强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折影像学特点及手术方式选择

目的 探讨强直性脊柱炎(ankyiosing spendylitis AS)合并颈椎骨折的影像学特点和手术方式选择;方法对30例强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折(ankylosing spondylitis cervical spine fractureASCSF)患者的影像学特点以及前路、后路和前后路联合三种不同手术方式的结果进行分析;结果强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折多表现为三柱损伤,多合并相对较重的脊髓损伤,影像学特点根据骨折脱位的不同表现不同,骨折多位于椎间隙部位,部分无明显脱位的患者X线和CT检查易漏诊,MRI检查阳性率较高,治疗上首选外科手术稳定融合和脊髓减压,手术方式可根据骨折脱位情况和脊柱强直情况不同选择不同的稳定方式.结论 强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折一种相对严重的损伤,影像学根据损伤不同表现不同,治疗上以手术稳定脊柱和脊髓减压为主,前路、后路和前后路联合稳定脊柱是主要方式.     

强直性脊柱炎合并胸腰椎骨折的临床分析

目的：总结强直性脊柱炎合并胸腰椎骨折的临床特点,避免诊断延误。方法：回顾性分析自2005年4月至2007年6月收治的5例强直性脊柱炎合并胸腰椎骨折病例,男4例,女1例;年龄26～72岁,平均44．8岁。分析内容包括：病史、骨性融合椎体数、骨折特点、风湿活动状态等。结果：强直性脊柱炎患病史平均22．6年。骨性融合椎体数平均18．2节。1例为自驾车交通事故,1例有扭伤史,3例无外伤史为应力骨折。2例合并椎体骨折：骨折线分别经T6、T7或L1椎体;3例合并椎间隙骨折：2例骨折线经L1,2椎间隙,1例骨折线经L2,3椎间隙。未见压缩骨折及脊髓或马尾神经损伤。4例血沉及C-反应蛋白等急性炎症指标与疼痛程度不相称。非甾体抗炎药均无明显止痛效果。在外院均误诊为强直性脊柱炎“复发”,平均延误1．51个月。结论：①骨折好发于强直性脊柱炎中晚期胸腰椎广泛骨性融合者;②好发于下部胸椎和上部腰椎,且多为应力骨折;③可以为合并椎体骨折或椎间隙骨折;④易误认为强直性脊柱炎“复发”而发生误诊、漏诊;⑤中晚期强直性脊柱炎患者腰背痛突然加剧,疼痛程度与急性炎症指标不相称,非甾体抗炎药甚至皮质类固醇疗效欠佳,应考虑到胸腰椎骨折可能。     

强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤

目的 总结强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤的临床特征、诊断和手术治疗。方法 1986～2004年，笔者手术治疗累及颈椎的强直性脊柱炎合并无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤27例。结果 本组27例中椎管内韧带骨化18例，脊髓损伤的原因依次为韧带骨化所致的椎管狭窄，椎间盘损伤和椎体后骨刺及椎间不稳定。术前均为不完全性损伤，非手术治疗不提高脊髓功能。术后脊髓ASIA分级平均改善1级。后路手术椎板切除率、出血量、手术时间、术后引流量明显高于不合并强直性脊柱炎的患者。前路手术可达到骨性融合。结论 强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎无骨折脱位型脊髓损伤一般为不完全性损伤，损伤的内因依次为椎管内韧带骨化所致的椎管狭窄、椎间盘损伤、椎间骨赘和椎间不稳定。适当的手术可改善脊髓功能。手术难度大，风险高。     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤（附17例报告）

１７例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者均为颈椎过伸性损伤，Ｘ线片示颈椎无骨折，脱位。受伤前患有颈椎病６例，强直性脊柱炎２例，１７例中１２例行脊髓造影，ＣＴ检查，４例椎间盘突退变，３例后纵韧带骨化，１例椎体后缘骨刺，３例存在发育性椎管狭窄，２例ＭＲＩ检查可见脊髓病理改变，发现伤前存在发育性或退行或性颈椎管狭窄者，虽受伤外力轻，但脊髓损伤重，脊髓功能也恢复差。     

无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤(附17例报告)

17例无骨折脱位型颈髓损伤患者均为颈椎过伸性损伤,X线片示颈椎无骨折、脱位。受伤前患有颈椎病6例;强直性脊柱炎2例。17例中12例行脊髓造影、CT检查,4例椎间盘退变,3例后纵韧带骨化,1例椎体后缘骨刺,3例存在发育性椎管狭窄,2例MRI检查可见脊髓病理改变。发现伤前存在发育性或退行性颈椎管狭窄者,虽受伤外力轻,但脊髓损伤重、脊髓功能也恢复差。     

强直性脊柱炎脊柱骨折的治疗

目的 了解强且性脊柱炎(AS)脊柱骨折治疗的特点及注意事项。方法对19例AS脊柱骨折病例进行回顾性分析硬随访,19例中颈椎骨折11例,9例发生在C5-7间;胸腰椎骨折8例,7例为应力骨折,均发生存T10-L2间。二柱骨折16例。9例并发脊髓损伤,其中8例为颈椎骨折。所有19例患者均接受了手术治疗。颈椎骨折或脱位采用了4种手术方式,其中9例做了前路间盘切除或椎体次全切除、椎间值骨加钢板内固定术。胸腰椎骨折也做了4种术式,其中5例的术式为后路长节段固定加前、后联合融合,结果术岳18例患者获得了平均46．4个月的随访。并发脊髓损伤的9例患者,术后8例的神经功能有恢复。18例患者的骨折部位均已骨性愈合一术中并发脊髓损伤2例,因脑血管意外死亡1例,并发肺炎2例。结论 AS脊柱骨折好发于下颈椎及胸腰段,大多为三柱骨折,颈椎骨折并发脊髓损伤的发生率较高。胸腰椎多为应力骨折一手术治疗可使大多数患者的骨折愈合良好,神经功能有不同程度的恢复。对颈椎骨折患者,可采用前路椎体问植骨、钢板内固定的术式;而对于胸腰椎骨折,主张后路长节段固定,前、后联合植骨融合,术中及术后均可能出现并发症,应注意预防或避免。     

强直性脊柱炎胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位合并双侧乳糜胸1例报道

外伤致胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位合并乳糜胸较为少见,国内目前仅有1例报道[1],国外文献报道也并不多.实际上,脊柱外科医师在工作中也很少会考虑到乳糜胸,以致误诊或延迟诊断.最近本科收治了1例强直性脊柱炎患者外伤后胸腰段脊柱骨折脱位合并双侧乳糜胸,现报道如下.     

强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折手术治疗的特点

目的探讨强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或合并脱位的特点和外科治疗过程中应该注意的问题。方法回顾性分析1998年6月至2010年10月手术治疗累及颈椎的强直性脊柱炎合并颈椎骨折或脱位13例,采用美国脊柱损伤学会神经功能障碍评分评价神经功能,术前A级2例,B级6例,C级3例,D级2例。手术方式采用前路、后路、前后联合入路。结果应用前路3例,后路4例,前后联合入路6例。术后神经功能除2例A级随访无改善外,其余11例均有不同程度恢复。平均随访3.7年,术后平均3.5个月植骨获得融合,无内固定失败。围手术期并发症1例为食管瘘,无远期并发症。结论强直性脊柱炎累及颈椎时颈椎发生骨折和脱位的可能性较大,多数为不稳定型损伤,骨折可损伤食管引起食管瘘。早期减压植骨融合内固定、有效解除脊髓压迫是强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折或脱位的合理治疗方式。     

前路扩大减压术治疗颈椎骨折脱位脊髓损伤

临床上，外伤导致颈椎骨折脱位者常见，大多发生脊髓损伤而致四肢瘫痪。掌握手术时机，尽早解除脊髓压迫和恢复脊柱的稳定性，可获一定疗效。总结1988年以来应用颈前路扩大减压术治疗颈椎骨折脱位脊髓损伤216例，报告于下。     

强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折诊断及后路内固定治疗

目的:探讨强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折的临床特点,并应用后路侧块钢板内固定治疗强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折。方法:对本院收治的14例强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折病人行颈椎后路减压侧块内固定术,并根据住院资料及出院后随访,进行回顾性分析,总结其临床特点,观察神经功能恢复、骨折愈合及并发症情况。结果:强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折病人约占所有颈椎骨折病人的3.5％,AS病史平均23年,好发于C_(6～7),其次为C_(5～6)。后路减压侧块固定操作简单,经术后平均23个月随访无神经功能恶化,Frankel分级较术前平均改善1级,骨折愈合良好,愈合时间平均3.5个月,并发症少。结论:强直性脊柱炎颈椎骨折好发于下颈椎椎间隙,容易漏诊迟诊,全面的影像学检查是诊断关键。受伤外力较小,脊髓损伤的发生率较高,后路减压侧块钢板内固定术治疗是一种有效的治疗方法。     

Dens fracture with concurrent subaxial cervical spine injury in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Odontoid process fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) are rare and their finding together with subaxial cervical spine injury is a great exception. Neither the mechanism of such a combined cervical spine injury nor its surgical treatment has so far been reported in the relevant literature (MEDLINE). The authors present two such cases, one in a 30- and the other in a 74-year-old man. Both AS patients showed a common mechanism of injury sustained in a car accident, which involved hitting a solid barrier at 60 to 70 kilometres per hour, resulting in hyperextension of the cervical spine. In both patients the fractures were stabilised from the anterior approach: the dens fractures with one or two screws by the Magerl-B?hler method and the subaxial fractures with long-plate and screw fixation. At 2 post-operative years complete bone union of the subaxial spine was recorded in both patients; complete healing of the dens fracture was achieved in one patient while in the other partial fibrous union of the dens fracture occurred.     

Fractures of the Cervical Spine in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

Fractures of the cervical spine in six patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis are presented. Three patients had a hyperextension type of injury. These fractures were extremely unstable and combined with spinal cord damage. in the other cases the fracture was caused by a flexion mechanism. These fractures were stable and there was no damage to the spinal cord. Treatment modified according to the demands of the fractures is outlined.     

Fractures of the Cervical Spine in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

Fractures of the cervical spine in six patients suffering from ankylosing spondylitis are presented. Three patients had a hyperextension type of injury. These fractures were extremely unstable and combined with spinal cord damage. in the other cases the fracture was caused by a flexion mechanism. These fractures were stable and there was no damage to the spinal cord. Treatment modified according to the demands of the fractures is outlined.     

Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis

Thirty-one consecutive patients with ankylosing spondylitis and spinal fractures were reviewed. There were 6 women and 25 men with a mean age of 60±11 years; 19 had cervical and 12 had thoracolumbar injuries. Of the patients with cervical fracture, two had an additional cervical fracture and one had an additional thoracic fracture. Three trauma mechanisms were identified: high-energy trauma in 13 patients, low-energy trauma in 13 and insufficiency fracture in 5. One-third of the patients suffered immediate neurological impairment, a further one-third developed neurological impairment before coming for treatment and only one-third remained intact. Two patients with thoracolumbar fractures had deteriorated neurologically due to displacements during surgery at other hospitals. All patients were treated operatively except the two patients with two-level cervical fractures, who were managed in halo vests. In the cervical spine both anterior and posterior approaches were employed. In the thoracolumbar spine the majority of the patients were initially treated using a posterior approach only. Complications were common. Of the 27 patients with neurological compromise, 10 had remained unchanged; 12 had improved one Frankel grade; 4 had improved by two Frankel grades; 1 had improved by four Frankel grades. We conclude that even minor trauma can cause fracture in an ankylosed spine. A high proportion of patients with spinal fractures and ankylosing spondylitis have neurological damage. The risk of late neurological deterioration is substantial. As the condition is very rare and the treatment is demanding and associated with a very high risk of complications, the treatment of these patients should be centralised in special spinal trauma units. A combined approach that stabilises the spine from both sides is probably beneficial.     

Developmental stenosis of the cervical spinal canal hyperextension injury]

Sixteen cases of cervical spinal cord injury with developmental stenosis of cervical spinal canal were treated. The numbness and quadriplegia of the patients were caused by hyperextension X-ray of the cervical spine showed no fracture or dislocation but the sagittal diameter of the canal and that of the corresponding cervical vertebral body was less than 0.75. All of the patients were treated by operation including laminoplasty on 12 cases. The numbness and quadriplegia in most of the patients were improved obviously after operation. The mechanism of hyperextension injury on the cervical spinal cord was discussed. When spinal column was extended, annulus fibrosus of disk and ligamentum flavum would enfold into the spinal canal and only a slight force would do severe on the cord. Laminoplasty is the recommended treatment for this kind of lesions.     

颈椎椎弓根钉内固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位

目的 探讨应用颈椎椎弓根钉内固定术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位的方法和效果.方法 回顾性研究2003年6月至2006年6月应用颈椎椎弓根钉内固定治疗的38例颈椎骨折脱位患者,男27例,女11例;年龄22～63岁,平均44.3岁.其中6例一侧关节突关节骨折伴脱位,13例两侧关节突关节骨折伴脱位,14例双侧关节突关节骨折脱位合并椎体压缩性骨折,5例颈椎爆裂性骨折脱位.所有患者均有不同程度的脊髓损伤,据美国脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)损伤分级:A级18例,B级12例,c级6例,D级2例.结果 术后随访10～24个月(平均11个月).术后4～6个月,38例患者均获良好骨性融合,固定节段稳定.20例不完全性脊髓损伤患者术后按ASIA损伤分级平均提高1～2级,18例完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能虽无恢复,但神经根性症状,如疼痛、麻木均有一定的缓解. 结论 下颈椎骨折脱位应用颈椎弓根内固定技术治疗不仅可以坚强固定、促进植骨融合、维持术后颈椎生理曲度,而且便于患者的护理、早期功能锻炼和康复,是一种有效、可靠的重建颈椎稳定的方法.     

Occurrence of massive gluteal muscle necrosis following transcatheter angiographic embolization (TAE) to control pelvic hemorrhage in 6 patients

BACKGROUND: An association between cervical fractures and thoracolumbar fractures after blunt trauma has long been assumed, but not adequately demonstrated. We sought to determine the actual association between these injuries in a large nationwide data set. METHODS: The National Trauma Databank (NTDB) was queried for victims of blunt vehicular trauma with at least minimal injury. An odds ratio was calculated for the association between cervical spine fractures and thoracolumbar fractures. RESULTS: Overall 190,183 NTDB patient records met the criteria of a motor vehicle crash with more than minimal injury. Of these 7.51% (14,292) had cervical spine fractures, 4.73% (8,996) had thoracic spine fractures, 5.93% (11,280) had lumbar spine fractures, and 9.79% (18,623) had either thoracic or lumbar fractures. Of patients with a cervical spine fracture, 13.06% (2,433) also had a thoracic or lumbar fracture, whereas among patients without cervical spine fracture only 6.91% (11,859) had a thoracolumbar fracture. The odds ratio (OR) for a thoracolumbar fracture in the presence of a cervical spine fracture was 2.02 (p < 0.0001) (95% confidence interval 1.9318-2.1201). CONCLUSION: These data confirm a strong association between cervical spine fractures and thoracolumbar fractures after blunt vehicular trauma, and support the practice of imaging the complete spine when a cervical fracture is identified.     

下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的外科手术入路选择

目的探讨下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤的外科手术入路选择。方法回顾性分析54例下颈椎骨折脱位合并脊髓损伤患者行手术治疗的临床资料。其中颈椎压缩型骨折脱位29例,颈椎爆裂性骨折脱位7例,单侧小关节脱位3例,双侧小关节脱位15例。美国脊髓损伤学会(ASIA)评分：A级21例,B级5例,C级22例,D级6例。43例采用前路手术,11例采用后路手术。结果术中均无大血管、气管、食道、脊髓意外损伤。术后随访12～36个月,平均18个月。无一例发生钢板、螺钉松动、断裂等并发症。植骨于术后12周均获得骨性融合,无假关节、骨不连发生。96．3％患者术后获得完全复位,术后颈椎椎间高度、生理曲度无丢失。完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能均无恢复,但上肢疼痛、麻木有不同程度的缓解。不完全性脊髓损伤患者术后神经功能均有一定恢复,平均ASIA评分提高1～2级。结论采用前路或后路手术治疗下颈椎骨折脱位均能达到良好的解剖复位,根据颈椎损伤的类型采取适合的手术入路是手术成功的关键。     

Die Bedeutung des Wirbelkanaldurchmessers im thorakolumbalen und lumbalen Bereich nach Trauma

A relationship between traumatic spinal canal stenosis and the degree of neurological deficit is known for the cervical spine. However, this has not been proven for the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine. During a period of 4 years, from 1996 to 1999, 1168 patients with a spinal injury were treated at our department, 473 of these by operation. Thirty-five were examined in a separate group.They showed a single fracture of the thoracolumbar and lumbar spine with stenosis of the spinal canal. All fractures were single burst fractures after blunt trauma. All patients were conscious and fully oriented at the time of admission and a thorough neurological examination could be performed. The fractures were diagnosed by conventional X-ray in two views and computed tomography (CT). Using the transverse CT scans in horizontal view, the sagittal diameter was measured and the degree of stenosis calculated in percent at the level of the fracture and one below and above. The group included 25 male and 10 female patients, with a mean age of 38 years (range: 17-61 years). Of the 35 patients, 19 (54.3%) showed neurological deficits after spinal cord injury,and 16 (45.7%) were without any neurological complications at the time of first admission to the hospital. There was no correlation between the extent of spinal canal stenosis and the degree of the neurological deficit. One patient with stenosis of 20% suffered from neurological dysfunction, others with stenosis up to 80% were without spinal cord injury. The average stenosis of the spinal canal was 49.6% in cases with cord injury and 46.3% in patients without neurological dysfunction. No correlation and no predisposing anatomical structures could be found between stenosis and neurological deficit.