器官捐献时代再次肝移植单中心回顾性研究

目的总结再次肝移植的病因、预后及并发症防治。 方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2019年12月复旦大学附属华山医院完成的26例再次肝移植供、受者临床资料。根据再次肝移植时间不同,将2015年1月至2017年12月(代表公民逝世后器官捐献时代早期再次肝移植治疗经验探索期)完成的再次肝移植受者纳入早期移植组(共9例),将2018年1月至2019年12月完成的再次肝移植受者纳入成熟期移植组(共17例)。根据移植间隔时间不同,将26例受者分为移植间隔>1年组(15例)和移植间隔≤1年组(11例)。采用两独立样本t检验比较早期与成熟期移植组受者再次肝移植术前年龄、终末期肝病模型(MELD)评分、手术时长、供肝冷和热缺血时间、无肝期时长及术后第7、14天血清白蛋白水平。采用Mann-Whitney U检验比较两组受者移植间隔时长、术中出血量和输血量以及术后第7、14天总胆红素、ALT和AST。采用Kaplan-Meier法计算再移植术后受者生存率并绘制生存曲线,采用Log-rank检验比较早期与成熟期移植组、移植间隔>1年与≤1年组受者术后2年生存率。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果再次肝移植病因包括：胆道并发症8例,移植物失功8例,原发病复发4例(肝细胞肝癌复发),慢性排斥反应2例,首次肝移植术后急性肝功能衰竭2例,血管并发症2例(门静脉血栓和肝动脉栓塞各1例)。早期移植组受者术中无肝期时长和术后第7天血清白蛋白分别为(53.3±7.9)min和(34±5)g/L,成熟期移植组受者分别为(45.1±1.8)min和(38±4)g/L,差异均有统计学意义(t＝3.098和-2.111,P均<0.05)。早期移植组肝移植术前年龄、MELD评分、移植间隔时长、手术时间、术中出血量、术中输血量、供肝冷和热缺血时间、术后第7天总胆红素、ALT和AST以及术后第14天总胆红素、ALT、AST和白蛋白差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。随访至2020年10月1日,26例受者中位随访时间为715 d(105～1 842 d),期间9例受者均于术后1年内死亡(早期移植组6例,成熟期移植组3例)。早期移植组和成熟期移植组受者术后2年累积生存率分别为33.3%和82.4%,差异有统计学意义(χ²＝6.248,P<0.05)。移植间隔≤1年组和移植间隔>1年组受者术后2年累积生存率分别为54.5%和73.3%,差异无统计学意义(χ²＝0.990,P>0.05)。 结论胆道并发症及移植物失功能是再次肝移植的主要原因,器官捐献成熟时期的再次肝移植预后优于器官捐献时代早期。因再移植受者病情复杂、手术困难,应谨慎进行再次肝移植手术评估。合理的个体化治疗能够为再次肝移植受者带来良好预后。     

原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的防治

目的 探讨原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的预防及治疗。方法 回顾性分析1999年2月至2001年2月完成的22例原位肝移植，其中4例行体外静脉转流下的原位肝移植术，17例行背驮式原位肝移植，1例为活体供肝部分肝移植。11例供肝的肝固有动脉与受者的肝固有动脉吻合，4例供者脾动脉与受者肝总动脉吻合，3例供者腹腔动脉与受者肝总动脉吻合，2例应用供者髂动脉在供者肝固有动脉与受者腹主动脉间架桥吻合，1例供者肝右动脉与受者肝固有动脉吻合，1例供者肝固有动脉与受者异位肝右动脉吻合。术后以多普勒超声扫描监测肝动脉血流。结果 1例术后5d时发生肝动脉血栓形成，以尿酶介入溶栓后出现吻合口出血，再次手术行肝动脉吻合。21例无肝动脉并发症发生。15例随访1－20个月，多普勒超声扫描提示肝动脉血流、形态正常，胆道造影未见肝外胆管狭窄，血清学检查提示肝功能状态良好。结论 原位肝移植预防肝动脉并发症的关键在于血管吻合时操作精细，实现血管内膜对内膜的无张力吻合。     

应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉的临床分析

目的探讨应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉对肝移植受者预后的影响。 方法回顾性分析中国医科大学附属第一医院2006年1月至2018年4月应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建肝动脉的肝移植受者临床资料,观察其术后肝功能恢复情况及肝动脉血栓等并发症的发生情况,分析采用搭桥方式进行移植肝动脉重建的原因。 结果共纳入8例受者,其中1例存在脾动脉盗血综合征导致肝总动脉供血不足,3例肝总动脉纤细,4例肝总动脉壁薄弱或分层。重建后肝动脉平均血流为(315±178)mL/min。术后2例受者分别因肝脏流出道和胆管吻合口狭窄导致黄疸,其余受者移植肝功能恢复良好。1例受者术后2个月出现肝动脉血栓形成,继发肝脓肿,半年后因多脏器功能衰竭死亡。其余7例受者随访至2018年11月均存活,肝动脉均通畅,无狭窄或血栓形成。 结论当供、受者常规肝动脉端端吻合无法实施时,应用供者髂动脉行腹主动脉搭桥重建移植肝动脉是一种可行的肝动脉重建方法。     

左肝外侧叶为供肝的小儿肝移植--德国汉诺威医学院的经验

目的总结以左肝外侧叶(Ⅱ、Ⅲ段)为供肝的小儿肝移植的手术经验。方法对11例患有肝脏疾病的儿童施行左肝外侧叶移植,其中劈离式肝移植10例,亲属活体供肝部分肝移植1例,有8例患儿既往有腹部手术史。结果术后11例患者均存活。本组切取的左肝外侧叶的重量平均为276.2g,移植肝重量与受者体重之比平均为2.34%,供、受者的体重之比平均为5.42;供肝冷缺血时间平均为11.3h。受者的手术耗时平均为4.2h,无肝期平均为69min;6例患儿在肝移植完成之初采取了临时性关腹。1例患儿术后第15d发生胃幽门部穿孔,2例患儿因腹腔容积的限制在术后24h内发生肝动脉受压。本组病例未发生肝静脉流出道梗阻、肝动脉栓塞、移植肝无功能或坏死、供肝断面胆瘘等并发症。结论小儿接受左肝外侧叶移植的效果良好;术中宜同时开放肝动脉和门静脉;临时性关腹优点显著,值得运用。     

原位肝移植肝动脉并发症的预防和治疗

目的 总结分析原位肝移植肝动脉重建及其并发症的防治经验,提高肝移植疗效和受体存活率。方法 总结1995年5月至2005年4月实施的122例肝移植临床资料,肝动脉重建采用供者腹腔动脉干Carrell’s袖片或肝总动脉-脾动脉汇合部与受者肝左-右动脉汇合部袖片吻合21（16．76％）,与受者胃十二指肠-肝固有动脉汇合部吻合87例（71．76％）,采用髂动脉-腹主动脉搭桥14例（11．48％）。术后根据凝血酶原时间（PT）,应用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测肝动脉血供。结果 术后肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）3例,肝动脉狭窄（HAS）2例。1例HAT于术后19d死于多器官功能衰竭,另4例通过放射介入治疗治愈。其余病例随访2～62个月,未见肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）和肝动脉狭窄（HAS）。本组肝动脉并发症发生率为4．10％。结论 正确地选择肝动脉重建吻合的部位和术后有效的抗凝治疗可减少HAT和HAS的发生,多普勒超声监测能早期发现HAT和HAS,挽救移植物,避免再移植。     

原位肝移植肝动脉血栓形成的预防和治疗

目的 总结原位肝移植肝动脉重建及其并发症的防治经验，以提高肝移植疗效和受体存活率。方法 分析9年间实施的85例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。肝动脉重建采用供者腹腔动脉干Carrell’s袖片或肝总动脉-脾动脉汇合部与受者肝左-右动脉部吻合16例(18．82％)，与受者胃十二指肠-肝固有动脉汇合部吻合61例(71．76％)，采用髂动脉-腹主动脉搭桥8例(9．42％)。术后根据凝血酶原时间(PT)，使用普通肝素或低分子肝素预防性抗凝。术中、术后应用多普勒超声监测肝动脉血供。结果 1例术中发生肝动脉血栓形成(HAT)，立即行血栓切除，重新吻合动脉，现已随访13个月，肝动脉保持通畅。其余84例随访2～54个月，未见HAT发生。全组HAT发生率为1．2％。结论 正确选择肝动脉重建吻合的部位和术后有效的抗凝治疗可以减少HAT的发生；多普勒超声监测能早期发现HAT，挽救移植物，避免再移植。     

成人活体供者肝右叶联合脑死亡捐献者肝左外叶的双供肝活体肝移植治疗肝细胞癌的应用价值

目的探讨成人活体供者肝右叶联合脑死亡捐献者肝左外叶的双供肝活体肝移植治疗肝细胞癌的应用价值。方法采用回顾性描述性研究方法。收集2019年10月四川大学华西医院收治的1例行成人活体供者肝右叶联合脑死亡捐献者肝左外叶的双供肝活体肝移植受者的临床病理资料;男性肝细胞癌受者,年龄为46岁,体质量为66 kg,身高为171 cm,血型为A型Rh阳性。移植物1来自女性活体供者,年龄为23岁,体质量为50 kg,身高为150 cm,血型为A型Rh阳性。移植物2来自男性脑死亡捐献者,年龄为44岁,血型为A型Rh阳性。手术在3个手术间施行,2个手术间同时施行移植物1和移植物2的切取手术,第3个手术间施行受者肝脏游离,当移植物的体外拼接接近完成时,完整取出受者肝脏,并施行肝移植。观察指标:(1)活体供者及受者的手术及术后恢复情况。(2)受者病肝术后病理学检查情况。(3)随访情况。采用门诊方式进行随访,随访内容包括肝细胞癌复发监测、移植肝功能监测、免疫抑制剂监测调整、胆道血管并发症监测、排斥反应及药物不良反应等。受者需终生定期随访,最近一次随访时间为2019年12月4日。计数资料采用绝对数或百分比表示。结果(1)活体供者及受者的手术及术后恢复情况:活体供者手术时间为315 min,术中出血量约200 mL,术中输入自体回收血量约200 mL,术后第6天出院,无并发症发生。受者顺利完成改良背驼式肝移植。移植物1取自活体供者不含肝中静脉的肝右叶,质量410 g。移植物2取自脑死亡捐献者肝左外叶,质量400 g,拼接后的供者移植物质量与受者体质量比为1.2%。受者手术时间为815 min,无肝期时间为60 min,术中出血量约1500 mL,术中输血量为1800 mL。住院期间受者体温正常。术后第1天受者白细胞(WBC)和中性粒细胞百分比达到峰值(分别为17.15×109/L和91.7%),后逐渐降低,采用哌拉西林钠舒巴坦钠抗感染,术后第7天WBC和中性粒细胞百分比均降至正常范围(分别为7.90×109/L和70.9%),停用抗菌药物。住院期间,受者白蛋白(Alb)为31.0~41.4 g/L,受者总胆红素(TBil)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、凝血酶原时间、国际标准化比值肝功能指标均逐渐下降至正常范围,肌酐和肾小球滤过率肾功能指标均在正常范围。术后第10天受者全身状况良好,康复出院。(2)受者病肝术后病理学检查情况:①中分化肝细胞癌,肿瘤包膜欠完整,未侵及肝被膜,周围肝组织呈乙型病毒性肝炎后结节性肝硬化改变,肝门断端未见肿瘤累及;②慢性胆囊炎伴胆固醇沉积;③腹腔淋巴结1枚,呈反应性增生。免疫组织化学染色检测提示乙型肝炎表面抗原(10%细胞为阳性)、乙型肝炎核心抗原阴性。(3)随访情况:受者2019年11月19日复查肿瘤标志物,甲胎蛋白2.92μg/L、异常凝血酶原16 AU/L,结合腹部彩色多普勒超声检查的阴性结果提示肿瘤无复发。受者2019年12月3日复查肝功能:TBil 8.6μmol/L,ALT 23 IU/L,AST 28 IU/L,Alb 44.0 g/L;他克莫司血药浓度4.2μg/L,调整吗替麦考酚酯至250 mg 2次/d,其余治疗不变(他克莫司2 mg 1次/d,西罗莫司1 mg 1次/d);无症状、体征及检查结果提示胆道血管并发症、排斥反应及药物不良反应等。结论成人活体供者肝右叶联合脑死亡捐献者肝左外叶的双供肝活体肝移植安全、有效,可以作为治疗超出米兰标准肝细胞癌患者的次优方案。     

应用受者脾动脉重建移植肝动脉

目的探讨应用受者脾动脉重建移植肝动脉的方法。方法回顾性分析1999年5月至2005年7月完成的328例次原位肝移植中的肝动脉重建方法。其中7例受者因肝总动脉不适宜吻合而采用脾动脉重建移植肝动脉。7例受者均为男性,平均年龄(42.5±11.3)岁。肝移植术中,于胰腺体部上缘处游离受者脾动脉干2cm,结扎其远端,利用其近心端与供肝肝总动脉对端吻合;在2.5倍手术放大镜下,以7-0Prolene缝线连续缝合方式完成动脉重建。结果术后行间断彩色多普勒超声扫描监测显示:7例受者肝动脉血液供应良好,无血栓形成,无胆系并发症发生,无脾脏梗死征象。2例肝细胞癌患者分别在术后18、21个月死于癌肿复发,5例良性肝病患者术后随访22.6个月(12~38个月),肝功能良好,1年生存率为100%。结论在肝移植受者肝总动脉不适宜重建移植肝动脉时,选择性应用受者的脾动脉是简便可行的动脉重建方式。     

心脏死亡器官捐献边缘供肝肝移植三例临床分析

目的探讨心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)边缘供肝应用的可行性。方法回顾性分析吉林大学白求恩第一医院肝移植中心2015年4月至5月施行的3例边缘供肝肝移植供、受者临床资料。结果 3例边缘供肝供者均为男性,包括61岁老年供者供肝1例,重度脂肪变性(肝细胞气球样脂肪变65%)供肝1例,冷缺血时间延长(15.7 h)1例。均实施中国三类标准器官捐献。老年供肝肝移植受者术后肝功能恢复良好,未出现排斥反应。重度脂肪变性供肝肝移植受者术后肝功恢复差,术后1周因移植肝原发性无功能再次行肝移植。冷缺血时间延长供肝肝移植受者术后恢复顺利,术后10 d发生轻度急性排斥反应,将他克莫司由2.0 mg(2次/d)调整为2.5 mg(2次/d),肝功能恢复良好。结论在综合评估供肝状况及合理匹配受者的前提下,边缘供肝能够安全使用,并能取得良好的临床效果。老年供肝可以匹配终末期肝病模型评分低的老年受者;冷缺血时间延长供肝可通过增加灌注次数以适当缓解术后肝功能恢复延迟情况;重度脂肪变性供肝仍应谨慎使用,要综合其他影响供肝的因素及受者状况来决定。     

中国一类供者二例供肝在体劈离后行肝移植临床报道

目的 总结在体劈离式肝移植的临床经验.方法 回顾性分析2例中国一类心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD)供者接受供肝在体劈离手术,并将劈离后的供肝移植给4例终末期肝病患者的临床资料.供肝的劈离手术中,在保证供者循环稳定的情况下使用超声吸引刀劈离肝实质,离体劈离肝脏血管和胆道,并对供肝进行修整.供者例1的全肝质量为1800 g,劈离成右三叶供肝和左外叶供肝,右三叶供肝移植给1例成人受者,左外叶供肝经减体积后移植给1例儿童受者.供者例2的全肝质量达2100 g,在体劈离成左右半肝,分别移植给2例成人受者.结果 在体劈离肝实质的手术耗时分别为1h和45 min,离体劈离肝血管和胆道的耗时分别为30 min和40 min.供肝热缺血时间均为0 min,冷缺血时间为120～360 min,移植肝质量与受者体质量比(GRWR)为1.5％～2.2％.肝移植后,1例成人受者出现门静脉血栓形成,经手术取尽门静脉血栓后,行门静脉-腔静脉搭桥,术后早期出现肝性脑病症状,经内科治疗后好转.肝移植后4例受者均恢复顺利,随访期间移植肝功能正常,均未发生排斥反应和感染并发症.结论 对于中国一类供者,实施在体劈离式肝移植是安全可行的,此项术式有望成为扩展供肝来源的重要途径,详细的术前评估技术和精细的手术操作是保证肝移植顺利进行的关键.     

肝移植术后淋巴结结核1例报告并文献复习

目的探讨肝移植术后淋巴结结核的临床特点、诊断及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析武警总医院移植研究所1例肝移植术后淋巴结结核患者的诊治过程,并进行文献复习。结果于患者左颌下扪及肿大淋巴结2个;红细胞沉降率增快,c反应蛋白水平增加;腹部CT示腹腔内多发淋巴结肿大,增强后表现为环形强化;颌下淋巴结内液体涂片见到抗酸杆菌,组织病理学检查结果为淋巴结坏死性肉芽肿。抗痨治疗33d后患者临床表现逐渐消失。继续治疗16个月,未见复发。结论肝移植术后淋巴结结核罕见,主要通过淋巴结坏死物涂片镜检和病理学检查诊断;采用对氨基水杨酸异烟肼片＋利福喷丁＋链霉素＋乙胺丁醇＋莫西沙星联合用药抗痨方案治疗有效。     

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma associated with sarcoid reaction in the regional lymph nodes

A 74-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with a 2-week history of jaundice. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy revealed a nodular tumor originating in the upper part of the common hepatic duct, which was invading the confluence of the right and left hepatic ducts. Microscopic examination of biopsy specimens revealed adenocarcinoma. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography demonstrated multiple enlarged lymph nodes around the extrahepatic bile duct and the common hepatic artery. Laparotomy revealed lymph node enlargement in the hepatoduodenal ligament, behind the pancreatic head, and along the common hepatic and left gastric arteries. Extended left hepatic lobectomy, caudate lobectomy, and resection of extrahepatic bile duct with extended lymph node dissection were performed. The histology of permanent specimen revealed no tumor metastasis but a sarcoid reaction in the lymph nodes. The patient is in good health 21 months after the operation, without any evidence of recurrence. This is the first successfully resected case of hilar cholangiocarcinoma associated with sarcoid reaction in the regional lymph nodes.     

Liver transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma—a single-centre experience

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma is an infrequent malignancy, often unresectable at the time of diagnosis. Liver transplantation may offer a chance for cure, but results in the past have been disappointing, prompting transplant centres to adopt multimodal treatment protocols and extreme patient selection.

Purpose

This study was designed to evaluate the outcome of patients with irresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma undergoing liver transplantation in order to determine criteria for patient selection.

Methods

We reviewed our prospective cancer registry for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma treated by transplantation since 1997. Data were evaluated regarding tumour location, stage, overall survival, recurrence rates and prognostic factors.

Results

Liver transplantation with lymphadenectomy was realised in 16 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Seven patients received a living donor graft. Lymph node metastases were found in eight patients with a median of 13 harvested nodes and had a statistically significant negative impact on overall survival irrespective of tumour size. Only one patient underwent neoadjuvant brachytherapy and developed fatal septic complications; 3- and 5-year survival rates were 63 and 50 % in lymph node-negative patients without neoadjuvant treatment.

Conclusions

Acceptable survival rates can be achieved by transplantation for hilar cholangiocarcinoma with lymph node metastases as the only exclusion criterion. We recommend staging laparotomy with lymphadenectomy along the common hepatic artery prior to liver transplantation.     

Results of extensive surgery for liver metastases in colorectal carcinoma.

Hepatic resections were performed during the past 13 years on 31 patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Of the 31 patients, 22 underwent lymph node dissection of the hepatic hilus. Ten patients underwent removal of recurrent lesions in the liver, lung, adrenal gland and brain after initial hepatic resection. The overall 5-year survival rate was 45 per cent. The outcome for six patients who underwent repeat hepatectomy after an initial hepatectomy was significantly better than for nine patients with unresectable recurrence (P less than 0.01). Six of the 22 patients who underwent lymph node dissection had nodes positive for tumour. Two of the six patients underwent repeat hepatectomy and are alive after 49 and 66 months. Three- and 4-year survival rates of patients with positive lymph nodes were both 40 per cent. Repeat hepatectomy and dissection of hilar lymph nodes improves prognosis in selected patients with hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer.     

The value of spleen-preserving lymphadenectomy in total gastrectomy for gastric and esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinomas: A long-term retrospective propensity score match study from a high-volume institution in China

BackgroundThe benefit of removing the splenic lymph nodes in patients with proximal gastric cancer has been controversial. The purpose of our study was to investigate the importance of performing a splenic hilar lymph node dissection without splenectomy in patients undergoing total gastrectomy for gastric cancer.MethodsFrom January 2006 to December 2015, we retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent a curative total gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Propensity score matching was used to balance any potential discrepancy of the other covariates between patients with and without splenic hilar lymph node dissection. Survival analysis, Cox univariate and multivariate analysis, and subgroups analysis were conducted to determine the value of splenic hilar lymph node dissection. After matching, 2 nomograms among patients with and without splenic hilar lymph node dissection were established respectively, the C-index, calibration curve and decision curve analysis were used to further evaluate the value of splenic hilar lymph node dissection.ResultsThe rate of metastatic splenic hilar lymph nodes in the 274 patients undergoing splenic hilar lymph node dissection was 16.4% (45/274). Patients undergoing splenic hilar lymph node dissection had better survival outcomes than those not undergoing splenic hilar lymph node dissection before (P = .003) and after (P = .003) propensity score matching. Cox multivariate analysis also confirmed that splenic hilar lymph node dissection was an independent prognostic factor both before (hazard ratio 1.284, 95% confidence interval 1.042–1.583, P = .019) and after (hazard ratio 1.480, 95% confidence interval 1.156–1.894, P = .002) propensity score matching. Subgroup analysis indicted that splenic hilar lymph node dissection offered better survival outcomes for esophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma (P < .001, P for interaction = .018). After propensity score matching, the nomogram of patients with splenic hilar lymph node dissection (C-index 0.735, 95% confidence interval 0.695–0.774) also indicated a statistically significant advantage compared with that without splenic hilar lymph node dissection (C-index 0.708, 95% confidence interval 0.668–0.748, P < .001).ConclusionOur study suggests that spleen-preserving splenic hilar lymph node dissection should be an essential procedure among patients undergoing total gastrectomy.     

胃网膜血管弓内入路在腹腔镜下胃上部癌脾门淋巴结清扫术中的应用

目的探讨胃网膜血管弓内入路优先离断脾胃韧带的腹腔镜保脾的脾门淋巴结清扫技术在胃上部癌的有效性及安全性应用。方法选取2018年10月至2019年2月于烟台毓璜顶医院胃肠外一科因胃上部癌行腹腔镜下全胃切除的患者20例,采用胃网膜血管弓内入路先离断脾胃韧带的技术进行清扫脾门淋巴结。记录总手术时间,术中出血量;清扫脾门淋巴结的手术时间及出血量;总清扫淋巴结数目及转移性淋巴结数目;脾门淋巴结清扫总数及转移淋巴结数目;术后排气时间、进食流质时间及术后住院时间;术后并发症如腹腔感染、吻合口瘘、肺部感染、切口感染、出血及是否中转开腹、脾缺血及脾坏死等脾门淋巴结清扫相关并发症。术后1年采用电话随访、门诊随访等方法进行随访。结果所有患者均成功实施腹腔镜全胃切除加脾门淋巴结清扫。总手术时间(240.8±31.7)min,范围200~268min;术中出血量(90.4±43.8)ml,范围50~200 ml;脾门淋巴结清扫时间(18.5±4.0)min;脾门淋巴结清扫出血量(10.2±5.8)ml,范围5~20 ml;清扫总淋巴结数目(37.68±3.89)枚,范围25~58枚,转移性淋巴结数目(4.31±2.54)枚;脾门淋巴结(3.51±1.79)枚,范围2~10枚;转移性脾门淋巴结(0.98±1.19)枚,范围0~4枚。术后肛门排气时间(3.5±1.9)d,术后进食流质时间(4.5±1.7)d,术后住院时间为(7.5±1.5)d。术后并发症:腹腔感染1例,肺部感染1例,吻合口瘘1例;无中转开腹、脾缺血及脾坏死等脾门淋巴结清扫相关并发症。术后1年未有患者因肿瘤复发或转移,无死亡病例。结论胃网膜血管弓内入路优先离断脾胃韧带的腹腔镜保脾的原位脾门淋巴结清扫术安全有效。     

腹腔镜根治性切除治疗肝门部胆管癌15例分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜根治性切除治疗肝门部胆管癌的可行性及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2013年5月至2018年5月在川北医学院附属医院行根治性手术治疗并经病理学检查证实的15例肝门部胆管癌病人的临床资料，分析术中及术后情况，并随访观察。结果 15例肝门部胆管癌病人中13例行完全腹腔镜手术，2例病人中转开放手术。手术时间为（404.3±62.8）min，术中出血（502.0±133.8）mL，术后住院时间为（9.6±2.7）d，术后首次排气时间为（3.2±0.8）d。术后淋巴结检出数目为（9.5±2.6）枚，1例发现N2淋巴结转移。术后发生胆漏1例，大量腹腔积液1例，切口脂肪液化1例，均经保守治疗后好转出院。所有病人均获得随访，截至2018年5月，随访时间为6～60个月，死亡4例。结论 通过术前充分评估及术中探查制定相应手术策略，并且在严格掌握手术适应证的前提下，由具备丰富腹腔镜手术经验的医生主持操作，腹腔镜技术应用于肝门部胆管癌病人相对安全、可行。     

Plasmacytic hyperplasia--the early form of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder--with atypical morphology and clinical course in patient after liver transplantation: a case report

This case report describes an early lesion of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PLTD)--plasmacytic hyperplasia with atypical morphology. The 54-year-old patient was 4 months after liver transplantation due to alcoholic cirrhosis. The postoperative course had been uneventful without graft rejection episodes. Primary immunosuppressive therapy included tacrolimus and prednisone. On admission to the hospital the patient showed rapidly increasing jaundice, hepatomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and significant leukocytosis. A biopsy suggested generalized infection. Acute Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection was confirmed using serological methods. Despite treatment the patient died. On autopsy we found features of generalized infection. Histological examination of the enlarged lymph nodes showed plasmacytic hyperplasia despite lymph node atrophy. Plasmacytic hyperplasia, an early lesion of PTLD despite usually a good prognosis with multifactor therapy may display a rapid course that leads to death through intensified immunosuppression. In accordance with other reports we confirmed reactivation of EBV infection as the probable cause of plasmacytic hyperplasia. The lymph node morphology of plasmacytic hyperplasia may be atypical with atrophy of lymphoid components accompanying plasma cell proliferation.     

Migration of dendritic cells to the draining lymph node after allogeneic or congeneic rat skin transplantation

BACKGROUND: After transplantation, donor dendritic cells (DC) migrating to the draining lymph node of the recipient are thought to play an important role in the initiation of graft rejection. In this study, we compared the in vivo migration of DC after allogeneic skin transplantation with that after congeneic skin transplantation. METHODS: A rat model was used with the PVG-RT7b rats as donor animals. These rats have leukocytes bearing an epitope of the leukocyte common antigen that can be recognized by the monoclonal antibody His 41. The cells of the allogeneic (ACI) and congeneic (PVG) recipient animals do not express this marker. RESULTS: In both recipient rat strains, graft-derived His 41+ DC could be detected in the T cell areas of the draining lymph nodes after skin transplantation. However, the number of migrated His 41+ cells present was lower in the allogeneic recipients. Similar results were obtained when skin DC isolated from the PVG-RT7b rats were injected subcutaneously into the hind footpads of allogeneic and congeneic recipients. Although the numbers of migrated His 41+ DC present were lower, the lymph nodes of the allogeneic recipients were much more enlarged and the grafts were rejected which did not occur in the congeneic recipients. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of donor-derived DC in the graft draining lymph nodes underlines the importance of the direct route of allo-activation. The lower numbers of migrated His 41+ DC in lymph nodes of allogeneic recipients may be the result of killing of the cells after presentation of the allo-antigens to the recipient T cells.     

腹腔镜下肝门部胆管癌根治术中淋巴结廓清方法的探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜下肝门部淋巴结廓清的可行性。方法 2007年6月~2009年6月对35例肝门部胆管癌施行腹腔镜下肝门部胆管癌根治术,探查明确肿瘤可以切除,超声刀将胆总管远端在十二指肠上方离断,远侧断端缝合或圈套线结扎闭合,并将胰腺上方的淋巴结一并切除,将胆总管向前上方分离至肿瘤上方约0.5~1.0 cm,离断,超声刀切开肝十二指肠韧带前包膜,找到肝固有动脉,打开动脉鞘后用冲洗吸引器向近肝侧钝性分离纤维脂肪组织,直至显露左右肝动脉的分叉部,同样处理门静脉,直至显露门静脉左右分叉部,除门静脉和肝动脉外,将肝十二指肠韧带内组织整块切除,完成肝门部肿瘤切除及淋巴结廓清,然后镜下使用腔镜直线切割吻合器(5例)或左上腹3~4 cm切口提出空肠行空肠间吻合后还纳回腹腔,重建气腹行胆管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合(30例)。结果 35例均在腹腔镜下完成肝门部胆管癌根治术并进行淋巴结廓清。清扫淋巴结8~13枚,平均9.3枚,2例发现淋巴结转移。胆肠吻合在镜下完成,肠间吻合5例在镜下使用腔镜直线切割吻合器完成,30例于腹外吻合后还纳回腹,重新气腹完成胆肠吻合。手术时间3.5~5.8 h,平均4.4 h;术中出血量10~210ml,平均83 ml。术后出现胆汁漏3例,未特殊处理,5~7 d后停止。应激性溃疡1例,抑酸药物治疗后3 d治愈。肝左外叶切除术后第5天出血1例,出血量约300 ml,腹腔镜下探查见肝门处毛细血管出血,圈套线结扎止血,术后10 d出院。35例随访6~30个月,平均16.2月,1例术后12个月因肝转移癌死亡,1例术后15个月因突发心肌梗塞死亡,其余33例存活。结论腹腔镜下进行肝门部胆管癌根治性切除同时进行肝门部淋巴结廓清,是完全可以实现的,但需要严格选择病例以及丰富的腹腔镜手术经验,术后远期效果仍然需要进一步观察。