酮洛芬不同透皮制剂的体外透皮性和释放性

分别制备含1%、3%、5%酮洛芬的混合型巴布剂、交联型巴布剂、透皮贴剂,以同浓度的酮洛芬凝胶剂作为对照组,采用改良Franz透皮扩散池,以离体小鼠皮肤为透皮屏障,考察酮洛芬在不同制剂中的体外透皮和释放性能.结果表明,同浓度酮洛芬在不同受试制剂的透皮速率依序为交联型巴布剂＞混合型巴布剂＞凝胶剂＞透皮贴剂;3%酮洛芬在不同贴膏剂中的释放速率依序为混合型巴布剂＞交联型巴布剂＞透皮贴剂.     

酮洛芬脂质体凝胶的研制及体外经皮渗透动力学考察

目的:研制酮洛芬(KPF)脂质体凝胶,并进行体外经皮渗透动力学研究。方法:通过均匀实验设计筛选KPF脂质体的最佳处方,采用薄膜分散法制备脂质体,再以泊洛沙姆-407为基质制成脂质体凝胶;以影响因素试验考察该制剂的稳定性,并用Franz扩散池研究KPF脂质体凝胶与KPF普通凝胶的经皮渗透规律。结果:KPF脂质体平均粒径为(886.2±12.08) nm,Zeta电位为(-15.05±2.36)mV,平均包封率为(76.13±1.27)%(n=3);KPF脂质体凝胶为类白色细腻粘稠胶体,对试验光照及温度条件稳定。体外透皮试验表明脂质体能促进药物的透皮吸收,脂质体凝胶在皮肤中的蓄积量为普通凝胶的2倍。结论:KPF脂质体凝胶制备工艺可行,质量稳定,检测方法可靠,能促进药物透皮渗透,值得进一步研究。     

酮洛芬凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备酮洛芬凝胶并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以卡波姆-940、氮酮等为辅料制备凝胶;采用紫外分光光度法测定其中主药含量,并与不含氮酮凝胶比较其体外透皮速率。结果:所制凝胶涂展性好;酮洛芬检测浓度在4·016～12·048μg·mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0·9991),平均回收率为99·7%(RSD=1·7%,n=9);含氮酮与不含氮酮凝胶6h累积渗透率分别为34·3%、4·8%。结论:该制剂制备工艺简单,质量稳定可控,体外透皮效果良好。     

右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇水凝胶贴剂的制备及体外透皮研究

摘 要 目的：制备右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇水凝胶贴剂,优化其处方并评价其体外透皮性能。方法: 选择NP 800为水凝胶骨架材料,甘羟铝为交联剂,EDTA为交联剂调节剂,甘油为保湿剂,制备右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇水凝胶贴剂,以初黏力、持黏力、剥离强度和12 h累积透皮量为评价指标,进行正交优化试验,筛选出最佳处方。用改良的Franz扩散池进行透皮吸收试验,比较氮酮、油酸及薄荷脑对贴剂中右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇的促渗作用。结果: 优选的最佳处方为：NP 800、甘羟铝、甘油、EDTA的质量百分含量分别为5%、0.3%、25%、0.15%。透皮促进剂对右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇有透皮作用,其中以3%氮酮的作用最显著,其促渗倍数达3.26倍。结论: 制备的右旋酮洛芬氨丁三醇水凝胶贴剂处方工艺稳定,合理可行。     

阿西美辛脂质体凝胶剂的体外透皮扩散研究

目的探究分析阿西美辛（ACM）脂质体凝胶剂的体外透皮扩散效果。方法使用离体鼠皮进行试验,在离体鼠皮上面使用阿西美辛脂质体凝胶剂还有阿西美辛凝胶剂,对比2种药物在不同时间点的体外透皮量、凝胶层滞留量还有皮肤层滞留量等数据,对比2种制剂的体外透皮规律,归纳其体外透皮扩散效果。结果2种制剂体外透皮扩散效果对比具有显著差异性（P〈0．05）,阿西美辛脂质体凝胶剂头皮扩散行为相对于阿西美辛凝胶剂更具有优越性,在24h透过药量累积达到40％,而相对于阿西美辛凝胶剂其皮肤层里面的滞留量也更具有优越性;而ACM没有经过包封则难以穿透皮肤,会有大量剂量依然存留在凝胶剂当中。结论使用阿西美辛脂质体凝胶剂能够使得药物透皮量极为显著的提高,是一种阿西美辛的外用新型制剂,值得临床推广。     

加替沙星凝胶剂的制备及质量控制

目的:配制了加替沙星凝胶剂,并进行了质量研究、刺激性试验和体外释放性试验。方法:用羧甲基纤维素钠做基质制备凝胶剂,加替沙星的含量用紫外可见分光光度计检测;以3000r/min离心凝胶剂,观察高速离心条件下药物的稳定性,同时进行了长期留样试验;取健康家兔脱毛,涂抹凝胶剂和空白基质,观察药物对皮肤的刺激性;药物的体外渗透吸收试验通过脱毛小鼠的皮肤观察,计算渗透率。结果:药物对皮肤的刺激性小,稳定性好,24h累计渗透率为68%,,药物质量稳定,符合临床治疗需要。结论:加替沙星凝胶剂成品稳定、品质可控,刺激性小,体外透皮效果好,该制法简单可行,适合于临床应用和推广。     

山苓祛斑凝胶与软膏透皮特性比较研究

目的:比较山苓祛斑凝胶与软膏体外透皮特性,以及不同浓度氮酮对凝胶剂透皮吸收的影响。方法:采用改进的Franz扩散池进行体外透皮试验,用高效液相色谱法测定凝胶中山药、当归有效成分尿囊素、阿魏酸含量,以其作为评价指标,比较凝胶与软膏两种剂型透皮吸收特征。结果:凝胶中尿囊素、阿魏酸透皮回归曲线方程为Q=4.921 7 t+16.572,r=0.967、Q=1.784 4 t+4.661 6,r=0.970;软膏中透皮回归曲线方程为Q=1.069 3 t+0.078 1,r=0.974、Q=0.357 5t+0.123 7,r=0.956,凝胶透皮速率恒定、体外透皮近似零级释放特征;凝胶2种有效成分的累计透过量均明显优于软膏剂,2.5%氮酮对凝胶剂的经皮渗透性具有较好促进作用。结论:山苓祛斑凝胶剂透皮性能优于软膏剂,有望开发为一种新型外用制剂。     

马来酸噻吗洛尔胶浆剂制备及其体外透皮特性研究

目的:制备马来酸噻吗洛尔胶浆剂,考察制剂性状和体外透皮能力以及药物浓度对透皮量的影响.方法:以羧甲基纤维素钠为胶浆剂基质,单因素试验优化处方,通过体外透皮扩散试验考察药物透皮能力.结果:该胶浆剂是一种粘稠液体,涂抹后可自发成膜,其透皮行为与自制的凝胶剂无统计学差异.本实验表明,制剂浓度会影响药物透皮量,浓度越高,透皮量越大.结论:马来酸噻吗洛尔胶浆剂制备简单,辅料安全,是一种具有独特优势的局部给药制剂.     

司帕沙星凝胶剂的制备及质量控制

目的:配制了司帕沙星凝胶剂,并进行了质量研究、刺激性试验和体外释放性试验。方法:用羧甲基纤维素钠做基质制备凝胶剂,司帕沙星的含量用紫外可见分光光度计检测;以3000r·min-1离心凝胶剂,观察高速离心条件下药物的稳定性,同时进行了长期留样试验;取健康家兔脱毛,涂抹凝胶剂和空白基质,观察药物对皮肤的刺激性;药物的体外渗透吸收试验通过脱毛小鼠的皮肤观察,计算渗透率。结果:药物对皮肤的刺激性小,稳定性好,24h累积渗透率为68%,药物质量稳定,符合临床治疗需要。结论:司帕沙星凝胶剂成品稳定、品质可控,刺激性小,体外透皮效果好,该制法简单可行,适合于临床应用和推广。     

不同基质对对乙酰氨基酚体外透皮特性的影响

目的:通过透皮实验筛选对乙酰氨基酚(扑热息痛,Paracetamol)凝胶剂基质,为制备扑热息痛透皮给药新制剂提供参考。方法:体外透皮采用改良的Franz扩散池法,并通过UV法测定接收液中扑热息痛的含量。结果:扑热息痛三种基质的凝胶累计释放量卡波姆凝胶>HPMC凝胶>CMC-Na凝胶。体外透皮符合零级动力学过程,稳态透皮速率卡波姆凝胶与HPMC凝胶相当,明显高于CMC-Na凝胶。结论:凝胶剂作为扑热息痛透皮吸收新剂型是可行的,卡波姆或HPMC均可作为凝胶基质。     

Evaluation of percutaneous absorption and skin irritation of ketoprofen through rat skin: in vitro and in vivo study.

The influences of different mechanisms of penetration enhancers (such as menthol, azone, ethanol and nonivarnide) regarding the percutaneous absorption and skin irritation of ketoprofen formulations through rat skin were investigated by in vitro and in vivo study. The skin irritation degree at the end of the experiment (10 h) was deterinined by pathologic biopsy and colorimetry methods. In vitro, the menthol showed the most potent enhancing effect. Furthermore, the enhancement effect of a combination of menthol and nonivamide was higher than that of their individual use alone. In vivo the formulation containing 0.05% nonivantide, 5% menthol and 20% ethanol showed a higher penetration rate and an acceptable degree of skin irritation compared to a commercial product (Formax plus gel containing 3% ketoprofen), indicating that it could be used in the clinical situation.     

Relative bioavailability of ketoprofen 20% in a poloxamer-lecithin organogel.

PURPOSE: The bioavailability of a single, topically applied, 200-mg dose of ketoprofen (delivered in a ketoprofen 20% gel) relative to a single 50-mg oral dose in healthy volunteers was studied. METHODS: This was an open-label crossover study. The subjects were randomized to receive an oral 50-mg ketoprofen capsule or a single topical dose of ketoprofen 20% in a poloxamer-lecithin organogel (PLO). Treatment was followed by a one-week washout period. Blood samples were collected at intervals up to 10 hours after administration, and plasma ketoprofen concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or mass spectrometry detection. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic values were obtained after each dose, and relative bioavailability was calculated. RESULTS: Eight healthy volunteers enrolled in and completed the study. Topical absorption of ketoprofen was highly variable among the subjects over the 10-hour sampling period. The median oral maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) exceeded the topical Cmax by nearly 200-fold (4.15 versus 0.021 microg/mL) (p = 0.001). The median relative bioavailability of topical ketoprofen was 0.48%, with individual subjects' values ranging from 0.18% to 2.1%. CONCLUSION: The relative bioavailability of ketoprofen was low and highly variable when the drug was administered as a single dose in a PLO-based ketoprofen 20% gel.     

Influence of low-frequency massage device on transdermal absorption of ionic materials

The influence of a low-frequency massage device on transdermal absorption of sodium benzoate, ketoprofen and diclofenac sodium was investigated in rats. Electrode pads spread with a hydroxypropyl cellulose gel containing the drug model were placed on excised skin in vitro. The transdermal permeation studies were carried out in the treatment group with the pulse applied through electrode pads spread with the gel, the pretreatment group with the gel applied after the application of the pulse and in the control group in which the gel was applied without the pulse. In vivo, transdermal absorption of ketoprofen was examined in the same groups used for the in vitro study. The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in plasma after intravenous injection was also studied. The treatment group showed higher cumulative permeated amounts of the drug models than the control in vitro. However, the enhancing effect was not observed in the pretreatment group. In vivo, the plasma ketoprofen level increased temporarily after the pulse was applied and then increased gradually as compared with the control. Since the distribution of ketoprofen from the central to the peripheral compartment was enhanced by the pulse in the injection study, enhancement of the biodistribution of ketoprofen by the low-frequency pulse was suggested.     

Evaluation of ketoprofen formulations via penetration rate and irritation in vivo study

The purpose of the present study was to design an optimal ketoprofen gel with appropriate penetration rate, shortened lag time and acceptable skin irritation. The combination of different mechanism enhancers including nonivamide, menthol and ethanol were used as multi-enhancers for producing a synergistic enhancement effect and reducing the skin irritation via diminishing the used amount of enhancers. The central composite design was applied to prepare a systemic formulation. The penetration rate (PR), lag time (LT) and skin irritation score (TIS) of a commercial product (Formax plus gel containing 3% ketoprofen) were determined by in vivo study and used as a criterion for designed formulations. The PR, LT and TIS of commercial product were 462.2+/-162.5 microg/h, 0.6+/-0.1 h and 12.7+/-0.6, respectively. Among these designed experimental formulations, four formulations including F07 (code: -1/+1/-1), F11 (code: +1/+1/-1), F13 (code: 0/0/-1.732) and F14 (code: 0/+1.732/0), their PR was not smaller and LT and TIS were not greater than that of commercial product, indicating that these experimental ketoprofen gels could be used in the clinical situation.     

Evaluation of microcrystalline chitosan properties as a drug carrier. Part II. The influence of microcrystalline chitosan on release rate of ketoprofen.

The effect of microcrystalline chitosan (MCCh) as hydrogel and dried gel (film) on the release of ketoprofen (KTA) was studied in vitro. Commercial ketoprofen gel (Profénid gel) was applied as a reference preparation for MCCh hydrogel, pure as well as in combination with methylcellulose (MC) and hydrophilising agents (1,2-propylene glycol and glycerol). The quantity of the released drug was determined by ultraviolet spectroscopy. IR spectroscopic analysis, proton magnetic resonance (1H NMR), powder X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies verified physical and chemical interactions between chitosan and ketoprofen. The influence of these interactions on the ketoprofen release from the hydrogel and film was analysed. It was found that microcrystalline chitosan may be used as a polymer drug carrier.     

川芎嗪眼用脂质体温敏凝胶的制备及体内外特性评价

目的:制备川芎嗪眼用脂质体温敏凝胶,考察其体内外特性.方法:采用硫酸铵梯度法制备川芎嗪脂质体,以正交试验优化制备工艺,并以泊洛沙姆P407为凝胶基质进一步制成温敏凝胶.采用无膜溶出模型对该凝胶的溶蚀性和体外释药特性进行研究;采用改良Franz扩散池考察其角膜透过性,并进一步测定角膜水化值;采用MTT法评价该凝胶对人角膜...     

Biopharmaceutical evaluation of ketoprofen following intravenous, oral, and rectal administration in dogs

The influence of the hydrophilicity of three suppository bases on the rectal absorption of ketoprofen was studied. Absorption characteristics of ketoprofen were compared after intravenous, oral, and rectal administrations of 100 mg of drug given in a crossover design to five dogs. Rectal formulations included an aqueous solution and three suppository formulations. After oral dosing, ketoprofen was rapidly absorbed (time of maximum concentration, tmax: 0.83 +/- 0.61 h), and a comparison with the intravenous solution indicated a complete bioavailability of 0.90 +/- 0.10. After rectal administration, the rate of absorption, as evaluated with tmax and mean absorption time, was always slower than after oral dosing. A high variability was observed in the plasma concentrations obtained with suppository formulations; bioavailability values were approximately 20% lower than those from the oral solutions. No statistical difference in bioavailability and peak concentrations between the three suppository formulations was observed. Time of peak concentrations, mean absorption times, and fractions of the dose absorbed 6 h post administration did not show a difference in rate of ketoprofen absorption from the three suppository formulations. This study did not reveal a relationship between rate and extent of ketoprofen rectal absorption and the hydrophilicity of the suppository bases tested.     

Effect of synthesized cyclohexanol derivatives using L-menthol as a lead compound on the percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen

L-Menthol was selected as a lead compound to synthesize new candidates for percutaneous absorption enhancers. In a previous study, O-ethylmenthol (MET) was the most effective compound and caused relatively little skin irritation. To develop more effective compounds, mono- or disubstitute groups of cyclohexane with an O-ethyl group were synthesized. Some 35 compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their promoting activity and effect on skin. An in vivo percutaneous absorption study was performed using rats with hydrogel containing ketoprofen and each of the synthesized compounds. The plasma concentration of ketoprofen was determined after the application of hydrogel to the abdominal area of rats. The apparent penetration rate (R(p)) was estimated based on the pharmacokinetic model with a constant rate of penetration through the skin after the lag time. The 2-compartment model was applied to the data obtained from the iv administration. As an index to evaluate the promoting activity of each enhancer, an enhancement factor (E(f)) was defined as follows: E(f) = R(p) (with enhancer)/R(p) (without enhancer). Irritation to skin was pathologically evaluated. The treated area of rat abdominal skin was excised after the in vivo experiment using total irritation score (TIS). The compound having a C-3 positioned iso-butyl group on the chemical structure was the most effective and caused relatively little irritation among mono-substituted compounds. In the case of di-substituted compounds, all had the same effect as or a stronger effect than MET. Furthermore, the promoting activity almost corresponded to irritation. To estimate log P, one of the physicochemical properties of molecules, a computer program 'CAChe' was employed. The log P was calculated using the atom typing scheme. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the relations between E(f) or TIS and log P were parabolic. It was suggested that the optimum logP value reflects the promoting activity to enhance percutaneous absorption of ketoprofen.