421名新兵的心理健康水平与应付方式

目的:量化评估某部新兵心理健康状况与应付方式。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、应付方式问卷对2013年首次夏秋季入伍的421名新兵进行团体测定。结果:1与地方常模比较,新兵在症状自评量表(SCL-90)躯体、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性因子上显著增高(t=6.311,5,265,2.526,5.514,4.101,5.757;P0.05);与新兵常模比较,新兵在SCL-90躯体因子上显著增高(t=2.241,P0.05),在人际关系、偏执、精神病性因子上显著降低(t=-3.017,-4,630,-2,451;P0.05);与军人常模比较,新兵在SCL-90躯体、强迫、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、精神病性、总分因子上显著增高(t=6.601,7.100,5.414,5.042,6.695,3.215,3.384,4.585,5.264;P0.05);2新兵在应付方式解决问题、求助因子上显著高于军人常模(t=42.972,8.122;P0.05),而自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子显著降低(t=-27.736,-17.066,-11.180,-21.248;P0.05);3新兵SCL-90总分及各因子与解决问题、求助因子呈负相关(P0.05),与自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子呈正相关(P0.05);4对心理健康影响大小依次是自责、幻想、解决问题、合理化。结论:新兵心理健康水平总体较好,应对方式成熟,但存在一些心身上的不良反应,有必要针对性的加强心理引导及重视新兵成熟型应付方式的培养。     

东南沿海部队飞行员心理健康与应对方式

目的:研究东南沿海部队飞行员心理健康状况及其与应对方式的关系,为航空兵部队心理健康教育及心理疏导工作提供参考依据。方法:随机选取东南沿海部队飞行员200名(歼击机与直升机飞行员各100名)进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)及应对方式问卷(CSQ)测试,研究东南沿海部队飞行员心理健康状况及其与应对方式的关系。结果:(1)SCL-90测评结果:除恐怖因子分外,东南沿海部队飞行员SCL-90总分及其余因子分均明显低于中国军人常模(t=-5.040,-2.696,-4.911,-8.289,-5.529,-3.895,-4.649,-6.187,-4.759;P0.01);东南沿海部队歼击机飞行员SCL-90总分、敌对因子分明显高于东南沿海部队直升机飞行员(t=2.524,2.239;P0.05),其余因子分与直升机飞行员无明显差别(P0.05);(2)CSQ测评结果:东南沿海部队飞行员应对方式中解决问题、求助因子分明显高于中国军人常模(t=23.214,6.164;P0.01),退避、合理化、幻想和自责因子分明显低于中国军人常模(t=-6.565,-10.682,-10.815,-17.000;P0.01);(3)东南沿海部队飞行员SCL-90总分与应对方式各因子均显著相关(r=-0.128,-0.116,0.407,0.388,0.333,0.224;P0.05),其中与解决问题、求助呈显著负相关(r=-0.128,-0.116;P0.05),与自责、幻想、退避和合理化呈显著正相关(r=0.407,0.388,0.333,0.224;P0.05),SCL-90各因子分与自责、幻想、退避因子分均呈正相关(r=0.122~0.450,P0.05)。结论:东南沿海部队飞行员的心理健康状况良好,与其较少选择消极(不成熟)的应对方式解决问题有关,在心理健康教育中应引导飞行员少选择消极(不成熟)的应对方式,以提高飞行员的心理素质。     

地方院校大学生应对方式与心理适应能力

目的了解地方院校大学生的应对方式特点及其与心理适应能力的关系。方法采用应对方式问卷和心理适应能力问卷对728名地方院校大学生进行问卷调查。结果地方院校大学生的应对方式趋于成熟;男女大学生在解决问题(t=2.02,P0.05)、求助(t=-2.41,P0.05)和幻想(t=-4.17,P0.01)因子上差异显著;专科生和本科生在解决问题(t=2.41,P0.05)、自责(t=-2.60,P0.05)、求助(t=4.21,P0.01)、退避(t=-2.34,P0.05)、合理化(t=-2.58,P0.05)因子上差异显著;独生子女和非独生子女在退避(t=2.10,P0.05)因子上差异显著;来自城镇与农村的大学生在退避(t=2.21,P0.05)因子上差异显著;不同心理适应能力的大学生在解决问题[F(4,723)=31.99,P0.01]、求助[F(4,723)=20.43,P0.01]、自责[F(4,723)=25.79,P0.01]、幻想[F(4,723)=19.09,P0.01]、退避[F(4,723)=16.78,P0.01]、合理化[F(4,723)=5.85,P0.01]上差异显著;大学生应对方式因子与心理适应能力呈显著相关;多元回归分析发现,解决问题、自责、求助和幻想因子能够预测心理适应能力。结论应对方式与心理适应能力有密切关系。     

某高校壮族大学生心理健康状况及其与应对方式的相关

目的:了解壮族在校大学生的心理健康状况,并探讨与应对方式的关系,为促进壮族大学生心理健康水平提供理论支持。方法:选取1284名壮族大学生对其采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)及应对方式问卷进行调查,并对结果进行统计分析。结果:广西壮族大学男生在应对方式的解决问题、幻想、退避、合理化、自责等因子方面得分均高于壮族女生,差异均有统计学意义(t=5.928,7.269,13.267,13.549,9.687;P0.01);求助因子女生显著高于男生,差异也有统计学意义(t=-3.212,P0.01)。壮族大学生的心理健康状况各因子得分与全国大学生常模相比较均较低,并且存在统计学差异(t=-4.882,-10.128,-22.954,-20.054,-12.653,-18.383,-8.656,-22.729,-17.073;P0.01)。壮族大学生心理健康各因子与应对方式的解决问题、求助因子呈现负相关关系;心理健康除躯体化因子外,其他因子与应对方式的自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子间均呈现正相关关系。自责因子进入了强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑、精神病性等因子回归方程,分别解释变异的10.4%、18.9%、18.7%、8.5%、14.6%。结论:壮族大学生的应对方式对心理健康状况起到重要影响。     

地方院校大学生应对方式特点研究

目的了解地方院校大学生的应对方式特点,为有针对性地开展心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用应付方式问卷（CSQ）、症状自评量表（SCL-90）、社会支持量表（SSQS）对605名大学生进行问卷调查。结果大学生在应对方式上趋于成熟;不同院校大学生在解决问题、自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子上差异显著（P＆lt;0.01）;来自城市与农村的大学生在在求助、自责、幻想、退避因子上差异显著（P＆lt;0.05）;大学生应对方式因子与SCL-90所有因子呈显著相关（P＆lt;0.01）,与社会支持因子存在相关（P＆lt;0.01）。结论根据应对方式特点,提高应对方式水平,开展心理健康教育。     

监狱干警心理健康状况及应对方式的中介效应研究

目的 研究监狱干警心理健康状况,并考察应对方式在生活满意度及心理健康状况之间的中介效应.方法 采用SCL-90、生活满意指数A量表和应对方式量表对190名重庆监狱干警进行问卷调查.结果 ①监狱干警心理健康状况总体低于全国常模(t=2.13,P＜0.01);②SCL- 90得分与生活满意度、解决问题显著负相关(r=-0.52,-0.28;P＜0.01),与自责、幻想、退避、合理化呈显著正相关(t=0.58,0.25,0.48,0.52;P＜0.01);③应对方式中解决问题、自责、退避和合理化4个因子在生活满意度和心理健康水平之间存在部分中介效应.结论 生活满意度不仅可以直接对监狱干警的心理健康状况造成影响,还通过解决问题、自责、退避和合理化间接影响监狱干警心理健康状况.     

中师生心理健康与应对方式的相关研究

目的 :探讨中师生心理健康水平与应付行为的关系。方法 :采用症状自评量表 (SCL - 90 )和应付方式量表进行测查。结果 :解决问题和求助应对方式与SCL - 90各因子呈负相关 ,自责、幻想、退避、合理化应对方式与SCL- 90各因子呈高度正相关。有心理问题组与无心理问题组在“解决问题”、“自责”、“退避”、“合理化”应对方式上存在明显的差异。结论 :采用积极、成熟的应对方式有利于中师生维持良好的心理健康状态     

县城医疗机构医护人员的人格特征和应对方式

目的研究县城医护人员人格特征和应对方式状况以及相关关系。方法使用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和肖计划的应对方式问卷对河南省沈丘县的4所医院共390位医护人员进行调查,有效问卷365份。结果①不同性别和不同职位的医护人员在L因子上存在显著差异(t=-2.336,P<0.05;t=-2.995,P<0.01);②不同性别的医护人员在自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子上存在显著差异(t=-2.044,-2.519;P<0.05;t=-2.816,P<0.01;t=2.484,P<0.05);不同年龄层的医护人员在解决问题、合理化因子上存在差异(t=2.205,2.043;P<0.05);不同职位的医护人员在解决问题、自责、幻想、退避因子上存在显著差异(t=2.902,-2.671,-2.872,-3.288;P<0.01);不同婚姻状况的医护人员在合理化因子上存在差异(t=2.280,P<0.05);③解决问题、自责、求助、幻想、退避各因子与P因子显著相关(r=-0.285,0.212,-0.149,0.234,0.146;P<0.01);解决问题、自责、求助各因子与E因子存在显著相关(r=0.270,-0.151,0.314;P<0.01);解决问题、自责、幻想、退避、合理化各因子与N因子存在显著相关(r=-0.199,0.409,0.502,0.354,0.245;P<0.01);自责、幻想、退避、合理化因子与L因子存在显著相关(r=-0.171,-0.223,-0.144,-0.240;P<0.01)。结论该县的医护人员中≥30岁的男性医生更多地采用积极的应对方式;而女性、<30岁护士更多地采用自责幻想退避的消极应对方式;人格特征和应对方式之间存在密切的关系。     

河北警院新学员心理健康状况与应对方式的关系

目的:了解河北警院新警院学员的心理健康状况,分析应对方式与心理健康水平的关系,为新形势下开展心理服务工作提供决策支撑。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和应对方式问卷组织河北公安警察学院普招班学员进行了心理测试。结果:(1)警校学员心理健康问题发生率21.17%。河北警院学员在躯体化、强迫症状、人际敏感、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性9项因子分数都高于全国青年组常模,并且有显著差异(t=5.16~11.86,P0.001);(2)不同专业学员在躯体化、人际敏感、抑郁、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性、其他及总均分上得分差异显著(F=2.64~4.32,P0.05);(3)警校学员对各种应对方式的使用程度依次为解决问题、求助、退避、合理化、幻想和自责;(4)积极的应对方式与SCL-90的各因子分数呈现显著的负相关(r=-0.184~-0.290;P0.05)。消极的应对方式与SCL-90各因子得分呈显著的正相关(r=0.214~0.468;P0.05)。合理化这一混合型应付方式与除人际关系敏感外的其他因子均相关显著(r=0.220~0.348;P0.05);(5)应对方式的自责、问题解决、退避、幻想均进入回归方程,对心理健康有很好的预测作用。结论:警校新学员心理健康状况较差,大多学员采用成熟的应对方式,应对方式对于心理健康有一定预测作用,且成熟型的应对方式有利于维护心理健康。     

421名新兵的状态—特质焦虑与相关因素

目的:量化评估某部新兵状态-特质焦虑的特点及与相关因素间的关系。方法:采用状态-特质量表、应对方式问卷、症状自评量表、自尊量表对2013年首次夏秋季入伍421名新兵进行团体测定。结果:1新兵状态-特质焦虑与全国常模差异显著(t=4.077,4.222;P0.05);新兵的状态焦虑显著低于中国大学生常模(t=-5.468,P0.05),特质焦虑与中国大学生常模无显著差异;2独生子女在状态-特质焦虑上显著高于非独生子女(t=3.439,2.884;P0.05);来自城市与农村的新兵在状态焦虑、特质焦虑上无显著差异;3状态焦虑、特质焦虑分别与解决问题、求助和自尊呈显著负相关(P0.01),与自责、幻想、退避、合理化及SCL-90因子及总分呈显著正相关(P0.01),状态焦虑与特质焦虑呈正相关(P0.01);4对状态焦虑影响大小依次是特质焦虑、抑郁、自尊、躯体化、解决问题;对特质焦虑影响大小依次是状态焦虑、自尊、自责、人际关系、解决问题。结论:新兵的状态-特质焦虑高于中国全国常模,状态焦虑低于中国大学生,独生子女出现较多状态-特质焦虑,状态-特质焦虑与自尊、应对方式、心理健康关系密切,对状态-特质焦虑共同影响的因子是自尊和解决问题。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.