大学生自尊与主观幸福感的关系:应对方式的中介作用

目的探讨应对方式在大学生自尊与主观幸福感之间所起的潜在中介作用,为大学生心理健康教育工作提供科学依据和指导。方法采用生活满意度量表、积极消极情感量表、Rosenberg自尊量表和简易应对方式问卷对286名大学生进行问卷调查,并运用结构方程模型技术探讨应对方式在自尊与主观幸福感之间所起的中介作用。结果相关分析发现自尊和积极应对与生活满意度和积极情绪显著正相关(r=0.15~0.42,P0.05);自尊与消极情绪显著负相关(r=0.48,P0.001);消极应对方式与消极情绪显著正相关(r=0.30,P0.001);自尊与积极应对方式显著正相关(r=0.27,P0.001),与消极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.23,P0.001)。中介效应分析发现,消极应对在自尊与主观幸福感之间的关系中起部分中介作用(β=0.08,P0.05)。结论自尊既可以直接影响主观幸福感,也可以通过消极应对的中介作用间接影响主观幸福感。     

高三学生生活事件、应对方式与主观幸福感的关系

目的了解高三学生生活事件、应对方式与主观幸福感的关系,并探讨应对方式的调节作用。方法采用青少年生活事件量表、中学生应对方式量表、生活满意度和情感平衡量表对237名高三学生进行测查。结果①学习压力(β=-0.272,t=-2.464,P0.05)、受惩罚(β=-0.047,t=-2.486,P0.05)是影响高三学生主观幸福感的主要影响因素;生活事件总应激量对主观幸福感影响显著;②问题解决(β=1.881,t=3.572,P0.001)、退避(β=1.605,t=2.652,P0.01)、忍耐(β=-1.028,t=-1.993,P0.05)对生活满意度的影响显著;求助(β=-0.189,t-2.074,P0.05)对正性情感具有显著影响。结论①重要生活事件对高三学生主观幸福感有显著影响;②积极应对对主观幸福感具有良好的预测作用;③积极方式的调节作用显著。     

青少年家庭教养方式、应对方式对主观幸福感的影响

目的:探讨青少年家庭教养方式、应对方式对主观幸福感的影响。方法:采用父母教养方式评价量表、总体幸福感量表、简易应对方式问卷对沧州市400名青少年进行问卷调查。结果:1青少年主观幸福感得分79.77分,其中男生的主观幸福感总分为80.97分,女生的主观幸福感总分为78.24分,均显著高于全国常模(75,71,P0.05);2男生在对生活的满足和兴趣、精力、对感情和行为的控制的3个维度以及幸福感总分上显著高于女生(t=2.345,2.251,2.989,2.191;P0.05);3家庭教养方式和应对方式是影响主观幸福感的重要因素;青少年的积极应对方式与主观幸福感的5个维度有显著的相关(r=0.288,-0.137,0.290,0.241,0.113;P0.05),消极应对方式与主观幸福感的4个维度也呈显著相关(r=-0.052,0.102,-0.143,-0.158;P0.05)。家庭教养方式中拒绝、过度保护维度与主观幸福感的4个维度存在显著负相关(r=-0.279,-0.157,-0.218,-0.178;P0.05),情感温暖与其则存在显著正相关(r=0.312,0.194,0.252,0.185;P0.05);4父亲拒绝、母亲过度保护、积极应对和消极应对4个因子对主观幸福感有显著预测作用。结论:1青少年的主观幸福感处于中等偏上水平,男生的主观幸福感显著高于女生;2总体来说,青少年中男生在对生活的满足和兴趣、精力与对感情和行为的控制3个维度上的幸福感高于女生;3家庭教养方式与应对方式是影响青少年主观幸福感的重要因素,它们对主观幸福感具有良好的预测作用。     

大学生主观幸福感与生活事件:情绪智力的作用

目的探讨大学生情绪智力在主观幸福感与生活事件之间的作用模型。方法采用随机整群抽样的方法对北京师范大学及北京航空航天大学169名本科生进行问卷调查。结果 1生活事件与大学生主观幸福感、情绪智力均呈显著负相关(r=-0.33,P0.01;r=-0.16,P0.01),情绪智力与主观幸福感存在显著正相关(r=0.26,P0.01);2表达情绪能力能直接影响主观幸福感(β=0.28,P0.01);3理解和推理他人情绪的能力在主观幸福感—生活事件中起缓冲效应(β=-0.26,P0.01),即较低或者中等程度的理解和推理他人情绪的能力能缓解生活事件对主观幸福感的负面影响。结论大学生情绪智力对主观幸福感—生活事件既存在主效应,又存在缓冲效应。     

贫困大学生自尊、应对方式和主观幸福感的关系

目的探讨贫困大学生的应对方式、自尊与其主观幸福感的关系。方法采用自尊量表、主观幸福感指数量表、特质应对方式问卷对青海和宁夏两省2所高校203名贫困大学生进行统一问卷调查。结果①贫困大学生的主观幸福感总分(t=1.98,P0.05)和消极应对(t=2.47,P0.01)存在显著性别差异;②自尊(r=0.346,P0.005)、积极应对(r=0.361,P0.005)与主观幸福感总分呈显著正相关,消极应对与主观幸福感总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.228,P0.01);③应对方式在自尊和主观幸福感之间存在部分中介效应。结论贫困大学生的自尊不仅直接影响其主观幸福感,还通过应对方式间接影响主观幸福感。     

生活事件与应对方式对青少年情绪性进食的影响

目的:研究青少年情绪性进食的情况,考察生活事件、应对方式与情绪性进食的关系。方法:采用荷兰进食行为问卷、青少年生活事件量表及中学生应对方式量表对长沙市3所中学中随机抽取的606名中学生进行测评。结果:1女生的情绪性进食得分显著高于男生(t=-2.097,P0.05);2情绪性进食得分与生活事件(r=0.49,P0.001)及情绪指向应对方式(r=0.45,P0.001)正相关;3控制性别的影响后,生活事件及情绪指向应对方式均能显著预测情绪性进食(R2=0.343;P0.001);4控制性别后,人际关系(B=0.465,P0.01)、学习压力(B=0.700,P0.001)和其他(B=0.988,P=0.001)以及发泄情绪(B=0.519,P0.05)和幻想否认(B=0.405,P0.05)对情绪性进食预测显著。结论:生活事件量及采取情绪指向应对方式会增加个体情绪性进食的倾向。     

大学生主观幸福感与价值观及父母教养方式的关系

目的探讨大学生主观幸福感与价值观、父母教养方式的关系。方法采用大学生主观幸福感量表、价值观研究量表和父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU),对山东某高校284名大学生进行测查。结果①主观幸福感总分与宗教型价值观呈显著负相关(r=-0.16,P0.01),其生活满意、社会性行为、人际关系和精力维度与经济型价值观呈显著正相关(r=0.12~0.16,P0.05);②主观幸福感与父母情感温暖、理解呈显著正相关(r=0.15~0.16,P0.05),与父母拒绝否认、惩罚严厉、过分干涉保护呈显著负相关(r=-0.14~-0.35,P0.05)。结论持经济型价值观的大学生,其主观幸福感不一定高,但生活满意度较高;父母采用情感温暖、理解的教养方式,大学生主观幸福感较高,而采用拒绝否认、过分干涉保护及惩罚严厉的教养方式,大学生主观幸福感较低。     

留守初中生心理健康状况与应对方式的关系研究

目的了解与探讨农村初中生的心理健康状况以及与应对方式之间的关系。方法采用中学生应对方式量表、中学生心理健康量表对阆中市千佛片区508名初中生进行调查分析。结果①留守初中生与非留守初中生在心理健康量表上的得分均〉2分,两者在强迫症状因子得分上差异显著（t=-4.362,P〈0.01）留守中学生显著高于非留守中学生;②留守学生中男生与女生在心理健康量表上强迫、偏执等7个因子得分上存在显著性差异（t=-4.362~0.867,P〈0.05）,其中女生得分要比男生高;③留守中学生采取的积极应对方式中：问题解决与偏执、抑郁、学习压力、适应不良、情绪不稳定得分呈显著负相关（r=-0.197~-0.107,P〈0.05）,积极合理化的解释与偏执、学习压力、适应不良、情绪不稳定得分呈显著负相关（r=-0.123~-0.092,P〈0.05）;消极应对方式中：忍耐因子除人际关系和适应不良外的8个因子得分均呈显著正相关（r=0.10~0.180,P〈0.05）,逃避因子与除强迫症状以外的9个因子均呈显著正相关（r=0.140~0.216,P〈0.05）,发泄情绪因子得分与除抑郁以外的9个因子得分均呈显著正相关（r=0.157~0.275,P〈0.05）,否认幻想因子得分与心理健康量表的10个因子得分均呈显著正相关（r=0.145~0.291,P〈0.05）。结论留守学生存在轻度的心理问题,应对方式可能是影响心理健康的一个因素,女生心理问题的检出率高于男生。     

Relationship between Security and Coping Styles of Left-behind Children

目的 探讨初中阶段留守儿童安全感与应对方式的特点及两者之间的关系,为留守儿童心理健康教育提供科学依据.方法 采用修订后的马斯洛安全感一不安全感问卷和中学生应对方式量表对493名农村初中生进行测查.结果 ①初二和初三年级留守儿童的人际信任感明显高于初一(F=3.15,P＜0.05),男生的自信感水平高于女生(t=2.71,P＜0.01),但指向问题的应对得分上显著低于女生(t=-2.94,P＜0.01)；②除情绪安全感外,留守儿童的安全感及其他因子与指向问题的应对呈显著正相关(r=0.26,0.26,0.29;P＜0.01),安全感及各因子与指向情绪的应对呈显著负相关(r=-0.35,-0.15,-0.14,-0.30；P＜0.01)；③人际安全感能正向预测指向问题的应对(t=5.67,P＜0.01),情绪安全感能负向预测指向情绪的应对(t=-5.53,P＜0.01).结论 留守儿童的安全感与应对方式之间的关系密切.     

中学生应激与应对方式:情绪弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨情绪弹性在中学生应激和应对方式间的中介作用。方法:采用问卷调查法,运用青少年生活事件量表、青少年情绪弹性量表和中学生应对方式量表对800名中学生进行调查。结果:1中学生应激、情绪弹性和应对方式三者间两两显著相关。应激与积极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.138,P0.01),而与消极应对方式显著正相关(r=-0.310,P0.01);情绪弹性与应激显著负相关(r=-0.372,P0.01);情绪弹性与积极应对显著正相关(r=0.312,P0.01),与消极应对显著负相关(r=-0.298,P0.01);2情绪弹性在应激与积极应对间起到完全中介作用;情绪弹性在应激与消极应对间有部分中介作用。结论:应激和情绪弹性都是影响应对方式的重要因素,情绪弹性在应对方式中起中介作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.