驼背畸形后路多节段V形截骨两种内固定器械固定远期效果比较

[目的]探讨比较两种内固定方法矫正驼背畸形的疗效。[方法]对127例强直性脊柱炎并驼背畸形实行后路多节段“V”形截骨术,后路分别采用A(钉棒系统内固定),B(“U”形棒加钢丝固定)两种矫正方法。对其中75例进行3~7年观察。[结果]30例患者利用A方式治疗效果较好,驼背复发平均约4.3°,而采用B方式治疗45例,近期矫形效果与A组相当,远期效果略差,驼背复发平均约12.5°。作者认为,病变未处于静止期、固定方式的不同导致稳定矫正效果的强度不同,身体重心前移是影响远期效果的因素。[结论]采用后路多节段“V”形截骨加钉棒系统内固定可有效增加脊柱稳定性及矫正度。     

脊柱后凸畸形翻修术

[目的]总结脊柱后凸畸形翻修术的方法与治疗结果。[方法]2001年6月～2005年8月采用后路全脊椎截骨矫形加椎弓根螺钉框架系统内固定翻修治疗脊柱后凸畸形17例。[结果]椎弓根共置钉168枚,脊椎后凸翻修截骨最多3个平面,最大翻修矫正后凸100°,截骨平面最高达T10,平均矫正脊柱后凸56.2°。[结论]脊柱后凸畸形术后复发,脊柱翻修术可收到良好效果。     

骨水泥强化椎体技术在骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形手术治疗中的应用(16例报告)

[目的]探讨骨水泥强化椎体椎弓根钉棒系统治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形的手术效果.[方法]应用骨水泥强化椎后椎弓根钉棒系统后路矫形内固定治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形病人16例,观察后凸Cobb角矫正角度、内固定稳定情况及临床症状改善程度.[结果]椎弓根钉内固定系统无松动、脱落、断裂.后凸畸形Cobb角平均矫正22.1°,疼痛VAS评分由术前平均7.8分降至术后平均2.1分,ODI评分由术前平均86.5％改善至术后平均31.2％.[结论]应用骨水泥强化椎体椎弓根钉棒系统治疗骨质疏松性脊柱后凸畸形可获得满意的临床疗效.     

胸腰椎骨折内固定取出后严重脊柱后凸的再次手术矫治

目的　总结胸腰椎骨折内固定取出后发生严重脊柱后凸畸形患者再次行脊椎截骨和椎弓根钉内固定治疗的经验。方法　对 4例患者脊椎后凸发生的原因、脊椎截骨和再次椎弓根内固定的方法、手术适应证等进行分析。结果　Cobb角由术前 72°矫正到术后 8° ,无并发症发生。经 12个月以上随访 ,后凸无复发。结论　椎弓根钉内固定取出时间过早和脊柱后路融合术失败是胸腰椎骨折术后发生严重脊柱后凸的主要原因 ;再次行脊椎截骨、椎弓根钉内固定矫治手术设计合理 ,安全可靠     

椎弓根楔形截骨USS系统内固定治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形12例近期疗效观察

[目的]探讨治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的方法和疗效。[方法]根据脊柱侧位X线片测量后凸角度,明确截骨部位,行椎弓根椎体楔形截骨术和脊柱通用系统(USS)双螺纹椎弓根Schanz螺钉内固定术。[结果]后凸畸形矫正度20°~40°,平均矫正32°,外观改善满意。经12~36个月(平均24个月)随访,均达骨性融合,矫正度数无丢失,无椎弓根螺钉松动。[结论]正确选择手术适应证,采用本方法可取得满意疗效。     

后路椎体截骨内固定治疗僵硬性脊柱侧凸9例报告

[目的]评价后路椎体截骨矫形固定治疗僵硬性脊柱侧凸的临床疗效和适应证的选择。[方法]本院2003年4月~2005年2月采用后路顶椎楔形截骨矫形固定治疗9例僵硬性脊柱侧凸,男5例,女4例;年龄11~23岁,平均14.2岁。先天性侧凸5例,特发性侧凸4例。术前测Cobb s角平均为81.5°,悬吊后平均为67.2°,脊柱柔韧度平均11.5%。伴有神经症状2例,椎管内间隔2例。顶椎截骨平面在T8~11,截骨后采用Scofix器械固定,后路植骨融合。[结果]9例随访6~28个月,平均16.6个月。侧凸Cobb s角平均31.2°,矫正率平均61.3%,矫正丢失率平均2.1%。本组病例全部骨性融合,无断钉、断棒、松动。[结论]后路椎体截骨矫形固定治疗僵硬性脊柱侧凸,适用于中、重度青春期后特发性和重度先天性混合性脊柱侧凸畸形,此方法能一次性完成矫形侧凸,降低神经、血管损伤的发生率,并通过椎弓根系统固定和植骨融合重建脊柱的稳定性,临床疗效肯定。     

脊柱后路截骨内固定治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形

[目的]探讨脊柱后路“V”型截骨加板-棍系统（PRSS）内固定治疗内固定治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸的方法和疗效。[方法]强直性脊柱炎后凸44例，行后路“V”型截骨1～2节段，并用PRSS装置内固定。[结果]脊柱Cobb’s角从平均74^o矫正到30^o，平均矫正44^o，平均身高增加5．5cm.经15～66个月（平均36个月）随访，截骨处骨性融合，矫正度数无丢失。[结论]后路“V”型截骨和PRSS装置内固定是治疗强直性脊柱炎后凸畸形的有效方法。     

后路椎弓根钉内固定结合椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床疗效观察

[目的]探讨后路椎弓根钉内固定结合椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的方法和疗效。[方法]对56例胸腰椎爆裂性骨折患者行后路椎弓根钉内固定并椎弓根植骨,术前、术后及随访时测量椎体前后缘高度、Cobb后凸角,观察腰背部疼痛、胸腰段活动度、终板完整性及神经功能的变化。[结果]随访24~60个月,椎体高度无明显丢失,后凸畸形无加重,无椎间隙塌陷,无内固定物松动、断裂和游离,终板结构完整,胸腰段活动度好。[结论]后路椎弓根钉内固定结合椎弓根植骨治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折能重建脊柱前中柱稳定性,防止远期椎体高度及矫正角度的再丢失,维持脊柱的整体生物力学平衡。     

一期后路内固定侧前方病灶清除植骨治疗胸腰椎结核

目的：观察椎弓根钉系统内固定加侧前方病灶清除治疗胸腰椎结核的疗效。方法：14例均采用椎弓根钉系统后路内固定加侧前方病灶清除植骨融合与脊髓减压术。结果：随访6个月～4．5年，结核全部治愈，植骨均融合，纠正后凸角度平均25．2°，丢失角度平均2．8°。结论：后路椎弓根系统内固定能有效矫正脊柱后凸畸形，稳定脊柱，促进植骨融合。     

后路短节段椎弓根内固定加植骨融合治疗儿童先天性脊柱后凸

[目的]探讨后路短节段椎弓根钉内固定加植骨融合矫正儿童先天性半椎体脊柱后凸畸形的可行性及短期疗效评价。[方法]对2001年11月～2006年1月挑选的13例先天性半椎体脊柱后凸儿童进行后路短节段椎弓根钉内固定加植骨融合畸形矫正术，男8例，女5例；平均10．4岁（5～13岁）。Cobb’s角平均为42．7^o（28^o～48^o）。术后支具固定8个月。[结果]术后X线片随访12个月-5年3个月（平均2年3个月）。矢状面Cobb＇s角由平均42．7^o矫正至平均9．3^o，畸形矫正率达到78．2％。随访过程中矫正的Cobb’s角平均增大1．6^o，无椎弓根切割，无神经损伤，没有发生植骨不愈合的病例，没有患者出现侧凸畸形。[结论]后路短节段椎弓根钉内固定加植骨融合矫正儿童先天性脊柱后凸，手术创伤小，短期效果可靠，但应严格掌握手术指征。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.