大学生心理疾病污名和心理求助态度的关系

目的:探讨大学生心理疾病污名和心理求助态度的特点以及两者之间的关系。方法:通过整群随机抽样的方法抽取了3所高等院校400名大学生,对其施测专业心理求助自我污名量表和寻求专业性心理帮助的态度问卷。结果:大学生心理疾病污名和心理求助态度在性别、年级和心理求助史等变量存在显著差异。在心理疾病污名得分上男大学生的得分显著高于女大学生(t=2.546,P0.05),在心理求助态度总分、耻辱忍受性和人际开放性上女大学生的得分显著高于男大学生(t=-2.216,-2.740,-2.853;P0.05);大一学生的心理疾病污名化程度显著高于大四学生(F=3.627,P0.05),大四学生在求助态度总分上及其各个维度得分显著高于其他3个年级学生(F=12.313,P0.001);有专业心理求助经历的大学生在求助态度总分和自我认知维度的平均得分显著高于无专业心理求助经历的大学生(t=2.335,2.703;P0.05);求助态度总分及其各个维度与心理疾病污名存在显著负相关(r=-0.295,P0.05)。结论:消除心理疾病污名,提升大学生心理求助的积极性,才能帮助大学生度过心理危机。     

大学生社会主义核心价值观现状调查

目的了解大学生社会主义核心价值观的现状,分析大学生社会主义核心价值观在性别、民族方面的差异。方法采用《青少年社会主义核心价值观》问卷对延边某大学“1名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果大学生社会主义核心价值观调查结果表明,社会主义核心价值观的总平均分为3．5723,中等偏高;政治价值观在“三个代表”维度上,男女生之间存在着显著性的差异,女生得分要高于男生（t=-1．574,P〈0．05）;社会价值观在“政治民主”维度上,男女之间存在着及其显著的差异,女生得分要高于男生（t=-3．505,P〈0．01）;国家价值观在“和平统一”维度上存在着显著的男女性别差异,女生得分要高于男生（t=一3．067,P〈0．05）,在“热爱祖国维度上”存在着及其显著的朝汉族差异,朝鲜族大学生得分要高于汉族学生（t=2．772,P〈0．01）;发展价值观在“与时俱进”维度上,男女之间存在着显著的差异,女生得分要高于男生（t=-2．505,P〈0．05）;荣辱观在“辛勤劳动”维度上,男女之间存在着显著的差异,男生得分要高于女生（t=2．274,P〈0．05）。结论大学生社会主义核心价值观总体水平是积极向上的,在教育过程中应加强对大学生社会主义荣辱观的教育,特别要注意男女性别的差异,积极培养大学生的爱国情感和民族自尊心。     

大学生完美主义现状及其对孤独感的影响-自尊的中介作用

目的探讨大学生完美主义现状及其与孤独感的关系。方法采用孤独感、自尊(RSES)、中文Frost多维完美主义(CFMPS)问卷为研究工具对275名大学生进行了统一问卷施测。结果 1全体大学生完美主义总体平均得分为80.741分,处于中等水平;2在完美主义的个人标准维度上,存在性别,以及是否独生子女的差异:男生得分显著高于女生(t=2.086,P0.05),独生子女得分显著高于非独生子女(t=2.048,P0.05);3大学生完美主义量表中的"担心错误"维度(Beta=5.686,P0.001)和"行动疑虑"维度(Beta=0.127,P0.05)能显著预测孤独感;自尊在"担心错误"维度起部分中介作用,在"行动疑虑"维度起完全中介作用。结论大学生完美主义能预测孤独感,自尊在其中起部分中介作用。     

大学生的阈下自闭特质及与共情能力的关系

目的:了解大学生的阈下自闭特质及与共情能力的关系,为高阈下自闭特质个体的筛查和干预提供依据。方法:方便抽选宁夏某高校大学生515名作为研究对象,选用自闭商数问卷(AQ)和共情商数问卷(EQ)探查大学生的阈下自闭特质及与共情能力的关系。结果:男性大学生在AQ分维度行为模式上的得分显著高于女性大学生(t=9.927,P0.01)。理科生在AQ总分(t=13.115,P0.001)及分维度心智阅读(t=24.974,P0.001)上的得分显著高于文科生。本科生在AQ分维度行为模式(t=-4.613,P0.05)、细节注意(t=-5.566,P0.05)上的得分显著低于研究生,在分维度社交性(t=13.498,P0.001)上的得分显著高于研究生。共情能力和AQ总分(r=-0.518,P0.01)及分维度社交性(r=-0.354,P0.01)、心智阅读(r=-0.644,P0.01)、注意转换(r=-0.352,P0.01)、细节注意(r=0.271,P0.01)显著相关,且共情能力对阈下自闭特质及这些分维度均有显著的预测作用。结论:阈下自闭特质在大学生中呈连续性分布,且共情能力影响阈下自闭特质水平。     

大学生学习倦怠与学习成就归因、学业自我效能感的关系

目的:探讨大学生学习倦怠与学习成就归因、学业自我效能感的关系。方法:采用青少年学习倦怠量表、学业成就归因量表与学业自我效能感量表对陕西省某高校200名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)大学生的身心耗竭得分在不同性别(t=-2.132,P0.05)、专业(t=3.572,P0.01)与年级(t=-6.558,P0.001)上存在不同程度的差异,表现为女生高于男生,文科高于理科,高年级组高于低年级组;大学生的学业疏离得分在不同专业上(t=3.158,P0.01)存在显著差异,文科高于理科;大学生的低成就感得分在专业(t=-3.686,P0.001)与年级(t=7.018,P0.001)上均存在极其显著的差异,理科高于文科,低年级组学生高于高年级组学生;(2)大学生身心耗竭和学业疏离维度与学习成就归因呈显著负相关(P0.05),与学业自我效能感呈非常显著的负相关(P0.01),大学生低成就感维度与学习成就归因、学业自我效能感呈不同程度的正相关(P0.05,P0.01)。结论:大学生学习倦怠与学习成就归因、学业自我效能感显著相关。     

大学生儿童期受虐与攻击性、自尊的关系

目的:了解大学生的儿童期虐待与攻击性、自尊的相关性,为大学生儿童期虐待干预提供依据。方法:使用攻击性问卷、儿童期虐待问卷、自尊量表对217名大学生进行调查。结果:儿童期虐待的发生率为19.81%;男生在儿童期虐待总均分及各维度上得分均高于女生,且差异显著(t=2.794,1.985,2.371,2.422,2.515;P0.05)。儿童期总分与攻击性总分及其各个维度呈正相关,且差异显著(r=0.142,P0.05;r=0.324~0.480,P0.01);自尊与儿童期虐待、攻击性各维度,除敌意维度外,均呈显著负相关(r=-0.172~0.563,P0.01)。受虐组在自尊水平得分上低于非受虐组,且差异显著(t=-4.968,P0.001);受虐组在除敌意外攻击性各维度得分均高于非受虐组,且差异显著(t=3.286,3.138,3.509,2.405,3.058;P0.05)。结论:大学生儿童期虐待与攻击性、自尊水平存在相关;且对于受虐大学生,自尊水平越高,攻击性越低。     

大学生完美主义与情绪智力、考试焦虑的关系

目的:探讨大学生完美主义与情绪智力、考试焦虑的关系。方法:采用中文版Frost完美主义心理量表、情绪智力量表与Sarason考试焦虑量表对陕西省某高校189名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)大学生的担心错误维度得分在不同性别(t=2.807,P0.01)与专业(t=-2.094,P0.05)上存在不同程度的差异,表现为男生高于女生,理工科高于文科;条理性维度得分在不同性别(t=-2.964,P0.01)与专业(t=2.678,P0.01)上均存在显著差异,表现为女生高于男生,文科高于理工科;(2)大学生完美主义与情绪智力、考试焦虑之间呈显著正相关(P0.05);(3)完美主义与情绪智力对考试焦虑有显著的预测作用。结论:大学生完美主义与情绪智力、考试焦虑显著相关。     

大学生心理资本与职业价值观的关系

目的:探讨大学生心理资本与职业价值观的关系,以及心理资本对职业价值观的影响程度。方法:采用大学生心理资本量表和职业价值观问卷对193名在校大学生进行测量,进而对心理资本和职业价值观进行相关分析和回归分析。结果:在自信方面,男生得分高于女生(t=2.27,P0.05);文史类学生比理工类学生在求知欲的得分高(t=-2.15,P0.05),担任学生干部比未担任学生干部的学生心理资本得分高(t=2.25,P0.05),担任学生干部的学生在职业价值观的声望地位得分高于非学生干部的学生(t=2.22,P0.05)。根据相关分析发现,大学生心理资本与职业价值观之间存在显著的正相关(r=0.48,P0.001),通过回归分析,发现大学生的心理资本对职业价值观具有一定的预测作用(t=4.714,P0.001)。结论:大学生心理资本中自强、随和、乐观对职业价值观具有显著的预测作用。     

短视频与大学生网络成瘾和人格特质的关系

目的:针对在校大学生,调查了解短视频的使用情况并探究短视频与网络成瘾和人格特质的关系。方法:抽取559名在校大学生,使用中文网络成瘾量表的修订版(CIAS—R)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)进行调查。结果:①使用短视频的女性大学生显著多于男性大学生(χ~2=4.389,P0.05),短视频使用率在年级上的差异性没有统计学意义(χ~2=2.246,P0.05);②是否使用短视频在网络成瘾和人格特质方面差异没有显著性(P0.05);③使用短视频频率高的大学生在网络成瘾总分(t=-2.761,P0.01)、强迫性上网(t=-2.434,P0.05)、戒断反应(t=-3.667,P0.001)、耐受性(t=-3.716,P0.001)的得分均显著高于使用短视频频率低的大学生,精神质维度得分显著低于使用频率低的大学生(t=2.081,P0.05);④每次使用短视频时间长的大学生在时间管理问题(t=-2.026,P0.05)、精神质维度(t=-3.626,P0.001)得分均显著高于使用时间短的大学生,掩饰性维度得分显著低于每次使用时间短的大学生(t=1.975,P0.05);⑤逐步回归分析结果显示,在P=0.01的显著性水平上,使用短视频的频率、内外向和神经质对网络成瘾有很好的预测作用。结论:女性大学生更喜欢使用短视频,使用短视频的频率越高且低内外向、高神经质的大学生网络成瘾倾向更高。     

广州大学生恋爱动机调查报告

目的:探讨恋爱动机(现实表现、尝试体验、慕才攀比和空虚满足)在广州大学生中是否存在显著的性别、是否独生子女、生源地及恋爱状况差异,为引导大学生正确对待恋爱提供实证依据和支持。方法:采用自编的广州大学生恋爱动机问卷对广州6所高校共436名大学生进行调查。结果:(1)男生在现实表现和尝试体验这两个维度上的得分要显著高于女生(t=5.20,2.21;P0.05);(2)非独生子女在慕才攀比和空虚满足这两个维度上得分显著高于独生子女(t=-2.34,2.69;P0.05);(3)生源地是农村和城镇的大学生,他们的现实表现型动机显著高于出生在城市的大学生(F=5.99,P0.01);生源地是农村的大学生,他们的慕才攀比型动机显著高于出生在城市的大学生(F=5.08,P0.01);(4)既从未恋爱,又无恋爱打算的大学生在各个维度上的得分均显著小于处于其它恋爱状况的大学生(F=3.33,7.83,3.00,6.39;P0.05)。结论:广州大学生的恋爱动机存在显著的性别、独生与否、生源地与恋爱状况的差异。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.