西部大学生乐观与心理健康的关系:社会文化适应的调节作用

目的:探讨中国西部大学生的乐观对心理健康的影响,以及社会文化适应的调节作用。方法:采用自编的大学生乐观量表、抑郁-焦虑-应激自评量表简版、生活满意度量表与积极情绪量表,对西部4所高校的1027名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:(1)社会文化适应对西部大学生的自我效能乐观和抑郁关系间具有调节作用(β=0.193,P0.01);(2)社会文化适应对西部大学生的自我效能乐观和生活满意度关系间具有调节作用(β=0.286,P0.01);(3)社会文化适应对西部大学生的乐观和积极情绪关系间的调节作用不显著(P0.05)。结论:西部大学生的乐观与心理健康二者之间相关显著,社会文化适应显著的调节自我效能乐观对西部大学生抑郁与生活满意度的影响。     

大学生自我效能感在时间管理倾向与拖延行为间的中介效应

目的探讨大学生时间管理倾向、自我效能感与拖延行为的关系,检验自我效能感的中介效应。方法采用青少年时间管理倾向量表(TMD)、一般自我效能感量表(GSES)和一般拖延量表(GPS),对广东省5所高校600名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果①时间管理倾向及各维度与自我效能感存在显著正相关(P0.001),与拖延行为存在显著负相关(P0.001),自我效能感与拖延行为存在显著负相关(P0.001);②时间管理倾向对拖延行为有明显的直接效应(β=-0.497,P0.001),而且自我效能感的中介效应也显著(β=-0.125,P0.01)。结论自我效能感在时间管理倾向与拖延行为间起部分中介作用。     

大学生人格特征与情绪应对策略的关系

目的探讨大学生的人格特征与情绪应对策略之间的关系。方法采用大学生情绪应对策略问卷、人格五因素问卷、控制源测量问卷、生活定向测验和应对效能量表,对612名在校大学生进行测量。结果 1相关分析表明,5个人格变量与积极情绪的调节和情绪加工都有显著的相关(r=0.145~0.446,P0.01),神经质、外倾性与情绪表达存在显著相关(r=0.193,0.282;P0.01),神经质、外控性、乐观倾向与消极情绪的调节存在显著相关(r=0.183~0.261,P0.01);2多元逐步回归分析表明,神经质对情绪表达和消极情绪的调节具有显著预测作用(β=0.263、0.299,P0.001),外倾性对4种情绪应对策略均有显著预测作用(β=0.094~0.444,P0.001),控制源、乐观倾向对积极情绪的调节和消极情绪的调节都有显著预测作用(β=0.079~0.217,P0.001),应对效能则可以显著地预测积极情绪的调节、情绪加工和情绪表达策略(β=-0.089~0.314,P0.001)。结论大学生的人格特征对情绪应对策略有不同程度和方向的影响。     

大学生完美主义与抑郁:自我效能感的中介作用和自尊的调节作用

目的:探讨自我效能感和自尊在大学生完美主义与抑郁之间的中介作用和调节作用。方法:采用近乎完美主义量表、抑郁问卷、一般自我效能感量表以及自尊量表对389名大学生进行测量。结果:1消极完美主义与抑郁之间呈现出显著的正相关(r=0.208,P0.001),与自我效能感之间呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.194,P0.001);积极完美主义与抑郁之间呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.307,P0.001);自我效能感和自尊均与抑郁呈现出显著的负相关(r=-0.585,-0.236;P0.001);2自我效能感在消极完美主义与抑郁之间起完全中介的作用(β=-0.557,P0.001);3自尊在积极完美主义与抑郁之间起调节作用(β=1.127,P0.05)。结论:完美主义对大学生心理健康可以产生积极的影响也可以产生消极的影响,其中消极完美主义通过影响自我效能感进而对抑郁产生促进作用,积极完美主义则在自尊的共同影响下对抑郁产生抑制作用。     

创造性人格对大学生创新自我效能感的影响:成就动机的中介作用

目的:探讨创造性人格和大学生创新自我效能感之间的关系,以及成就动机在该关系中所起的作用。方法:采用创造性人格量表,成就动机量表,创新自我效能感量表,对420名大一学生进行测查,进而对创造性人格、成就动机和大学生创新自我效能感之间的关系进行相关分析和中介效应检验。结果:①创造性人格与大学生创新自我效能感显著正相关(r=0.573,P0.01),与成就动机显著正相关(r=0.407,P0.01);成就动机与大学生创新自我效能感显著正相关(r=0.629,P0.01)。②创造性人格正向预测大学生创新自我效能感(β=0.45,P0.001),正向预测追求成功动机(β=0.54,P0.001),负向预测避免失败动机(β=-0.35,P0.001);追求成功动机正向预测大学生创新自我效能感(β=0.28,P0.001),避免失败动机负向预测大学生创新自我效能感(β=-0.33,P0.001)。③成就动机的两个维度,追求成功动机和避免失败动机,都在创造性人格和大学生创新效能感之间起到部分中介作用。结论:创造性人格能通过成就动机的中介作用影响大学生创新自我效能感。     

大学生自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑间的中介作用

目的:探讨大学生自我客体化与外表焦虑、自尊的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供依据。方法:采用身体监视量表、外表焦虑量表和自尊量表对广西壮族自治区5所高校随机抽取的400名大学本科生(男生148人、女生252人)进行调查研究。结果:大学生自我客体化与外表焦虑呈显著正相关(r=0.28,P0.01)、与自尊呈显著负相关(r=-0.13,P0.01),大学生自尊与外表焦虑呈显著负相关(r=-0.36,P0.01);自我客体化可正向预测外表焦虑(β=0.28,P0.001),自我客体化可负向预测自尊(β=-0.13,P0.01);自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑关系中的中介效应大小为0.043(P0.05),中介效应的95%置信区间为[0.006,0.092],中介效应占总效应的15.36%。结论:大学生自尊在自我客体化与外表焦虑关系中起部分中介作用。     

大学生学业压力对学业倦怠的影响核心自我评价的调节作用

目的考察大学生的核心自我评价在学业压力与学业倦怠关系中的调节作用。方法采用《大学生学业压力量表》、《大学生学业倦怠量表》和《核心自我评价量表》对942名大学生进行测查。结果积差相关分析结果表明核心自我评价与学业压力、学业倦怠呈显著负相关(r=-0.21~-0.46,P0.01),学业压力与学业倦怠呈显著正相关(r=0.07~0.23,P0.05)。层次回归分析结果显示核心自我评价负向预测学业倦怠各因子(β=-0.16~-0.46,P0.01);学业压力正向预测情绪低落和行为不当(β=0.18~0.22,P0.01);核心自我评价在学业压力与行为不当、学业压力与成就感低两者中存在显著的调节作用(β=-0.09,P0.01)。结论大学生的学业压力促进学业倦怠的产生,但核心自我评价能够缓解学业压力对学业倦怠的影响。     

大学生主观幸福感的实验研究

目的了解湖南农业大学大学生主观幸福感现状,探讨自尊、主观应激与主观幸福感的关系。方法用主观幸福感量表,自尊量表和主观应激量表对1～2年级464名大学生进行测试。结果不同性别大学生对自尊、主观应激和主观幸福感差异无显著性(P0.05),自尊与生活满意度呈显著正相关(P0.01),自尊与积极情绪呈显著正相关(P0.01),自尊与消极情绪呈显著负相关(P0.01),自尊与幸福度呈显著正相关(P0.01);自尊对主观幸福感有显著预测作用(P0.01),自尊与主观应激呈负相关(P0.01)。主观应激与生活满意度呈显著负相关(P0.01),主观应激与积极情绪呈负相关(P0.01),主观应激与消极情绪呈显著正相关(P0.01),主观应激与幸福度呈负相关(P0.01);主观应激对主观幸福感有显著预测作用(P0.01),自尊和主观应激对主观幸福感有显著预测作用(P0.01)。结论应重视大学生自尊心和主观应激能力的提高。     

大学生心理素质与时间管理倾向、自我效能感的中介作用

目的:了解大学生心理素质现状,探讨自我效能感和大学生心理素质对时间管理倾向的影响。方法:通过自编心理素质量表、一般自我效能感量表和青少年时间管理倾向量表对432名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果:女生在人际交往维度得分(P0.001)、突发应对维度得分(P0.05)及心理素质总体得分(P0.05)上显著高于男生。大学生心理素质中各项维度与自我效能感呈显著正相关(r=0.330,0.507,0.437;P0.01),与时间管理倾向各维度呈显著正相关(r=0.550,0.629,0.603;P0.01)。自我效能感与时间管理倾向中各项维度呈显著正相关(r=0.483,0.619,0.531;P0.01)。大学生心理素质和自我效能感对时间管理倾向有显著正向影响,并且大学生心理素质又可以通过自我效能感间接影响时间管理倾向,中介效应占总效应的比例为55.3%。结论:提高大学生心理素质及自我效能感有助于提高其管理时间的能力。     

重庆市大学生时间管理倾向与自我和谐的关系

目的:探讨大学生时间管理倾向与自我和谐的特点及关系.方法:运用自我和谐量表和时间管理倾向量表对334名大学生施测.结果:①大学生时间管理倾向在独生(否)变量上差异极其显著(P＜0.001);在学科和性别上没有显著差异.②除了自我灵活性在学科上表现出显著差异外(P＜0.05),自我和谐水平在学科、性别和独生(否)三个变量上没有显著差异.③时间管理倾向与自我与经验的不和谐(r=-0.312～-0.390,P＜0.01;时间价值感除外)和自我刻板性(r=-0.111～-0.259,P＜0.05)存在显著的负相关,与自我灵活性存在显著的正相关(r=278～0.406,P＜0.01).时间效能感对自我和谐有显著的预测作用(β=-0.39～0.288,P＜0.001).结论:大学生时间管理倾向与自我和谐密切联系.     

Development in in vitro toxicology

There are three principal pressures driving the development of in vitro toxicology: (1) the need for more efficient testing systems to cope with the large number of xenobiotics currently being developed; (2) public pressure to reduce animal experimentation; and (3) a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Within this, in vitro toxicology is focused on local, systemic, and target-organ toxicity. It is becoming increasingly apparent that a step or decision-tree approach using input of a variety of experimental data (physicochemical properties, biokinetics, cytotoxicity) provides the most efficient system for predicting toxicity. Examples of the use of in vitro toxicity systems for prediction of systemic toxicity and target-organ (liver) toxicity are presented.Originally presented at ECCP 93.     

Seasonal variations in acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women in Slovenia

Between December 1999 and December 2004, 40 081 pregnant women were examined for toxoplasmosis with Toxo-IgG, Toxo-IgM enzyme immunoassay. Women with positive results were then retested with the Toxo-IgG avidity assay for recent toxoplasmosis. Recent acute toxoplasmosis in pregnant women was found to be significantly more frequent (p < 0.01) during winter than summer. The incidence of acute toxoplasmosis during winter-spring was also significantly more frequent (p < 0.025) than summer-autumn. This phenomenon should be taken into account when formulating preventive measures for toxoplasmosis, especially for pregnant women.     

Age-related changes in polyamines in memory-associated brain structures in rats

Polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are positively charged aliphatic amines and have important roles in maintaining normal cellular function, regulating neurotransmitter receptors and modulating learning and memory. Recent evidence suggests a role of putrescine in hippocampal neurogenesis, that is significantly impaired during aging. The present study measured the polyamine levels in memory-related brain structures in 24- (aged), 12- (middle-aged) and 4- (young) month-old rats using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography. In the hippocampus, the putrescine levels were significantly decreased in the CA1 and dentate gyrus, and increased in the CA2/3 with age. Significant age-related increases in the spermidine levels were found in the CA1 and CA2/3. There was no difference between groups in spermine in any sub-regions examined. In the parahippocampal region, increased putrescine level with age was observed in the entorhinal cortex, and age did not alter the spermidine levels. The spermine level was significantly decreased in the perirhinal cortex and increased in the postrhinal cortex with age. In the prefrontal cortex, there was age-related decrease in putrescine, and the spermidine and spermine levels were significantly increased with age. This study, for the first time, demonstrates age-related region-specific changes in polyamines in memory-associated structures, suggesting that polyamine system dysfunction may potentially contribute to aged-related impairments in hippocampal neurogenesis and learning and memory.     

休克过程中肾上腺髓质素变化的研究进展

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a new peptidergic regulator of vascular function. AM serves as a hormone, which has many biological properties, plays an important role in the many pathophysiological processes, especially shock. This review will highlight the structure, biological properties of AM and the relationship between AM and shock.     

Secular change in menarche in women in Madrid

The age at menarche was estimated by recollection in 1617 women between the ages of 18 and 60 in Madrid and a nearby suburb, Pinto. The population of Pinto is working-class and the Madrid group, taken from residential neighbourhoods , belongs to the upper middle class. In both groups we found a diminution in average age at menarche, from 14.04 to 13.02 years in Madrid and from 14.55 to 13.16 years from about 1935 to about 1965 in Pinto. These changes have been more intense in the group which is less well-off economically, where living conditions have varied much more drastically.     

Pitfalls in TRAP assay in routine detection of malignancy in effusions

Telomerase has been found to be reactivated in a majority of cancers but is inactive in most somatic cells. Our principal goal was to determine the potential use of the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay as marker for malignancy in cytological effusions. The simple selection criterion was the cytological diagnosis, and routine samples were classified into malignant (58 samples) and nonmalignant (233 samples). Of the malignant samples, 44/58 (76%) were positive by TRAP assay. Of the 14 telomerase-negative cytology-positive samples, RNA integrity was poor in 9, indicating suboptimal sample conservation for molecular analysis. In 3 of the remaining 5 samples with a negative TRAP assay, a high number of malignant cells was observed, and these cells might have been telomerase-negative. Thus, the sensitivity of TRAP assay for the presence of malignant cells was about 76%. In the cytologically nonmalignant effusions, the presence of telomerase activity was observed in 24% (55/233). Of these, 6% were highly suspicious for malignancy, 9% were doubtful, and 9% were cytologically nonmalignant effusions confirmed by a follow-up of 12 mo or more. According to these data, the specificity of the TRAP assay to detect tumor cells in effusions ranged only between 82-91%. Our results indicate that, although the TRAP assay is positive in 6-15% of putative malignant effusions, the relatively high number of TRAP false-negative and false-positive cases renders this test unsuitable for routine diagnostic purposes.