目的 观察以犬作为实验动物,进行钛合金网为支撑物的脊柱椎管重建及植骨融合情况,并探讨其临床可行性。方法对6只蒙古犬进行静脉全麻,暴露T_(10)～L_3椎板,行全椎板减压,用钛丝将“Ω”形钛合金网固定并覆盖于减压区,上填自体骨及异种脱蛋白松质骨,逐层闭合伤口。于术后,6周、12周分别摄手术部位X线正侧位片及CT扫描,对比观察骨质愈合情况,钛网位置及椎管成形情况。同时宰杀3只动物,对实验部位行大体观察。结果 所有伤口均一期愈合。12周X线提示异种骨与钛网融合成片,形成椎板样结构,椎板与异种骨相接处骨质融合。CT扫描示椎管成形良好,硬膜囊未见骨性压迫。结论 应用钛网支撑植骨脊柱后路融合,可以在保护脊髓,神经根免于受压,维持减压效果的同时,有效的进行脊柱后路融合,在临床上有广阔的应用前景。     

颈前路钛网植骨融合术后钛网沉陷的原因探讨

目的：探讨颈前路钛网植骨融合术后钛网发生沉陷的原因及其对临床疗效的影响，并提出相应对策。方法：回顾性分析在我院行颈前路钛网植骨融合术的各类颈椎疾患患者179例，观察患者骨密度、钛网修剪及放置情况、终板处理情况、钢板类型、植骨及椎体撑开情况等。采用日本骨科学会（JOA）评分法评价神经功能的变化。结果：有17例患者发生钛网沉陷，沉陷的原因主要为骨密度下降、钛网修剪放置不当、术中过度撑开、终板刮除过多、使用非限制性钢板、采用同种异体骨植骨、螺钉进钉深度过浅和方向不当、钢板放置位置偏斜等。术后所有患者JOA评分比术前平均增加3．5分（P〈0．01）。162例未发生钛网下沉患者术后3个月和6个月的JOA评分比术前平均增加4．4分和4．7分：发生钛网下沉患者中。6例有临床症状者沉陷时和沉陷3个月时的JOA评分为2．9分和3．8分．7例无临床表现者为3．3分和3．9分．4例有临床症状行翻修手术者翻修术后1周和3个月时JOA评分比翻修前提高3．3分和3．7分。结论：颈前路钛网植骨融合术后可发生钛网下沉，骨质疏松患者应该避免使用钛网。手术时应尽可能增加钛网与终板接触面积，多保留相邻终板，选用限制性钢板，尽量选择自体骨植骨，避免椎间过度撑开等。防止术后钛网沉陷。     

钛网融合器在胸腰椎前路重建术中的应用

在行胸腰椎椎体肿瘤根治和病灶清除术、椎体爆裂性骨折前路减压术等术式后，如何有效地进行脊柱前柱重建是脊柱外科的一个难题。传统的髂骨块植骨存在稳定性不足、取骨区并发症多、骨融合率欠佳等问题。各种人工椎体在临床的应用可有效地解决这一问题，但操作复杂，且对多节段椎体重建应用受限。从上世纪90年代后期起，随着椎间界面融合理论的兴起，一种垂直放置的钛网椎间融合器(titanium mesh cage)得以开发和投入临床使用。我们从2001年1月起开始应用钛网融合器进行胸腰段脊柱重建，取得一些初步经验，报告如下。     

前路Z型钢板加钛网固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折

目的 探讨前路“Z”型钛钢板结合钛网在治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折中的应用价值。方法 对32例胸腰椎爆裂骨折伴脊髓或马尾损伤患者，采用胸膜外-腹膜后入路对骨折椎体施行胸腰椎侧前方减压，椎体间钛网加自体骨植骨及“Z”型钛钢板固定术。结果 术后随访12～32个月，平均19．7个月，全部病例椎间植骨均牢固融合，脊柱序列正常，钢板螺钉无松动。结论 胸腰椎侧前方减压、椎体间钛网加自体骨植骨及“Z”型钛钢板内固定是治疗严重胸腰椎爆裂骨折的理想方法之一。     

Harms titanium mesh cage fracture

Interbody fusion has become a mainstay of surgical management for lumbar fractures, tumors, spondylosis, spondylolisthesis and deformities. Over the years, it has undergone a number of metamorphoses, as novel instrumentation and approaches have arisen to reduce complications and enhance outcomes. Interbody fusion procedures are common and successful, complications are rare and most often do not involve the interbody device itself. We present here a patient who underwent an anterior L4 corpectomy with Harms cage placement and who later developed a fracture of the lumbar titanium mesh cage (TMC). This report details the presentation and management of this rare complication, as well as discusses the biomechanics underlying this rare instrumentation failure.

     

颈前路钛网植骨融合术后钛网沉陷的原因分析

目的:探讨颈前路钛网植骨融合术后钛网发生沉陷的原因及其对颈椎曲度和临床疗效的影响,并提出相应改善对策。方法:对24例颈前路钛网植骨融合术后钛网发生沉陷的病例行影像学检查,观察骨密度、钛网修剪及放置情况、钢板类型、终板处理情况等,JOA评分法评价手术前后及钛网沉陷后神经功能改变情况,测量手术前后及钛网沉陷后颈椎曲度“D”值并行统计学比较。结果:钛网发生沉陷的原因主要为钛网修剪放置不当、终板刮除过多、术中过度撑开、骨密度下降、选用钢板不适当。术后JOA评分平均增加6.5分(P<0.01),颈椎曲度“D”值平均提高9.25±2.52mm(P<0.05),发生钛网沉陷后18例JOA评分平均增加1.8分,6例平均下降2.1分,“D”值视钛网沉陷发生部位的不同增减不一,但结果均无统计学意义。结论:颈前路钛网植骨融合术后钛网沉陷对颈椎曲度和临床疗效无明显影响;通过合理修剪、放置钛网并使用垫片、椎间适度撑开、保留相邻终板、选用全锁定钢板等措施,可有效防止术后钛网沉陷的发生。     

颈前路椎体次全切除端盖与无端盖钛网植骨钢板内固定术治疗脊髓型颈椎病比较研究

目的比较颈前路椎体次全切除端盖钛网与无端盖钛网植骨融合术对脊髓型颈椎病的治疗结果。方法对2011-01-2014-01采用颈前路钛网植骨术治疗的86例脊髓型颈椎病患者进行回顾性分析,其中端盖钛网组40例患者记为A组,无端盖钛网46例患者记为B组。影像学评价指标为椎间高度,钛网沉陷率,融合节段前凸角度(Cobb角),颈椎曲度及钛网植骨融合率;临床疗效评价指标为JOA评分和JOA评分改善率。结果 86例患者随访时间为术后1周,3月和1年。影像学测量:两组术后椎间高度、融合节段Cobb角及颈椎曲度与术前相比均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后1周,3月A组椎间高度、融合节段Cobb角及颈椎曲度与B组相比无明显差异(P0.05),术后1年A组优于B组(P0.05)。术后1年A组钛网沉陷率明显低于B组,而两组钛网植骨融合率无明显差异。临床疗效评价结果:两组术后JOA评分与术前相比均明显改善(P0.05)。术后1周,3月及1年两组JOA评分及术后1年JOA评分改善率两组比较均无统计学差异(P0.05)。所有患者术后1年JOA评分改善率与钛网下沉距离比较无明显相关性(P0.05)。结论端盖钛网在术后维持椎间高度及颈椎曲度方面均优于无端盖钛网,端盖钛网的应用可有效降低钛网沉陷的发生率。     

Radiographic assessment of anterior titanium mesh cages

Carbon fiber and titanium cage implantation for anterior column support during spinal fusions is an alternative to the use of more traditional structural allografts and autografts. The authors report instrumentation and cage failure for patients who underwent spinal fusion with structural titanium mesh cages implanted into the anterior column a minimum of 2 years after surgery. They wanted to determine whether plain radiographic techniques can be used to critically assess disk space and corpectomy fusions after implantation of these radioopaque cages. Fifty patients having undergone spinal fusions using structural titanium mesh cages in the anterior column had 99 anterior levels fused with at least 1 (maximum of 2) titanium mesh cage, resulting in a total of 131 cages used. The cages were examined for evidence of settling, migration, or failure. The anterior and posterior instrumentation was assessed for evidence of failure, and the spine was examined for evidence of successful fusion. Radiographic cage settling (>2 mm) into the vertebral body end plates was observed, but cage migration or failure were not. An average lordotic correction of 10 degrees was observed, with loss of correction into kyphosis from immediately after operation to final follow-up averaging 2 degrees. As an average of all reviewers, using a strict radiographic fusion assessment, definite or probable anterior fusion was graded at 81% of the levels, probably not or no at 5% of the levels, and could not be assessed at 14% of the levels. Definite or probable posterior fusion as an average of all reviewers was graded at 44% of the posterior fusion levels, questionable at 4%, no at 5%, and could not be assessed at 47%. The use of anterior-only, posterior-only, or anterior and posterior instrumentation with structural titanium mesh cages in the anterior spine along with proper autogenous bone grafting techniques provided anterior column support with a low rate of radiographic complications. Acceptable anterior spinal fusion rates, as assessed by a consensus agreement of reviewers, were observed primarily by evaluation of the fusion mass around the cages (extracage fusion), because intracage fusion was difficult to assess.     

Safety of titanium mesh for orbital reconstruction.

During the past several decades, the standard of care for orbital reconstruction after trauma has been autogenous bone grafts. Complications of bone grafts, including donor site morbidities such as scar alopecia and graft resorption with delayed enophthalmos, have inspired an interest in the use of alloplastic substitutes such as titanium. Titanium's role in orbital reconstruction was limited originally to small orbital defects, and as an adjunct to bone grafts. More recently, clinical studies have documented the sole use of titanium mesh to reconstruct large orbital defects. This study sought to document further the safety and efficacy of titanium mesh in reconstructing large orbital defects after facial trauma, with more extensive follow-up compared with previous studies. In the current study, 55 patients with 67 orbital fractures underwent orbital reconstruction with titanium mesh over a 5-year period. Associated fractures were reduced anatomically and fixed rigidly. For the analysis, 44 patients with 56 orbital fractures had adequate follow-up (mean, 44 months). An abscess developed in one patient who received high-dose steroids for 72 hours before reconstruction. She was treated with broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics and bedside incision and drainage, and did not require removal of the titanium mesh. No patient in the current series required removal of the titanium mesh. A single case of uncorrected enophthalmos was treated with bone grafting rather than mesh revision. Large orbital defects can be reconstructed using titanium mesh with good functional results and minimal risk for infection. This study covered the authors' first 5 years using titanium. They have now used titanium mesh in orbital reconstructions for more than 10 years, without any additional cases of infection.     

计算机辅助塑形钛网修补颅骨缺损的美容效果

目的：探讨应用计算机辅助塑形的钛网修补颅骨缺损后,患者的头颅美容效果。方法：回顾性总结并分析2009年3月～2010年3月,我们应用计算机辅助钛网塑形技术进行的14例颅骨成形手术的临床资料。这些患者术前均根据其缺损部位的颅骨曲度,应用计算机辅助技术,定制个性化的钛网材料。结果：应用这种钛网进行颅骨成形术后,患者头颅形状与生理状态接近,美容效果好。结论：在进行异体材料颅骨成形手术时,应用计算机辅助塑形的钛网可以获得很好的美容效果。     

Repair of symptomatic perineal hernia with a titanium mesh

Purpose

Surgical repair of symptomatic perineal hernia is challenging, especially via a perineal approach with limited exposure of the hernia sac. Furthermore, insecure fixation of autologous or synthetic materials to bony structures often results in recurrence. Here, we describe the application of a titanium mesh for perineal hernia repair.

Methods

We performed hernia repair with a thin titanium mesh via a perineal approach in three patients who developed secondary perineal hernia following abdominoperineal resection. After the hernia sac was isolated and dissected, the titanium mesh was molded and placed over the ischium and coccyx to support the pelvic floor.

Results

No major complications occurred, and all three patients were free of recurrence at follow-up after 73, 109, and 6 months, respectively. The patients experienced slight pain in the perineal region when sitting, which resolved within 6 months.

Conclusion

Our successful preliminary results indicate that a titanium mesh is useful for perineal hernia repair by the perineal approach, as it can provide rigid support for the pelvic floor by its entire surface while ensuring stability without any fixation.