Wnt3a对骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化的影响

[目的]探讨Wnt3a基因对骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)成软骨分化的影响。[方法]分离培养大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs),携带Wnt3a及阴性对照基因(Mock)的慢病毒感染骨髓间充质干细胞,构建过表达Wnt3a骨髓间充质干细胞;采用甲苯胺蓝染色及QPCR观察Wnt3a对骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化能力的影响;使用MTT法观察Wnt3a对骨髓间充质干细胞增殖能力的影响。[结果]在0~72 h内,实验组MTT法检测吸光值明显大于对照组(P0.05);BMSCs体外成软骨诱导后,实验组细胞团明显小于对照组,且甲苯胺蓝染色较浅;实验组与对照组比较,成软骨指标Col2A1、Aggrecan和SOX9的m RNA表达降低(P0.05)。[结论]Wnt3a可促进骨髓间充质干细胞增殖,但抑制了骨髓间充质干细胞的成软骨分化。     

人原发性骨关节炎与正常人关节软骨间充质祖细胞多向分化能力的对比研究

[目的]观察原发性骨关节炎及正常人关节软骨间充质祖细胞的生长和增殖特性及其成软骨、成骨和成脂分化能力,探讨关节软骨间充质祖细胞在原发性骨关节炎发病中的重要作用。[方法]观察原发性骨关节炎及正常人关节软骨间充质祖细胞成软骨(微团培养)诱导分化后的细胞形态变化,TB、Ⅱ型胶原、Aggrecan染色,GAG含量及Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达;成骨(单层传代培养)诱导分化后细胞形态变化,钙结节染色,ALP活性及BGPmRNA表达;成脂(单层传代培养)诱导分化后细胞形态变化,油红染色,油红染色阳性细胞比率及TG含量。[结果]原发性骨关节炎及正常人关节软骨间充质祖细胞成软骨诱导分化后细胞TB、Ⅱ型胶原、Aggrecan染色均呈阳性,原发性骨关节炎者GAG含量减少及Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达减弱(P<0.05);成骨诱导分化后细胞钙结节染色均呈阳性,原发性骨关节炎者ALP含量减少及BGPmRNA表达减弱(P<0.05);成脂诱导分化后细胞油红染色均呈阳性,原发性骨关节炎者TG含量增加(P<0.05)。[结论]关节软骨间充质祖细胞经成软骨、成骨及成脂诱导后均能分化为具有相应功能细胞特性的分化细胞。原发性骨关节炎关节软骨间充质祖细胞成软骨和成骨分化能力降低,而成脂分化能力增加,提示原发性骨关节炎关节软骨间充质祖细胞分化功能出现异常,骨关节炎关节软骨细胞对软骨损伤修复能力降低。     

促进间充质干细胞成软骨分化的方法研究进展

关节软骨损伤的治疗是临床医生面临的一个重要难题, 也是骨科基础研究的热点之一。人工诱导间充质干细胞(MSCs)向指定方向分化, 从而获得患者所需要的组织类型, 例如透明软骨, 已成为修复软骨缺损最有潜力的方法。然而MSCs的成软骨分化受多种因素的调节, 例如培养基补充物、三维支架、机械刺激、氧浓度、共培养系统, 充分了解各个因素如何影响干细胞命运, 能让我们更有效且可预测地进行成软骨诱导。本文总结了近年来诸多学者发现的MSCs成软骨诱导的有利因素, 为后续的研究提供参考。     

MicroRNAs在骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化中的作用

软骨组织由细胞外基质与分散其间的软骨细胞共同构成，由于缺乏血管?神经和淋巴系统，损伤后自身修复能力差。目前各种促进软骨损伤修复的方法效果都不理想，诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向软骨细胞分化修复软骨损伤已成为当下研究的热点。多种MicroRNA参与并调控骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化过程，本文就MicroRNA调控骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

髌下脂肪垫来源间充质干细胞软骨分化的研究进展

间充质干细胞(MSCs)为重点的组织工程学研究已成为软骨损伤修复与再生的研究热点,髌下脂肪垫(IPFP)是脂肪间充质干细胞(ASCs)的新型优良组织来源,其取材方便,供区损伤小。且IPFP-ASCs体外增殖快,成软骨分化能力较强。低氧,转化生长因子β1、β3,骨形态发生蛋白7等可以促进其分化。体内试验表明其可以有效改善软骨损伤患者症状,提高关节功能。虽然目前仍存在生物学和技术上的困难需克服,但IPFP-ASCs有望成为修复包括骨关节炎在内的关节软骨损伤的良好策略。     

干细胞在软骨组织工程中的研究现状及进展

干细胞(stem cells,SCs)是一类未充分分化的、具有自我复制能力的多潜能细胞,因其具有在一定条件下可以再生人体各种组织器官的潜在功能,被在肿瘤、遗传性疾病和组织器官损伤的治疗等方面寄予厚望。由创伤或非创伤性病理损害如类风湿性关节炎等所造成的关节软骨缺损在临床上十分常见,由于关节软骨的修复能力有限,软骨缺损的治疗存在巨大挑战。而胚胎干细胞(embryonic stem cells,ESCs)和间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)具有自我更新和多功能分化潜能的特性,在适当培养条件下可被诱导分化     

间充质干细胞成软骨分化相关研究进展

软骨细胞移植疗法已成功应用于软骨损伤修复和软骨组织工程研究,但软骨细胞取材有限,因此探索软骨细胞替代物成为研究热点。间充质干细胞具有分化为骨、软骨等组织的潜能,在软骨损伤、骨关节炎修复及软骨组织工程等方面起着重要作用。该文就间充质干细胞成软骨分化相关研究进展作一综述。     

基因转染脂肪间充质干细胞作为软骨组织工程种子细胞的研究

目的 观察人转化生长因子(hTGF)β2基因转染诱导脂肪间充质干细胞向软骨细胞的定向分化能力,探讨脂肪间充质干细胞作为种子细胞和在基因增强的软骨组织工程中应用的可行性.方法 取3周龄Lewis大鼠的脂肪组织,消化法获得脂肪间充质干细胞,pcDNA 3.1(+)/hTGFD2通过脂质体介导转染脂肪间充质干细胞,用免疫化学染色、逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western blot检测筛选的阳性克隆细胞中hTGFB2基因与软骨特异性蛋白-Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖表达的情况;然后将基因转染的脂肪间充质干细胞与PLGA支架体外构建细胞-载体复合物,再将其植入裸鼠体内,12周后观察基因增强的组织工程软骨的形成情况.结果 从成体大鼠脂肪组织中培养出脂肪问充质干细胞,能大量稳定增殖传代.hTGFB2基因在脂肪间充质干细胞内能瞬时及稳定表达,并促使Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖合成;细胞.载体复合物在裸鼠体内经12周的培养,可以形成形态、结构接近正常软骨的组织工程软骨.结论 PODNA 3.1(+)/hTGFl32成功转染脂肪间充质干细胞,诱导其向软骨细胞分化,脂肪间充质干细胞可作为基因增强的软骨组织工程较理想的种子细胞.     

不同来源的间充质干细胞治疗骨与软骨组织疾病的研究进展

近年来,随着细胞和组织工程技术的发展,间充质干细胞广泛受到关注和研究,具有易分离获取、培养过程相对简单等优点,并且能够自我更新并分化成多种细胞类型,包括成骨细胞、软骨细胞、脂肪细胞等,是较为理想的种子细胞。在骨髓间充质干细胞大量的研究基础上,脂肪、骨骼肌、滑膜等多种不同来源的间充质干细胞也广泛应用在骨及软骨组织的体内研究和体外研究中。虽然间充质干细胞在基础性研究方面取得了飞跃进展,但在临床推广应用干细胞治疗上还面临着诸多问题,如对间充质干细胞的分化机理尚不明确,对其定向分化无法进行精确调控,且存在诸多限制骨和软骨再生的几个因素,很大程度上影响治疗的效果,故仍需进一步深入研究。     

miRNAs在关节软骨生长发育过程中作用的研究进展

关节软骨属结缔组织,起源于胚胎时期中胚层的间充质,随着间充质细胞数量的增多,在粘附分子的作用下聚集形成肢体雏形[1].其中大多数的间充质细胞分化为类圆形的软骨细胞,在SOX9和其他转录因子的作用下启动特征性的基因程序,分泌丰富的Ⅱ型胶原和蛋白多糖.随后关节软骨模型中心的软骨细胞,停止增殖开始肥大化,改变其基因程序而分泌X型胶原.同时肥大软骨细胞完成募集破软骨细胞,在血管内皮生长因子及其他因子的作用下诱导生成血管,调节周围基质的矿化等任务.之后肥大软骨细胞凋亡,留下起支架作用的基质,以利于骨母细胞的侵入,为成骨提供有利环境[2].而软骨生长发育异常时会发生与骨生长有关的疾病,如:肢体的不等长和侏儒症等.随年龄的增长,软骨细胞经历类似于软骨内成骨过程中软骨细胞分化过程:肥大分化、终末分化、矿化、最后发生凋亡,最终导致OA的形成[1].     

体外诱导BMSCs向软骨分化的方法研究进展

目的全面了解目前体外诱导BMSCs向软骨分化的方法,为软骨组织工程研究提供参考。方法广泛查阅近年来有关软骨组织工程中诱导BMSCs向软骨分化的文献,并进行综合分析。结果目前BMSCs诱导成软骨方法主要是添加外源性生长因子,其中TGF-β家族被公认为最重要的诱导和调节因子。其他重要的诱导方法包括添加多种化学因子、物理因素、转基因技术和微环境诱导等方法,但这些方法仍存在诱导效率低、诱导效果不稳定的问题。结论诱导方法的进展促进了BMSCs在软骨组织工程中的应用,建立更高效、简便、安全的诱导方法仍是软骨组织工程领域重要研究课题之一。     

Adipose tissue is an ideal stem cell source for tissue reconstruction of bone，cartilage，and soft tissue defects

目的 验证人脂肪基质细胞是否具有向成骨细胞、软骨细胞、脂肪细胞分化的能力,从而为骨、软骨、软组织再建寻找一种理想的干细胞来源.方法 分别用成骨向分化培养基（DMEM＋10?S＋地塞米松＋维生素C＋β-甘油磷酸）、软骨向分化培养基（DMEM＋1?S＋胰岛素＋维生素C＋转化生长因子β1）及脂肪向分化培养基（DMEM＋10?S＋地塞米松＋胰岛素＋吲哚美辛＋异丁基甲基黄嘌呤）诱导人脂肪基质细胞向成骨细胞、软骨细胞及脂肪细胞分化.用von Kossa和碱性磷酸酶染色鉴定成骨细胞分化,而软骨细胞分化和脂肪细胞分化分别用Alcian blue染色和油红O染色显示.成骨细胞、软骨细胞以及脂肪细胞特异相关或标志基因的表达用RT-PCR检测.结果 体外实验表明,人脂肪基质细胞在定向分化诱导剂的作用下可分别向成骨细胞、软骨细胞及脂肪细胞分化.结论 人脂肪基质细胞中包含有多向分化能力的干细胞,可用于今后骨、软骨、软组织的组织工程再建.     

Evaluation of the ability of natural and synthetic scaffolds in providing an appropriate environment for growth and chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Background:

Although progenitor cells have been observed in articular cartilage, this part has a limited ability to repair due to a lack of blood supply. Formerly, tissue engineering was mainly based on collecting chondrocytes from the joint surface, culturing them on resorbable scaffolds such as poly D, L-lactic glycolic acid (PLGA) and then autologous transplantation. In recent times, due to difficulties in collecting chondrocytes, most of the researchers are focused on stem cells for producing these cells. Among the important factors in this approach, is using appropriate scaffolds with good mechanical and biological properties to provide optimal environment for growth and development of stem cells. In this study, we evaluated the potential of fibrin glue, PLGA and alginate scaffolds in providing a suitable environment for growth and chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in the presence of transforming growth factor-β3.

Materials and Methods:

Fibrin glue, PLGA and alginate scaffolds were prepared and MSCs were isolated from human adipose tissue. Cells were cultured separately on the scaffolds and 2 weeks after differentiation, chondrogenic genes, cell proliferation ability and morphology in each scaffold were evaluated using real time-polymerase chain reaction, MTT chondrogenic assay and histological examination, respectively.

Results:

Proliferation of differentiated adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) to chondrogenic cells in Fibrin glue were significantly higher than in other scaffolds. Also, Fibrin glue caused the highest expression of chondrogenic genes compared to the other scaffolds. Histological examination revealed that the pores of the Fibrin glue scaffolds were filled with cells uniformly distributed.

Conclusion:

According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that natural scaffolds such as fibrin can be used as an appropriate environment for cartilage differentiation.     

Multipotent menstrual blood stromal stem cells: isolation, characterization, and differentiation

The stromal stem cell fraction of many tissues and organs has demonstrated to exhibit stem cell properties such as the capability of self-renewal and multipotency, allowing for multilineage differentiation. In this study, we characterize a population of stromal stem cells derived from menstrual blood (MenSCs). We demonstrate that MenSCs are easily expandable to clinical relevance and express multipotent markers such as Oct-4, SSEA-4, and c-kit at the molecular and cellular level. Moreover, we demonstrate the multipotency of MenSCs by directionally differentiating MenSCs into chondrogenic, adipogenic, osteogenic, neurogenic, and cardiogenic cell lineages. These studies demonstrate the plasticity of MenSCs for potential research in regenerative medicine.     

Comparison of human serum with fetal bovine serum for expansion and differentiation of human synovial MSC: potential feasibility for clinical applications

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of human serum (HS) on growth and differentiation capacity of human synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in comparison to cells grown in fetal bovine serum (FBS). Human MSCs were isolated from the synovium of knee joints of three donors and the cells were cultured individually in varying concentrations of allogenic HS or FBS. Bovine MSCs were isolated from synovium and cultured in the same manner. Cell proliferation was assessed by the tetrazolium assay after passage 3. The capacity for chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation was investigated in specific media followed by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay and alcian blue staining, or by alizarin red staining, respectively. Human MSCs proliferated significantly more rapidly in the presence of HS than with equivalent levels of FBS. Chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation occurred to nearly identical levels in HS or FBS. The results of this study indicate that HS is superior for the culture of human MSCs compared with FBS in terms of cellular expandability, without losing chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation capacity. Coupled with the advantage in eliminating the potential risk accompanied with the use of xeno-derived materials, pooled, well-characterized HS could be a useful reagent to promote cellular expansion for clinical synovial stem cell-based therapy.     

Intermittent Hydrostatic Pressure Enhances Growth Factor‐Induced Chondroinduction of Human Adipose‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Hydrostatic pressure (HP) plays an essential role in regulating function of chondrocytes and chondrogenic differentiation. The objective of this study was to examine effects of intermittent HP on chondrogenic differentiation of human adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) in the presence or absence of chemical chondrogenic medium. Cells were isolated from abdominal fat tissue and confirmed for expression of ASC surface proteins and differentiation potential. Passage 3 pellets were treated with chemical (growth factor), mechanical (HP of 5 MPa and 0.5 Hz with duration of 4 h/day for 7 consecutive days), and combined chemical–mechanical stimuli. Using real‐time polymerase chain reaction, the expression of Sox9, collagen II, and aggrecan as three major chondrogenic markers were quantified among three experimental groups and compared to those of stem cells and human cartilage tissue. In comparison to the chemical and mechanical groups, the chemical–mechanical group showed the highest expression for all three chondrogenic genes close to that of cartilage tissue. Results show the beneficial role of intermittent HP on chondrogenic differentiation of hASCs, and that this loading regime in combination with chondrogenic medium can be used in cartilage tissue engineering.     

Low-intensity ultrasound stimulation enhances chondrogenic differentiation in alginate culture of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are regarded as a potential autologous source for cartilage repair, because they can differentiate into chondrocytes by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) treatment under the 3-dimensional (3-D) culture condition. However, more efficient and versatile methods for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs are still in demand for its clinical application. Recently, low-intensity ultrasound (LIUS) was shown to enhance fracture healing in vitro and induce chondrogenesis of MSCs in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effects of LIUS on the chondrogenesis of rabbit MSCs (rMSCs) in a 3-D alginate culture and on the maintenance of chondrogenic phenotypes after replating them on a monolayer culture. The LIUS treatment of rMSCs increased: (i) the matrix formation; (ii) the expression of chondrogenic markers such as collagen type II, aggrecan, and Sox-9; (iii) the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2 implicated in the integrity of cartilage matrix; and (iv) the capacity to maintain the chondrogenic phenotypes in a monolayer culture. Notably, LIUS effects were clearly shown even without TGF-beta treatment. These results suggest that LIUS treatment could be an efficient and cost-effective method to induce chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in vitro for cartilage tissue engineering.     

The Potential Application of Pulsed Ultrasound on Bone Defect Repair via Developmental Engineering: An In Vitro Study

Repairing bone defect by recapitulation of endochondral bone formation, known as developmental engineering, has been a promising approach in bone tissue engineering. The critical issue in this area is how to effectively construct the hypertrophic cartilaginous template in vitro and enhance in vivo endochondral ossification process after implantation. Pulsed ultrasound stimulation has been widely used in the clinic for accelerating bone healing in fractures and nonunions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ultrasound (US) could accelerate in vitro chondrogenesis and the hypertrophic process in certain microenvironments. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were chondrogenic or hypertrophic differentiated in a three‐dimensional pellet culture system with different media, and treated with different intensities of US. US exposure promoted chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells and inhibited their transition into the hypertrophic stage in a chondrogenic‐friendly microenvironment. US significantly advanced hypertrophic differentiation of bone marrow stem cell pellets in hypertrophic medium after chondrogenesis. Our data indicated that pulsed US promoted in vitro chondrogenic and hypertrophic differentiation of stem cell pellets in specific culture conditions. The present study proves the potential application of US in the in vitro stage of “developmental engineering” for bone development and repair.     

Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells with immunosuppressive activity can be easily isolated from dental pulp

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently being investigated in preclinical and clinical settings because of their multipotent differentiative capacity or, alternatively, their immunosuppressive function. The aim of this study was to evaluate dental pulp (DP) as a potential source of MSCs instead of bone marrow (BM). METHODS: Flow cytometric analysis showed that DP-MSCs and BM-MSCs were equally SH2, SH3, SH4, CD29 and CD 166 positive. The in vitro proliferative kinetics of MSCs were measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation uptake. The immunosuppressive function of MSCs was then tested by coculturing PHA-stimulated allogeneic T cells with or without MSCs for 3 days. RESULTS: BM-MSCs could be differentiated in vitro into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages. DP-MSCs showed osteogenic and adipocytic differentiation, but did not differentiate into chondrocytes. Although DP-MSCs grow rapidly in vitro between day 3 and day 8 of culture and then decrease their proliferation by day 15, BM-MSCs have a stable and continuous proliferation over the same period of time. The addition of DP-MSCs or BM-MSCs resulted in 91 +/- 4% and 75 +/- 3% inhibition of T cell response, respectively, assessed by a 3H-thymidine assay. CONCLUSIONS: Dental pulp is an easily accessible and efficient source of MSCs, with different kinetics and differentiation potentialities from MSCs as isolated from the bone marrow. The rapid proliferative capacity together with the immunoregulatory characteristics of DP-MSCs may prompt future studies aimed at using these cells in the treatment or prevention of T-cell alloreactivity in hematopoietic or solid organ allogeneic transplantation.     

Identification of neuroblastoma stem cells by characterization of side population cells in the human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell line

PurposeThe purpose of the study was to sort side population (SP) cells from the neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell line and to systematically investigate whether this population has stem cell characteristics.MethodsSide population and non-SP cells were separated from the SK-N-SH cell line by flow cytometry, and their morphologic characteristics were analyzed by light and electron microscopy. We also used Western blotting to analyze marker proteins, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay for proliferative ability, series differentiation studies for differentiation properties, and Matrigel invasion study and tumorigenicity assay for malignant potential.ResultsThe SK-N-SH SP cells expressed high levels of stem cell markers, had high proliferative and malignant abilities, and had the capacity for rapid differentiation. The non-SP cells expressed differentiated cell marker proteins at high levels, had low proliferative and malignant abilities, and exhibited slow differentiation.ConclusionsThe SK-N-SH SP cells have cancer stem cell–like properties.