大学生学业自我效能感、学业情绪与学习适应性

目的 了解大学生学业自我效能感、学业情绪与学习适应性的关系.方法 采用《大学生学业自我效能感问卷》、《大学生一般学业情绪问卷》以及《大学生学习适应量表》测量了425名大学生.运用SPSS 20.0进行统计学处理.结果 学业情绪中的积极高唤醒、积极低唤醒与学业自我效能感、学习适应性均存在显著正相关(r=0.484,0.529,0.586,0.439;P＜0.01);消极高唤醒、消极低唤醒与学业自我效能感、学习适应性均存在显著负相关(r=-0.153,-0.324,-0.310,-0.611;P＜0.01).分层回归表明,当学业情绪4个维度,积极高唤醒、积极低唤醒、消极高唤醒和消极低唤醒分别进入回归方程时,学业自我效能感对学习适应性的预测效应为(△R2=0.020,0.023,0.111,0.040;P＜0.001).结论 学业情绪的4个维度在学业自我效能感和学习适应性之间起着部分中介作用.     

大学生自我控制在手机依赖和学业拖延中的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生自我控制在手机依赖和学业拖延间的中介作用。方法:选取315名大学生,采用手机依赖指数量表(MPAI)、大学生自我控制量表(SCS)以及学业拖延量表(PASS)进行测量,使用回归分析、Bootstrap程序及结构方程模型来检验自我控制的中介作用。结果:手机依赖得分与学业拖延显著正相关(r=0.22,P0.01);与自我控制量表得分显著负相关(r=-0.29,P0.01);学业拖延与自我控制量表得分显著负相关(r=-0.19,P0.01);自我控制在手机依赖和学业拖延之间起部分中介作用。结论:大学生手机依赖对学业拖延有显著的影响,自我控制是重要的中介变量。     

职业决策自我效能感在青少年未来取向与职业决策困难间的中介作用

目的:探讨职业决策自我效能在中职生未来取向与职业决策困难之间的关系中是否存在中介作用,为减少中职生职业决策困难提供实证依据和支持。方法:采用青少年未来取向问卷、职业决策自我效能量表和职业决策困难量表对700名广东省珠三角地区中职生进行调查。结果:职业决策困难与未来认知、未来情感与未来意志行为均呈负相关(r=-0.42,-0.21,-0.49;P均0.01),与职业决策自我效能呈显著负相关(r=-0.56,P0.01);职业决策自我效能与未来认知、未来情感与未来意志行为呈显著正相关(r=0.44,0.16,0.58;P均0.01)。职业决策自我效能在未来认知与职业决策困难关系中,具有部分中介作用(Z=-5.01,P0.001),职业决策自我效能在未来情感与职业决策困难关系中,具有部分中介作用(Z=-3.46,P0.001),职业决策自我效能在未来意志行为与职业决策困难关系中,具有部分中介作用(Z=-4.10,P0.001)。结论:中职生的未来认知、未来情感和未来意志行为既可直接影响职业决策困难,也可以通过职业决策自我效能的中介作用影响职业决策困难。     

大学生学业压力对学业倦怠的影响核心自我评价的调节作用

目的考察大学生的核心自我评价在学业压力与学业倦怠关系中的调节作用。方法采用《大学生学业压力量表》、《大学生学业倦怠量表》和《核心自我评价量表》对942名大学生进行测查。结果积差相关分析结果表明核心自我评价与学业压力、学业倦怠呈显著负相关(r=-0.21~-0.46,P0.01),学业压力与学业倦怠呈显著正相关(r=0.07~0.23,P0.05)。层次回归分析结果显示核心自我评价负向预测学业倦怠各因子(β=-0.16~-0.46,P0.01);学业压力正向预测情绪低落和行为不当(β=0.18~0.22,P0.01);核心自我评价在学业压力与行为不当、学业压力与成就感低两者中存在显著的调节作用(β=-0.09,P0.01)。结论大学生的学业压力促进学业倦怠的产生,但核心自我评价能够缓解学业压力对学业倦怠的影响。     

情绪智力高的个体何以更少采用自我妨碍策略

目的:探究医学院大学生的情绪智力、人格特质与自我妨碍之间的关系。方法:采用自我妨碍量表、情绪智力问卷、艾森克人格问卷简式量表对428名医学院大学生进行问卷调查。结果:1大学生自我妨碍与情绪智力、内外向显著负相关(r=-0.117,-0.189;P0.05或0.01),与神经质呈显著正相关(r=0.413,P0.01);情绪智力与内外向呈显著正相关(r=0.304,P0.01),与神经质呈显著负相关(r=-0.169,P0.01);内外向与神经质呈显著负相关(r=-0.192,P0.01);2内外向和神经质人格特质在情绪智力与自我妨碍间有完全中介作用,情绪智力通过内外向、神经质间接影响自我妨碍。其中神经质在情绪智力与自我妨碍间的中介作用最大,占情绪智力总效应的56.5%。结论:人格特质在情绪智力与自我妨碍的关系中有中介作用;内外向和神经质对自我妨碍的影响不同。     

大学生完美主义与学业拖延的关系:反刍思维的中介作用

目的:探究反刍思维在完美主义与学业拖延中的中介作用。方法:本研究使用中文版Frost多维度完美主义量表(FMPS)、反刍思维量表(RRS)和学业拖延量表(PASS)对568名大学生进行测查。结果:(1)积极完美主义与反刍思维(r=-0.13,P0.01)、学业拖延(r=-0.17,P0.001)存在负相关,消极完美主义与反刍思维(r=0.51,P0.001)、学业拖延(r=0.22,P0.001)存在正相关,反刍思维与学业拖延存在显著正相关(r=0.40,P0.001);(2)反刍思维在消极完美主义与学业拖延间起完全中介作用,中介效应占45.48%,在积极完美主义和学业拖延间起部分中介作用,中介效应占29.01%。结论:完美主义和反刍思维是影响学业拖延的重要因素。     

中学生应激与应对方式:情绪弹性的中介作用

目的:探讨情绪弹性在中学生应激和应对方式间的中介作用。方法:采用问卷调查法,运用青少年生活事件量表、青少年情绪弹性量表和中学生应对方式量表对800名中学生进行调查。结果:1中学生应激、情绪弹性和应对方式三者间两两显著相关。应激与积极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.138,P0.01),而与消极应对方式显著正相关(r=-0.310,P0.01);情绪弹性与应激显著负相关(r=-0.372,P0.01);情绪弹性与积极应对显著正相关(r=0.312,P0.01),与消极应对显著负相关(r=-0.298,P0.01);2情绪弹性在应激与积极应对间起到完全中介作用;情绪弹性在应激与消极应对间有部分中介作用。结论:应激和情绪弹性都是影响应对方式的重要因素,情绪弹性在应对方式中起中介作用。     

大学生家庭社会经济地位与职业决策困难的关系

目的:探讨大学生家庭社会经济地位与职业决策困难的关系及职业决策自我效能和心理韧性在其中的作用。方法:选取628名大学生,分别采用家庭社会经济地位调查表(SESQ)、职业决策困难问卷(CDDQ)、职业决策自我效能量表(CDSES)和心理韧性量表(CD-RISC)测量大学生的家庭社会经济地位、职业决策困难、职业决策自我效能和心理韧性。结果:SESQ得分与CDDQ总分负相关(r=-0.13,P<0.01),SESQ得分与CDSE总分正相关(r=0.19,P<0.01),CDSE总分与CDDQ总分负相关(r=-0.54,P<0.01)。CDSE总分在SESQ得分和CDDQ总分关系中的中介效应有统计学意义,中介效应占总效应的77.1%;CD-RISC总分调节了SESQ得分和CDSE总分的关系(β=0.06,P<0.05)。结论:大学生的职业决策自我效能在家庭社会经济地位与职业决策困难的负相关关系中起中介作用,而心理韧性可以调节家庭社会经济地位和职业决策自我效能的关系。     

大学生社会支持与主观幸福感的关系:自我和谐的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生社会支持、自我和谐与主观幸福感之间的关系.方法:采用社会支持评定量表、自我和谐量表、生活满意度量表以及情感量表测量360名在校大学生.结果:①社会支持、自我和谐、生活满意度以及积极情感两两之间存在显著的正相关(r在0.12至0.28之间,P＜0.05);社会支持、自我和谐与消极情感存在显著的负相关(r=-0.28,r=-0.47,P＜0.001).②自我和谐在社会支持与生活满意度之间发挥着完全中介作用,当自我和谐进入回归方程时,社会支持对生活满意度的预测效应不再显著(β=0.10,t=1.87,P=0.06);自我和谐在社会支持与消极情感之间发挥着部分中介作用,当自我和谐进入回归方程时,社会支持对消极情感的预测效应从-0.28降为-0.16(t=-3.21,P=0.001).③通过构建结构方程模型进一步验证了自我和谐是社会支持与主观幸福感关系中的中介变量.结论:社会支持通过自我和谐的中介影响主观幸福感.     

大学生主动性人格与职业决策困难的关系:领悟社会支持与基本心理需要的中介作用

目的:考察大学生主动性人格、领悟社会支持、基本心理需要满足、职业决策困难的关系。方法:采用主动性人格量表、领悟社会支持量表、基本心理需要满足量表以及职业决策困难量表对574名大学生进行测量。结果:①相关分析表明,主动性人格与领悟社会支持、基本心理需要满足呈显著正相关(r=0.46,0.63;P0.01),与大学生职业决策困难呈显著负相关(r=-0.40,P0.01);②结构方程模型分析表明,主动性人格对职业决策困难直接效应显著,领悟社会支持、基本心理需要满足在主动性人格与大学生职业决策困难之间起中介作用,效应量分别为25%和18.3%,同时领悟社会支持-基本心理需要满足的链式中介效应也显著,效应量为5%。结论:主动性人格可以直接预测大学生职业决策困难,又可通过领悟社会支持与基本心理需要满足间接影响大学生职业决策困难。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.