大学生健康人格问卷的编制

目的:编制适合我国大学生的健康人格问卷.方法:根据访谈、开放式问卷施测结果及理论假设,编制大学生健康人格问卷;检验了问卷的同质性信度、重测信度、结构效度等.结果:探索性因素分析确定量表含自我和谐、自我-社会和谐、实践活动能力三个因素,解释总变异的54.8％.三个维度和总问卷的内部一致性系数为0.82-0.94,分半信度为0.70-0.85,重测信度为0.73-0.84.验证性因素分析表明问卷的三因素模型各项参数(RMSEA=0.07,NFI=0.95,NNFI=0.96,CFI=0.94,GFI=0.95)均达到可以接受的水平.三个维度及总问卷与自尊、主观幸福感有显著正相关;与SCL-90有显著负相关.结论:该问卷具有较好的信度和效度,可用于大学生健康人格的测试.     

大学生一般学业情绪问卷的编制

目的:编制一个大学生一般学业情绪问卷。方法:采用理论与工作分析的方法编制问卷,并在323名大学生中进行测验,以检验问卷的信度和效度。结果:问卷由羞愧、焦虑、气愤、兴趣、愉快、希望、失望、厌烦、自豪、放松10个分测验组成。信度检验结果α系数在0.641～0.887之间,重测信度在0.563～0.866之间。探索性因素分析结果显示,10种情绪又分属于消极高唤醒(羞愧、焦虑、气愤)、积极高唤醒(兴趣、愉快、希望)、消极低唤醒(失望和厌烦)、积极低唤醒(自豪和放松)四个维度。各分测验之间的相关以及与积极/消极情感量表、中国大学生适应量表总分呈中度相关。结论:大学生一般学业情绪问卷是一个可以反映大学生的特点、符合心理测量学要求的学业情绪评估问卷。     

公务员工作价值观量表的初步编制

目的:初步编制一个针对公务员群体的工作价值观量表,并进行心理测量学检验.方法:在理论和访谈的基础上构建测验,以重测信度、Cronbach's α系数检验量表的信度,以结构效度和效标效度检验量表的效度.结果:全量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.879.两个分量表的Cronbach's α系数分别为0.917、0.813,两周后全量表的重测信度为0,848.探索性因素分析在两个分量表中分别抽出了三个和五个因子;效标效度分析表明,不同性别、年龄、职位、学历的公务员在该量表中有不同表现.结论:公务员工作价值观量表基本符合心理测量学的要求.     

大学生宿舍人际相处主观影响因素问卷的编制

目的:编制大学生宿舍人际相处主观影响因素问卷.方法:通过对382名大学生调查数据的探索性因素分析和776名大学生调查数据的验证性因素分析,检验大学生宿舍人际相处主观影响因素问卷的信度和效度.结果:(1)大学生宿舍人际相处主观影响因素问卷包括25个项目,分为人际安全、人际期望、人际张力、人际报复、人际焦虑5个因子,25个项目的载荷为0.43-0.82,5个因子解释的总方差变异率为52.49%;(2)问卷各维度的内部一致性系数α为0.69-0.87,总问卷的内部一致性系数为0.90;(3)验证性因素分析的结果显示,x2/df＜5,RMSEA＜0.07,CFI、NFI、NNFI均在0.95以上.结论:该问卷的因素结构清晰,信度和效度均较好.     

交流恐惧量表在208名大学生中应用的信效度

目的:检验交流恐惧量表在大学生中使用的信、效度,为大学生交流状况的研究和诊断提供工具.方法:翻译回译交流恐惧量表,对德州学院208名大学生施测,并于2周后再测以社交回避及苦恼量表为效标施测标本中的58人.进行项目分析、探索性因素分析、相关分析.结果:大学生交流恐惧量表包含心理状态、行为表现、参与三个维度.因素分析表明,三个维度解释总方差的53.822%,各维度的项目负荷在0.444-0.820之间.总量表内部一致性系数是0.8767,各分量表及总测验的重测信度分别为0.657、0.73、0.785、0.851(P＜0.01).效度分析显示,各分测验与社交回避、焦虑量表的相关系数在0.490-0.733之间,均在0.01水平上显著相关.各分测验与总测验间的相关系数在0.692-0.956之间.结论:大学生交流恐惧问卷有较好的信度和效度.     

士兵训练倦怠自评问卷信度及效度的验证

目的:编制士兵训练倦怠自评问卷,并对其信度、效度进行验证。方法:随机整群抽取968名士兵为研究对象,分A(485名)、B(483名)两个组。用编制的士兵训练倦怠自评问卷对两组数据进行测查。A组进行探索性因素分析和相关分析,B组进行验证性因素分析。结果:经检验,问卷Cronbach'sα系数为0.778,各因子的Cronbach'sα系数范围0.670~0.721;问卷的折半信度为0.754,各维度间的折半系数为0.654~0.680。问卷维度间相关系数0.312~0.486(P0.01),各维度与问卷总分间相关系数为0.663~0.785(P0.01)。经探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析发现,问卷结构和理论模型与新兵训练倦怠自评问卷一致,问卷的一阶三因素模型(χ2/df=3.548,GFI=0.959、AGFI=0.938、NFI=0.911、CFI=0.934、IFI=0.934、RMSEA=0.058)拟合效果比较理想。问卷总分及3个维度与职业倦怠总分及各维度呈显著正相关(P0.01)。结论:士兵训练倦怠自评问卷具有较好的信效度,可以作为训练倦怠测查工具使用。     

大学生学校归属感问卷的编制

目的:编制适合我国大学生的学校归属感问卷并检验其信效度。方法:通过访谈、文献检索形成问卷的初始项目,在预测的基础上,采用自编问卷对被试进行施测,得到有效问卷661份。用中文版PSSM量表进行效标效度检验。结果:大学生学校归属感问卷共包括5维度:同伴支持、个人地位认可、学校环境、学校融入、教师行为,共解释总变异的69.98%;5因素模型在验证性因素分析中得到了较好的验证。问卷总分与中文版PSSM量表总分显著正相关(r=0.69,P0.001)。总问卷Cronbachα系数为0.96,5个因素的Cronbachα系数为0.89～0.94。总问卷的分半信度为0.87,5个因素的分半信度为0.88～0.93。结论:大学生学校归属感问卷由5个因素构成,信度效度符合心理测量学的要求,可用于相关的研究和实践。     

中文版道德推脱问卷的信效度研究

目的:检验道德推脱问卷的信度和效度。方法:应用中文版道德推脱问卷对750名大学生进行了施测,以学术欺骗行为、道德认同为效标,检验问卷的各项信效度指标。结果:①探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析均支持问卷的八因素结构模型;②道德推脱问卷的总分与学术欺骗行为有显著的正相关(r=0.33,P0.001),与道德认同有显著的负相关(r=-0.26,P0.001);③总问卷的内部一致性α系数为0.87,分半信度系数为0.80。结论:道德推脱问卷具有良好的信效度,但某些条目还不适合中国人群,需要进一步修订。     

大学生良性压力问卷的修订

目的:修订大学生良性压力问卷,对其因素结构分析和信效度进行分析。方法:通过1228名大学生进行问卷调查,采用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,对大学生良性压力的因素结构进行探索。结果:大学生良性压力问卷包含17个项目4个维度,4个维度分别为:积极情绪、富有意义、易于管理和富有希望,4个维度的方差贡献率为60.816%。数据分析结果显示,该问卷具有良好的信度(积极情绪维度A系数0.852,富有希望维度A系数0.770,富有意义维度A系数0.739,易于管理维度A系数0.649)和效度(结构效度分别为0.580,0.534与0.273,P0.01)。结论:大学生良性压力问卷具有良好的信度和效度。     

大学生心理危机自评量表的编制及信效度检验

目的编制适合筛查我国大学生群体的心理危机自评量表。方法采用专家分析法确定大学生心理危机自评量表预测问卷,对经UPI和SCL-90筛选后的大学生的调查(n=250)和访谈(n=70),通过项目分析和因子分析确定最终的项目和量表维度,并进行信度和效度检验。结果大学生心理危机自评量表具有3个分量表,12个维度,各维度和分量表的Cronbach's Alpha系数在0.633～0.924之间,各分量表、各维度与量表总分的相关分别是在0.306～0.825之间,达到显著性水平(P0.01),这些表明分量表具有良好的内部一致性信度和结构效度。该量表效标效度良好。结论该量表可用于大学生心理危机筛查。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.