Percutaneous treatment of severe diffuse stenosis in heavily calcified infrarenal abdominal aorta using iliac extender endoprosthesis

Severe, concentric calcific stenosis of the infrarenal abdominal aorta (IAA) is an uncommon but technically challenging problem. In diffuse, heavily calcific lesions are generally not treated with balloon expandable or self‐expanding stents. There is concern of aortic rupture, incomplete apposition, and underexpansion. Such lesions are mostly treated with aortobifemoral or extra‐anatomic bypass surgery. Using three case examples, we describe the feasibility of endovascular treatment for severely calcific IAA with use of iliac extender limbs of commercially available aortic stent grafts and discuss the role of preprocedural CT scan in case planning. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

血管内超声指导下对冠状动脉严重钙化病变行旋磨介入治疗疗效评估

目的评估血管内超声（IVUS）指导下冠状动脉旋磨术联合药物洗脱支架（DES）治疗严重钙化病变的疗效。方法 13例冠状动脉严重钙化患者在IVUS指导下行冠状动脉旋磨及支架置入术,评估手术即刻成功率、术后管腔最小直径、最小直径狭窄率、管腔有效面积变化及随访结果。结果 13例中,单支病变1例（7.7%）,双支病变3例（23.1%）,三支病变6例（46.2%）,左主干＋三支病变1例（7.7%）,左主干病变2例（15.4%）。术前、术后肌钙蛋白T、肌酸激酶同工酶与肌酸酐比较,差异无统计学意义。靶血管管腔最小直径由术前（2.0±0.3）mm增大至术后的（3.6±0.8）mm,直径狭窄率由术前的（74.5±6.8）%减少至术后的（20.3±12.5）%,管腔有效面积由术前的（4.0±1.4）mm2增大至术后的（10.7±5.5）mm2,差异均有统计学意义。即刻手术成功率100%,术后随访期间无心绞痛再发、心肌梗死及靶血管再次血运重建。结论 IVUS指导下冠状动脉旋磨术联合DES可安全用于冠状动脉严重钙化病变患者,提高了介入手术的成功率。     

Intravascular ultrasound findings in patients with abnormal coronary flow reserve after stenting.

A coronary flow reserve (CFR) of 2.0 has been advocated as the endpoint for coronary intervention therapy. Experience shows, however, that CFR does indeed exceed 2.0 in many cases poststenting, while remaining below 2.0 in others. In this study, we assessed the clinical characteristics and IVUS findings of patients whose CFR remained below 2.0 after stent implantation, specifically 16 patients with CFR below 2.0 (22 lesions, 64 +/- 9 years, 4 female), and 102 patients with CFR above 2.0 (112 lesions, mean age 66 +/- 11 years, 22 female). Patient population comprised patients selected for retrospective study, but participants were selected on the basis of matching patient and lesion characteristics. The IVUS findings showed that incidence of calcified lesions and post-PTCA dissection of hard plaque were higher among patients with CFR < 2.0. Further, IVUS-obtained vascular measurements showed post-PTCA area stenosis to be 58.7 +/- 15.2% in the CFR < 2.0 group, and 45.3 +/- 12.5% among CFR > or = 2.0 patients (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that patients with diffuse calcified lesions or high post-PTCA % area stenosis, as determined by IVUS, are more likely to have lower CFR after stenting.     

Accuracy of nonstenotic coronary atherosclerosis assessment by multi-detector computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: The ability to evaluate coronary stenosis using multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) has been well discussed. In contrast, several studies demonstrated that the plaque burden measured by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has a relationship to the risk of cardiovascular events. the accuracy of MDCT was studied to determine plaque and vessel size compared with IVUS. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-six proximal lesions (American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association classification: segment 1, 5, 6) from 33 patients were assessed using MDCT and IVUS. The plaque and vessel area were measured from the cross-sectional image using both MDCT and IVUS. Eight coronary artery lesions with motion artifacts and heavily calcified plaques were excluded from the analysis. The vessel and lumen size evaluated using MDCT were closely correlated with those evaluated by IVUS (R(2)=0.614, 0.750 respectively). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between percentage plaque area assessed by MDCT and IVUS (R(2)=0.824). CONCLUSION: MDCT can noninvasively quantify coronary atherosclerotic plaque with good correlation compared with IVUS in patients with atherosclerosis.     

老年人钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄并发心肌梗死临床和病理特点

目的 通过临床病理对照研究老年人钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄患者心肌梗死（ＭＩ）的特点。方法 总结我院一个病区２０年来临床诊断严重钙化性主动脉狭窄并于死后获得尸体检查才的临床病理资料。结果 ２０年来我院临床诊断严重钙化性主动脉瓣狭窄且获得尸检者 ５６例。６例病人均有心底部逐渐增强的收缩期杂音临床均诊断冠心病。２例死亡前诊断急性于无Ｑ波ＭＩ,５例患者猝死,尸检５例均有严重的主动脉瓣狭窄,５例有ＭＩ,其中２例,     

经桡动脉行冠状动脉斑块旋磨和药物支架置入术治疗严重钙化病变的安全有效性

目的:探讨经桡动脉行冠状动脉斑块旋磨术和药物洗脱支架置入术,治疗严重钙化病变的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析我院2010年1月至2011年1月,经桡动脉行冠状动脉斑块旋磨术和药物洗脱支架置入术,冠心病患者的89例临床资料。并分析其手术特点、并发症及主要不良心血管事件(包括全因死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、靶血管血运重建)。结果:89例(100%)患者均成功经桡动脉行冠状动脉斑块旋磨术,并置入药物洗脱支架。术中共有8例(9.0%)患者发生并发症,经处理后取得良好的效果。术后随访(22.21±4.73)个月,主要不良心血管事件的发生率为12.4%。结论:经桡动脉行冠状动脉斑块旋磨术和药物洗脱支架置入术,治疗严重钙化病变是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

老年钙化性心瓣膜病的临床特点及其对心功能的影响

目的分析老年钙化性心瓣膜病的临床特征，并观察其对心功能的影响。方法经超声心动图检查证实的132例老年钙化性心瓣膜病患者，分为钙化性瓣膜病组和钙化性瓣膜病＋冠心病组，并与同期不伴钙化性瓣膜病的冠心病43例作对照。结果钙化性心瓣膜病以单纯主动脉瓣病变（40．2％）最多见，其次主动脉瓣＋二尖瓣病变（34．8％），功能异常主要为主动脉瓣狭窄、关闭不全、或（和）二尖瓣关闭不全；76．7％病例无明显呼吸困难、晕厥、心绞痛等症状，起病隐匿，55．0％患者缺乏瓣膜病变相关病理性杂音，轻度的钙化性心瓣膜病本身对心脏血液动力学影响较小；钙化性瓣膜病＋冠心病组患者的左心扩大明显，心功能不全发生率高，且左心收缩功能不全的程度较重；老年钙化性瓣膜病心律失常（室性早搏、房颤与病态窦房结综合征、房室传导阻滞）的发生率也较高。结论老年钙化性心瓣膜病早期缺乏特征性的症状和体征，对心功能与血液动力学影响不大，随着瓣膜狭窄和（或）关闭不全的加重，逐渐成为心脏重构和心功能不全的影响因素，若合并冠心病等心肌病变，则会起到加速或加重心力衰竭的作用。     

The value of intravascular ultrasound-facilitated internal carotid artery stenting in a patient with heavily calcified and ambiguous common carotid artery stenosis

Percutaneous transluminal carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a promising new treatment option for carotid artery stenosis. These procedures are currently performed in high-risk patients and have demonstrated favorable outcomes. We described the use of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) to facilitate internal carotid artery stenting in a patient with heavily calcified and ambiguous common carotid artery stenosis. The common carotid artery angiogram revealed 50% stenosis, but IVUS of the common carotid demonstrated a 90% stenosis with complex superficial calcification. Protrusion of the superficial calcification inside the common carotid artery which was demonstrated by IVUS has not only created a difficulty to deliver the stent to the internal carotid artery, but also left the common carotid artery lesion untreated, which is not likely to achieve clinical the benefit of internal carotid stenting. IVUS was an indispensable tool for a procedural success in this case.     

Comparison of intravascular ultrasound to contrast-enhanced 64-slice computed tomography to assess the significance of angiographically ambiguous coronary narrowings

The efficacy of contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography (MSCT) for assessment of ambiguous lesions is unknown. We compared both quantitative coronary angiography (QCA) and MSCT to the gold standard for a significant stenosis-minimum luminal area (MLA) by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-in 51 patients (64 +/- 10 years old, 19 men) with 69 angiographically ambiguous, nonleft main lesions. The MSCT was performed 17 +/- 18 days before IVUS analysis. Overall diameter stenosis by QCAwas 51.0 +/- 9.8%; 39 of 51 patients (76%) eventually underwent revascularization (38 by percutaneous coronary intervention and 1 by coronary artery bypass graft). By univariate analysis, minimum luminal diameter, MLA, lumen visibility by MSCT, and minimum luminal diameter by QCA were significant predictors of MLA by IVUS 相似文献   

Intravascular Lithotripsy Facilitated Percutaneous Endovascular Intervention of the Aortic Arch: A Single-Center Experience

BackgroundIntravascular lithotripsy (IVL) (Shockwave Medical, Inc., Fremont, California, USA) is a novel technology used to modify heavily calcified atherosclerotic plaque in vessels to help facilitate percutaneous coronary intervention and has been shown to be effective in treating critical lesions within the lower limbs. In addition, studies are currently underway evaluating IVL's feasibility in de novo calcified stenotic coronary arteries before stenting. The use and associated complications of IVL in other vascular territories are underreported. We report our institution's initial experience using IVL for the treatment of complex, heavily calcified lesions within the aortic arch vessels.Methods and resultsWe treated five patients with IVL of the aortic arch vessels, including the carotid (2), subclavian (2), and innominate arteries. Four of the five patients underwent successful IVL treatment and intervention without complications. One patient (carotid intervention) developed acute right eye blindness post-procedure, thought to be due to an embolic plaque, which was successfully treated with tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous heparin.ConclusionIVL offers promising technology to facilitate the treatment of complex lesions in the vessels of the aortic arch. We do not promote the use of IVL but promote prospective clinical trials to assess the safety and efficacy of this technology in this vascular territory.     

GuideLiner,a child‐in‐a‐mother catheter for successful retrieval of an entrapped rotablator burr

Entrapment of the rotablator burr within heavily calcified lesions is a recognized complication, which usually necessitates sternotomy and open surgical intervention to retrieve the trapped burr. In some cases, the trapped burr can be retrieved using simple traction, but this is potentially hazardous with possible trauma and perforation of the vessel. Passing a wire alongside the trapped burr with ballooning to free the burr can be attempted. We describe a novel technique to remove a trapped rotablator burr from a heavily calcified lesion using counter‐traction with a GuideLiner, child‐in‐a‐mother catheter, which successfully removed the entrapped burr without the need for surgery when simple traction alone had been ineffective. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Compassionate use of the self‐expandable medtronic corevalve prosthesis for the treatment of pure aortic regurgitation in a patient at prohibitive risk for surgical valve replacement

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a viable treatment option for high‐ and prohibitive‐risk patients with severe, calcified pure or predominant aortic valve stenosis, but not for pure aortic valve regurgitation. In fact, the use of TAVI for this indication is even considered unlikely due to the lack of calcium which appears essential for anchoring the stent‐valve and prevents dislocation. We report a case of a patient with severe, symptomatic pure aortic regurgitation, and a history of two previous open‐heart surgeries who was successfully treated by compassionate use implantation of an oversized Medtronic CoreValve prosthesis as an ultima ratio treatment option. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Alternative valve-in-root concepts for redo procedures

Since aortic root reoperations are challenging procedures, alternative lower-risk procedures should be considered in certain cases. Herein are presented two different approaches to high-risk root reoperations. The first patient, a 59-year-old male who had undergone root replacement 11 years previously with an Edwards Prima stentless valve, presented with severe aortic regurgitation and a heavily calcified aortic root. An open implantation of an Edwards Sapien valve was performed via an aortotomy distal to the calcified aortic root. The second patient, a 60-year-old female, underwent transapical implantation of an Edwards Sapien transcatheter valve for stenosis of the aortic valve in an aortic homograft implanted 11 years previously. The long-term durability of these implants has yet to be evaluated.     

Intravascular iliac artery lithotripsy to enable transfemoral thoracic endovascular aortic repair

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is performed with large‐bore delivery systems. Small‐size access vessels may be a contraindication for TEVAR, particularly in case of severe calcifications. In this case report, we describe the first‐in‐man use of intravascular lithotripsy to enable transfemoral delivery of TEVAR stent grafts in a patient with severely calcified iliac arteries. A 69‐year‐old female with multiple sclerosis and thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) was referred for percutaneous TEVAR. Both common iliac arteries were severely calcified with circumferential calcifications and a minimum diameter below 5.5 mm. In order to enable percutaneous delivery of 20 French Valiant Navion stent grafts (Medtronic), the circumferential calcified plaques were treated by use of a Shockwave? Peripheral Intravascular Lithotripsy Balloon (Shockwave Medical Inc.). Subsequently, the aortic stent grafts were safely and successfully passed through the iliofemoral artery and the TAA was excluded by TEVAR. Final angiography showed normal flow in the iliofemoral artery without any signs of perforation or overt dissection. This case report demonstrates successful application of intravascular lithotripsy in calcified iliofemoral arteries enabling percutaneous transfemoral TEVAR. If confirmed in future cases and trials, indications for transfemoral TEVAR may further expand toward patients with severely calcified peripheral arterial disease.     

冠状动脉内旋磨术联合支架术治疗严重钙化病变的疗效及随访研究

目的评价冠状动脉(冠脉)内旋磨术联合支架术治疗严重钙化病变的疗效及中期随访结果。方法对21例冠心病患者的严重钙化病变行冠脉内旋磨术及支架术治疗,6例患者在血管内超声的引导下进行,观察其治疗的即刻成功率及6个月的随访结果。结果行冠脉内旋磨术的21例患者,冠脉造影结果均为В2、C型严重钙化病变。旋磨头均成功通过了病变,15例(71.4%)病例仅选择1.25mm的旋磨头,3例(14.3%)病例仅选择1.5mm旋磨头,3例(14.3%)病例使用了2个旋磨头。全部病例均联合应用经皮冠脉血管成形术(PTCA),19例(90.5%)在旋磨术后置入支架。2例(9.5%)在术中发生冠脉痉挛;1例(4.8%)发生无血流现象;无冠脉穿孔、死亡、急性心肌梗死及急诊冠脉旁路移植术(CABG)。对15例患者进行了术后6个月的冠脉造影随访,有2例(13.3%)发生支架内再狭窄。结论冠脉内旋磨术联合支架术治疗严重钙化病变,去除钙化斑块增大管腔,提高了严重钙化病变的经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)成功率。     

靶病变浅表性钙化对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的影响

目的探讨冠状动脉靶病变浅表性钙化对介入操作及疗效的影响。方法连续收集61例冠心病患者（61处靶病变）,根据血管内超声（IVUS）检测冠脉靶病变钙化情况分为浅表性钙化组和非浅表性钙化组,对比两组之间介入操作特点、经皮冠脉介入治疗（PCI）术后临床及影像学特征。结果浅表性钙化29例,非浅表性钙化32例。浅表性钙化组面积狭窄率大于非浅表性钙化组[（75．70±7．11）％VS（68．78±5．56）％,P=0．019];前者术后支架对称性及支架膨胀指数明显小于后者[（0．85±0．06）US（O．90±0．02）,P=0．016;（0．68±0．14）w（0．82±0．10）,P=0．021]。浅表性钙化组术后最小支架直径[（2．51±0．43）w（2．76±0．29）mm]、最小支架面积[（5．86±1．82）VS（6．73±1．40）miTl气相对管腔获得[（1．26±0．68）坩（1．37±0．72）]趋于小于非浅表性钙化组,但差异未发现统计学意义。两组术中术后并发症差异无统计学意义。所有患者无院内主要不良心脏事件发生。结论冠状动脉靶病变浅表性钙化可能较非浅表性钙化对支架的充分扩张及对称性影响更大。     

Stenosis of the abdominal aorta caused by fibromuscular dysplasia.

Fibromuscular dysplasia of the aorta is an exceedingly rare disease with 26 cases reported to date in Medline. We present a case of stenosis of the infrarenal abdominal aorta in a 49-year-old woman with a history of intermittent claudication. The patient underwent aortic endarterectomy, and subsequent anatomopathologic examination of the specimen revealed fibromuscular dysplasia. The possible causes of aortic stenosis in this case, its angiographic findings, and the alternatives of treatment are discussed.     

Rotational atherectomy (stentablation) in a lesion with stent underexpansion due to heavily calcified plaque.

We report treatment of a lesion with coronary stent underexpansion due to heavily calcified plaque. Conventional balloon angioplasty was attempted for in-stent restenosis, but the lesion was undilatable despite 25-atm inflation pressure. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) revealed stent underexpansion due to heavily calcified plaque. Rotational atherectomy was performed using a stepped burr approach, after which repeat IVUS revealed marked ablation of the stent-calcium complex. Adjunctive balloon angioplasty then easily resulted in full balloon and stent expansion, with an excellent angiographic and IVUS result. The patient's hospital course was uneventful.     

Successful excimer laser angioplasty following unsuccessful primary balloon angioplasty

We report five patients where excimer laser coronary angioplasty facilitated successful balloon dilatation of heavily calcified lesions that could not be dilated by conventional angioplasty techniques alone. In each case, the lesion was crossed successfully with a guide wire. Conventional angioplasty failed because of inability to cross the lesion with a balloon (four lesions) or inability to dilate the lesion with balloon inflation (two lesions). These cases illustrate an indication for excimer laser coronary angioplasty as an adjunctive procedure in heavily calcified coronary stenoses. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

血管内超声在冠状动脉临界病变中的应用研究

目的:研究传统冠状动脉定量分析方法(QCA)与血管内超声(IVUS)在冠状动脉临界病变中的应用。方法:共入选经过冠状动脉造影(至少4体位造影)证实病变狭窄处于临界病变的患者150例。将入选者分为:常规冠状动脉造影组90例(QCA),血管内超声组60例(IVUS)。通过QCA和血管内超声定量分析方法分析2组最小管腔直径、参考血管直径、直径狭窄率及最小管腔面积等参数指标;将相关数据建立直线回归分析方程,分析二者之间是否具有线性关系;采用Cox回归模型分析2组免于心血管事件方面差异,观察2组术后住院期间、30d、3个月、6个月、9个月和12个月主要心血管事件。结果:血管内超声组分别采用QCA和IVUS分析,参考血管直径2者具有正相关性分别为(3.28±0.19)mmvs.(3.17±0.21)mm,R=0.627。最小管腔直径分别为(2.04±0.18)mmvs.(2.0±0.17)mm,R=0.782。比较2组之间的参数:QCA组通过计算得出直径狭窄率,与IVUS管腔面积狭窄率之间无相关性(R20.05,P=0.222),IVUS最小管腔面积(4.7±0.67)mm2。通过COX回归模型显示2组在免于心血管事件方面的差异,可见QCA组发生心血管事件率具有较高的趋势。结论:对于临界病变的患者,采用IVUS的方法能够检测出更严重狭窄的发生率,传统冠状动脉造影判定结果往往低估真正的病变情况。对于临界病变的患者,采用IVUS进行测量分析,具有减低心血管事件风险的趋势。