高中生父亲教养方式与自我妨碍的关系——以完美主义为中介

为探讨完美主义在父亲教养方式对高中生自我妨碍上的影响,采用父母教养方式评价量表、中文佛罗斯特完美主义问卷及自我妨碍量表,对无锡某中学285名高中生进行调查。研究表明:1父亲教养方式5个维度均与自我妨碍呈相关关系,其中父亲情感温暖理解与自我妨碍呈负相关,惩罚严厉、过分干涉、偏爱被试、拒绝否认和过度保护与自我妨碍呈正相关,消极完美主义(担心错误、父母期望、行动疑虑)与自我妨碍呈极其显著正相关,条理性维度与自我妨碍呈负相关;2复回归分析研究结果显示父亲教养方式通过消极完美主义部分或完全中介作用影响自我妨碍。     

高职生人际信任、人格特征与父母养育方式的关系

目的探讨高职大学生人际信任、人格特质与父母养育方式的关系,为高校心理健康教育工作提供科学依据。方法用父母养育方式量表(EMBU)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和人际信任量表(ITS)对311名高职生进行问卷调查,并采用SPSS11.5进行数据处理和相关分析。结果①父母养育方式如父母亲情感温暖与理解和精神质存在显著负相关,父亲惩罚严厉、父亲过分干涉、父亲拒绝否认、母亲拒绝否认、母亲严厉惩罚与精神质存在显著正相关;神经质与父母亲情感温暖与理解存在显著负相关,与父亲拒绝否认,父亲过度保护、母亲过分干涉过度保护、母亲拒绝否认、母亲惩罚严厉存在显著正相关;②人际信任与神经质(r=0.190,P0.01)、精神质(r=0.150,P0.01)呈正相关;③父母养育方式以人格特质中的精神质(t=3.405,P0.01)、神经质(t=1.985,P0.05)为中介间接影响人际信任。结论高职生父母养育方式对其人格特质有显著影响,高职生人格特质是影响其人际信任的重要心理因素。     

消极完美主义在父母教养方式与心理健康关系中的作用

目的考察完美主义在父母教养方式与心理健康关系中的作用。方法以355名大学生为被试,采用Frost多维完美主义量表（FMPS）、父母教养方式评价量表（EMBU）和症状自评量表（SCL-90）进行测量。结果积极完美主义与心理健康之间不存在显著相关（r=0.05～0.18）,但消极完美主义与父母教养方式、心理健康之间存在着普遍的显著相关（r=0.09～0.38,P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,并且父亲惩罚/严厉、过分干涉、偏爱被试、拒绝/否认、过度保护和母亲拒绝/否认对心理健康具有显著的预测作用。回归分析发现消极完美主义对父亲过分干涉、过分保护、母亲拒绝/否认与心理健康间具有部分中介效应;Sobel检验发现消极完美主义对父亲偏爱被试与心理健康间也具有部分中介效应（ZF4=1.03,P〈0.05）。结论父母教养方式以消极完美主义为中介,对心理健康具有预测作用。     

父母教养方式与社交焦虑的关系:拒绝敏感性、成人依恋的中介效应

目的 考察父母教养方式与社交焦虑的关系及拒绝敏感性、成人依恋的中介作用.方法 以257名大学生为被试,施测父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、拒绝敏感性量表、亲密关系体验量表中文版(ECR)和社交焦虑量表(IAS).结果 ①父母偏爱保护与社交焦虑呈显著正相关(r=0.186,P＜0.01);②在父母偏爱保护对社交焦虑的预测中,拒绝敏感性发挥了中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例为44.0％;③在父母偏爱保护对社交焦虑的预测中,依恋焦虑发挥了中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例为45.6％.结论 父母偏爱保护对社交焦虑有重要影响,并且会提高拒绝敏感性及依恋焦虑水平,从而导致社交焦虑.     

高中生抑郁症状与父母教养方式:感恩的中介作用北大核心CSCDCSSCI

目的:探讨感恩在父母教养方式与高中生抑郁症状之间的中介作用。方法:选取汶川地震后18个月都江堰地区1087名高中生幸存者,采用儿童抑郁障碍自评量表、父母教养方式量表、青少年感恩量表进行施测。结果:高中生抑郁症状检出率为32.4%;感恩在父母冷漠、自主性的教养方式与抑郁症状之间存在部分中介效应,中介效应占总效应的比例分别为25.4%和37.0%;感恩在父母过度保护的教养方式与抑郁症状之间存在完全中介效应。结论:父母对孩子较少的冷漠和较多的自主性有利于培养青少年的感恩,感恩对震后抑郁症状具有保护作用。     

医学生感恩与父母教养方式、人格关系

目的考察医学生感恩基本情况,讨论医学生的感恩与其父母教养方式、人格之间的关系。方法采用大学生感戴量表(SCSG)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)对河南某医学院校395名大学生集体施测。结果①在感戴总分上,女生得分高于男生(t=-2.95,P0.05);不同年级和不同生源地医学生在感戴密度上差异显著(F=2.630~2.659,P0.05);②除了父母亲偏爱,父母亲过度干涉外,其他父母教养方式均与感戴总分显著相关(r=-2.90~0.387,P0.01);③父亲情感温暖理解、精神质、内外向、母亲拒绝否认4个变量对感戴总分显著预测力(R2=0.275);④内外向(t=5.477,P0.05)在父亲情感温暖理解与感戴的总分之间起部分中介作用;内外向(t=6.825,P0.05)、精神质(t=-5.239,P0.05)在母亲拒绝否认与感戴总分之间起部分中介效应。结论①人格特征、父母教养方式能够在一定程度上预测医学生的感恩水平;②人格的内外向,精神质因子在父母教养方式两个因子上与感戴总分之间起部分中介效应。     

大学生非适应完美主义与父母不良教养方式的关系——自我价值感权变性的中介效应

目的:探讨大学生的自我价值感权变性对非适应性完美主义和父母不良教养方式的中介作用。方法:选取在校大学生265名[男生66人,女生197人,性别信息缺失2人;平均年龄19.9岁],采用近乎完美量表中文修订版(APS-R)中的不一致维度、父母权威问卷(PAQ)中的父母专制型和放任型分量表、自我价值感权变性量表(CSWS)测量非适应性完美主义、父母不良教养方式和自我价值感权变性。结果:男生CSWS的他人认同、竞争、学业表现、家庭支持4个维度得分均低于女生,而PAQ的父母专制、父母放任得分高于女生(P0.05或P0.01)。CSWS道德和神灵庇佑得分在父母专制与非适应完美主义关系中有部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例依次为14.4%和28.7%;CSWS神灵庇佑得分在父母放任与非适应性完美主义的关系中起完全中介作用,中介效应占总效应的比例为53.2%。结论:自我价值感权变性在父母不良教养方式和非适应性完美主义的关系中有重要中介作用。     

父母教养方式、人格与自尊的关系研究

目的探讨父母教养方式、人格与大学生自尊的关系。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)修订中文版、艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、自尊量表(SES)对260名大学生进行施测。结果①父母情感温暖理解、人格中的内外向维度与自尊呈显著正相关;②父亲拒绝否认、过度保护、母亲拒绝否认、惩罚严厉、人格中的神经质维度与自尊呈显著负相关;③结构方程模型分析表明,父亲教养方式对自尊的直接效应不显著(路径系数为0.13),父亲教养方式对人格的直接效应显著(路径系数为-0.34,P<0.01),人格对自尊的直接效应显著(路径系数为0.62,P<0.001)。而母亲教养方式对自尊的直接效应和对人格的直接效应均不显著。结论人格在父亲教养方式与自尊之间起完全中介作用,父亲教养方式能够通过影响人格的塑造而促进个体自尊水平的提高。     

父母教养方式与研究生职业延迟满足:自我分化的中介作用及城乡差异

目的:探索自我分化在父母教养方式和职业延迟满足关系中的中介作用及城乡差异。方法:采用父母教养方式问卷(PBI)、自我分化问卷(DSI-R)和职业延迟满足问卷(ODGS)对579名在读研究生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)职业延迟满足、自我分化和父母教养方式的四维度:关怀、自主性、冷漠/拒绝、过度保护存在显著的相关关系。(2)父母教养方式的冷漠/拒绝、过度保护分别通过自我分化的中介作用对职业延迟满足产生负面影响,自我分化在关怀与职业延迟满足之间的中介作用在农村群体中成立,在来自城镇的群体中不成立。结论:自我分化在父母教养方式的冷漠/拒绝维度和职业延迟满足以及过度保护和职业延迟满足中存在中介作用;自我分化的中介作用存在城乡差异。     

大学生人格特征、父母教养方式与其成就动机关系的研究

目的了解大学生成就动机状况,探讨父母教养方式、人格特征对大学生成就动机的影响。方法采用成就动机问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克人格问卷对150名大学生进行调查。结果①艾森克人格问卷的精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与大学生的成就动机存在显著的相关。②精神质、神经质、内外向3个维度与父母教养方式量表的各维度存在不同程度的相关。③大学生成就动机与父母教养方式大部分维度不存在显著的相关。④大学生人格特征,尤其是神经质、内外向两个维度是预测其成就动机的关键变量,父母亲情感温暖理解和过分干涉以及父亲拒绝否认、母亲过分干涉、母亲过度保护是预测个体人格特征的关键变量。结论大学生父母教养方式对其人格特征有显著影响,大学生人格特征对其成就动机有显著影响。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.