不同程度考试焦虑个体对情绪信息的注意偏向

目的:探讨不同考试焦虑程度的大学生个体对情绪词语的注意偏向。方法:本实验随机抽取402名某高校本科在读学生,采用考试焦虑量表并对其进行集体施测,选取高考试焦虑被试和低考试焦虑被试各35名。采用经典点探测任务、实验任务来探讨高低考试焦虑个体对情绪词语的注意偏向。结果:1当词语类型为负性情绪词语,高、低考试焦虑被试对探测刺激与情绪词语位置一致时的反应时显著低于对探测刺激与情绪词语位置不一致时的反应时(t=-3.13,P<0.01);2当词语类型为正性情绪词语,低考试焦虑组被试对探测刺激与情绪词语位置一致时的反应时显著低于对探测刺激与情绪词语位置不一致时的反应时(t=5.57,P<0.01);高考试焦虑组被试对探测刺激与情绪词语位置一致时的反应时和对位置不一致时的反应时不存在显著差异(F=2.07,P>0.05);3高考试焦虑被试对不同词语类型的注意偏向值存在显著性差异(F=5.56,P<0.05);低考试焦虑被试对不同词语类型的注意偏向值存在显著性差异(F=28.38,P<0.01)。结论:1高、低考试焦虑者对负性情绪信息均存在注意偏向;2高考试焦虑者对正性情绪信息不存在注意偏向,低考试焦虑者表现出对正性情绪信息的注意解除;3高考试焦虑被试对不同情绪信息的注意偏向存在差异,低考试焦虑被试对不同情绪信息的注意偏向存在差异。     

乐观与悲观归因风格大学生对情绪信息的注意偏向

目的:探讨乐观与悲观归因风格大学生对情绪信息的注意偏向特点。方法:通过网上招募83名大学生[乐观组43名(20男,23女),悲观组40名(20男,20女],采用2线索效度(有效、无效)×2情绪类型(正性、负性)×2组别(乐观组、悲观组)的混合实验设计,运用线索-靶子范式研究乐观与悲观归因风格大学生对情绪信息的注意偏向特点。结果:有效条件下,乐观组对正性靶刺激反应较悲观组更快[(311.4±26.6)ms vs.(324.1±47.0)ms,P0.05],而两组对负性靶刺激反应的差异无统计学意义(P0.05);无效条件下,乐观组对负性靶刺激的反应快于悲观组[(331.0±31.7)ms vs.(337.4±50.0)ms,P0.05],而两组对正性靶刺激反应的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:乐观个体与悲观个体分别对正性信息与负性信息存在选择性注意偏向。     

不同状态抑郁症患者对情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:研究不同状态抑郁症患者对情绪面孔的注意偏向。方法:选取来诊的抑郁症患者,根据抑郁量表得分将其分为抑郁发作组和抑郁缓解组,进行点探测实验,比较两组对不同情绪面孔图片的反应。结果:对两组被试的反应时进行重复测量方差分析,结果显示图片类型和被试类型交互作用显著(F=5.04,P=0.035),抑郁发作组对负性情绪面孔图片的反应时大于对正性情绪面孔图片的反应时;线索类型和被试类型的交互作用呈边缘显著(F=3.17,P=0.089);分别对两组被试对不同情绪面孔的反应时进行配对样本t检验,结果显示抑郁发作组被试在负性一致和负性不一致条件下的反应时均大于中性-中性条件下的反应时,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.41,P=0.037;t=2.52,P=0.030);抑郁缓解组被试在各种条件下的反应时差异均不显著。结论:处于抑郁发作状态的抑郁症患者对负性情绪图片存在注意偏向,其注意偏向表现为对负性情绪面孔的注意回避和注意脱离困难;处于抑郁缓解期的抑郁症患者没有表现出对情绪面孔的注意偏向。     

焦虑个体对负性刺激的注意偏向特点

目的:探讨焦虑个体的注意偏向特点。方法:招募在校大学生63名,完成状态-特质焦虑量表(STAI)、Liebowitz社交焦虑量表(LSAS)和贝克抑郁量表(BDI)。STAI量表的特质焦虑得分≥45分,或LSAS的社交焦虑得分≥60分者分入焦虑组(n=38);STAI量表的特质焦虑得分45分以下者,或STAI量表的特质焦虑得分≤46分且LSAS得分<45分者分入正常组(n=25)。采用2(组别:焦虑组,正常组)×2(目标位置:负性位置,中心位置)的混合设计,本研究的两个实验均采用目标探测范式,分别用情绪面孔和情绪词语作为线索刺激。比较两组被试在不同目标位置判断目标身份的按键反应的正确率、反应时、注意偏向值(中性刺激材料的反应时与负性刺激材料的反应时的差值)的标准分数的差异。结果:焦虑组在面孔材料条件下[(669.6±72.1)ms vs.(659.4±67.4)ms,P<0.01]和在词语材料条件下[(617.5±80.0)ms vs.(606.7±71.3)ms,P<0.01]的中性位置的反应时长于负性位置的反应时。结论:焦虑个体对负性面孔和词语的刺激材料均可能产生明显的注意偏向。     

考试焦虑个体对负性图片的注意偏向特点

目的:探讨不同程度考试焦虑个体对情绪信息的注意偏向。方法:采用2(线索效度:有效、无效)×2(组别:低考试焦虑组、高考试焦虑组)的混合实验设计,运用点探测范式研究45名不同考试焦虑水平大学生对情绪图片的注意偏向特点。结果:对反应时的重复测量方差分析发现,高考试焦虑个体对有效靶刺激的反应时(x=397.13)小于对无效靶刺激的反应时(x=425.85),且差异显著(F(1,43)=7.37,P0.05,η~2=0.28),而同样的结果则没有出现在低考试焦虑个体当中。结论:高考试焦虑个体对负性信息的注意偏向主要表现在注意解除困难方面。     

情绪负启动任务中抑郁个体的抑制机制研究

目的：在情绪负启动任务中探讨抑郁个体和正常被试对正、负情绪词抑制方面的差异.方法：抑郁组和正常组各25名被试在情绪负启动实验范式下对靶子词的效价进行评价,对两组被试在探测显示中正、负性靶子词的反应时间进行分析.结果：与控制条件相比,正常组被试在负启动条件下对探测显示中负性靶子词的反应时间更长（642.9±62.0/620.3±53.6,t=3.05,P＜0.006）,而抑郁个体只表现在对探测显示中正性靶子词反应时的延长（602.2±73.6/570.4±58.3,t（24）=3.88,P＜0.001）,对负性靶子词未出现负启动效应（t（24）=-1.92,P＞0.05）.结论：抑郁个体对负性信息存在抑制功能障碍,对正性信息未存在抑制功能障碍,对负性信息的偏向与选择性注意中的维持/分离过程有关.     

大学生状态、特质焦虑与刷新功能的关系

目的:探讨大学生状态和特质焦虑与刷新功能的关系.方法:采用活动任务范式对高、低特质和状态焦虑被试的数字和类词刷新功能进行测量.结果:①数字刷新实验,任务难度的主效应显著,特质焦虑和状态焦虑的主效应不显著,特质焦虑、状态焦虑和任务难度各因素之间交互作用均不显著;②类词刷新实验,情绪条件和状态焦虑的主效应显著,特质焦虑的主效应不显著,特质焦虑、状态焦虑和情绪条件各因素之间交互作用均不显著.结论:①状态焦虑和特质焦虑对记忆刷新的作用是分离的:高状态焦虑降低类词刷新成绩,但不影响数字刷新成绩;特质焦虑不影响刷新成绩;②特质和状态焦虑个体的类词刷新存在负性情绪偏向.     

不同人格类型对情绪信息注意偏向的影响

目的:探析不同人格类型群体在情绪信息加工过程中的特点。方法:采用线索-靶子范式,分析注意偏向机制中的干扰抑制、返回抑制两个方面;采用艾森克人格量表(EPQ-A),从某全日制大学本科二年级学生758人中,按EPQ中神经质和内外向两个维度的标准分高、低各12.5%选出四种典型人格类型各15名为研究对象,探析四组被试的注意偏向特征。结果:当靶子和线索出现的时间差为1000ms时,四组被试对三类情绪图片均存在返回抑制效应;图片性质主效应显著(F=1.30,P<0.05)、四组人格类型之间差异不显著(F=0.65,P>0.05)。负性图片与正性图片的返回抑制效应差异显著(F=1.71,P<0.05),反应时方差分析结果显示组别与图片性质交互作用显著(F=1.62,P<0.05)。外倾人格特质组对正性图片产生了注意警觉,四组被试对正性、负性刺激都存在注意解除困难。结论:正常人群对情绪性刺激具有选择性加工趋势,外倾个体更偏好加工正性刺激,内向不稳定组对负性刺激更为敏感。     

高特质焦虑个体对负性情绪信息注意偏向的机制探讨

目的:探讨高特质焦虑个体对负性情绪信息注意偏向的机制。方法:采用线索-靶子范式检测不同SOA下焦虑组和对照组的表现。结果:实验一发现,焦虑组只有在负性情绪面孔做线索时表现出提示效应,对照组无论是中性面孔还是负性情绪面孔做线索都表现出提示效应;实验二发现,焦虑组在中性面孔做线索时表现出返回抑制效应,在负性情绪面孔做线索时表现出提示效应,对照组无论是中性面孔还是负性情绪面孔做线索都表现出返回抑制效应。结论:高焦虑个体在SOA较短时由于对负性情绪信息的注意易化,对负性情绪面孔线索产生提示效应,在SOA较长时由于对负性情绪信息的注意脱离困难,返回抑制能力受损,仍对负性情绪面孔线索产生提示效应。     

抑郁症患者对负性情绪面孔的注意偏向

目的:通过分析抑郁症患者在执行线索提示任务时的行为学特点,探索抑郁症患者对负性情绪信息注意偏向的认知特点。方法:筛选出符合国际精神疾病诊断与分类标准(ICD-10)的抑郁症患者20例(抑郁组),选取在性别、年龄、受教育年限方面与抑郁组相匹配的对照组20例。采用中科院心理研究所编制的中国化面孔情绪图片系统作为刺激材料,选择线索-靶子任务进行研究,比较两组被试在不同线索条件下反应时及正确率的差异。结果:抑郁组的总体平均反应时比对照组总体平均反应时长(t=-5.579,P0.01),对照组无效任务与有效任务反应时差值为正,抑郁组为负。对照组、抑郁组均表现出有效任务正确率高于无效任务(t=8.353,2.994,P0.01),中性图片正确率高于负性图片(t=7.363,4.499;P0.01)。结论:1抑郁症患者在执行线索提示任务时的反应速度较正常人慢,符合抑郁症患者思维迟缓、意志活动减退的症状特点;2正常人对情绪面孔图片表现出线索效应,抑郁症患者则表现出返回抑制,抑郁症患者未表现出显著的负性信息注意偏向。     

Covert and overt attention in trait anxiety: a cognitive psychophysiological analysis

The effect of threatening cues and anxiety upon attention within a Posner paradigm was investigated in two experiments. It was predicted anxious individuals would show a bias to threat-related material. Heart rate and eye movements were obtained to assess the attentional processes associated with this cognitive bias. Sixty and 40 participants were allocated respectively to groups based on self-reported scores of anxiety and repressive coping style. All participants were exposed to threat and non-threat cue words within a word based Posner cueing task. In the second study, spatial position of the target was manipulated, together with instructional set. Differential patterns of attentional disengagement to threat were found that were modulated by trait anxiety in study 2. A bias towards threat involving uninstructed eye movements was observed amongst anxious participants. Repressors made few such eye movements. Findings are discussed in relation to models of attentional deployment to threat.     

Auditory attentional biases in young males with physical stature dissatisfaction

The attentional biases toward body-related information for individuals with weight concerns and eating disorders have been well documented. However, our knowledge of the attentional biases toward body-related information for subjects with physical stature concerns is only at the beginning. And the research on the auditory attentional biases for individuals with physical stature concerns is rare. The identification of attentional biases may provide an impetus for interventions to reduce distress among height dissatisfied individuals. Therefore, the present study investigated the neural mechanisms of attentional bias toward auditory physical stature-related words among height dissatisfied young males by using event-related potential recordings. Forty-four young male participants screened by Negative Physical Self Scale-Stature Concerns subscale (NPS-S) were assigned into an experimental group with high levels of height dissatisfaction (HHD) and a control group with low levels of height dissatisfaction (LHD). Task irrelevant auditory tall-related words, short-related words and neutral words were presented unilaterally to the participants as the cue in a cue-target paradigm. Participants were required to respond to the visual target preceded by the task-irrelevant auditory cue. The results found that significantly larger N2ac was elicited by tall-related words than short-related words and neutral words only for the HHD group, but not for the LHD group. LPCpc amplitudes did not differ significantly by the functions of word types and experimental groups. These results suggest an attentional orienting bias toward auditory tall-related words for young males with high levels of height dissatisfaction.     

The allocation of attention during locomotion is altered by anxiety

We tested the hypotheses that: (1) anxiety regarding the possibility of falling alters the attentional demands of gait; and (2) this alteration in the attentional requirements of gait occurs independently of gait pattern accommodations. Sixteen younger and 15 older adults participated in this study. Subjects walked at a self-determined velocity along a 7.2-m walkway under four conditions of postural threat; the walking conditions varied depending on the width constraints of the walkway (60 cm vs 15 cm) and the height of the walking surface (0 cm vs 60 cm). Attentional demands of locomotion in each condition of testing were assessed using the dual-task methodology, in which participants verbally responded to an auditory cue as quickly as possible while continuing to walk. Our findings revealed that: (1) participants were successful in verbally responding to the auditory cue without modifying their gait pattern; (2) reaction times increased for all subjects when walking in the condition of greatest postural threat; (3) the attentional demands for locomotion varied with the phase of the gait cycle for younger adults but not for older adults; (4) the phase-dependent effect for younger adults disappeared in the condition of greatest postural threat, while reaction time scores for older adults systematically increased; and (5) increases in reaction time persisted despite significant changes in gait kinematics. Our findings confirm that anxiety increases the attentional demands for locomotion and provide further explanation for age-dependent increases in the attentional demands of gait. Furthermore, our findings confirm that fall-related anxiety predicates an increase in the allocation of attention to locomotor control that is independent of gait pattern adjustments. Electronic Publication     

Individual differences in predicting aversive events and modulating contextual anxiety in a context and cue conditioning paradigm

Deficient fear conditioning leads to maladaptive contextual anxiety as predicting danger is a key factor in regulating anxiety. A virtual reality conditioning task was used to evaluate cue learning and contextual anxiety with fear-potentiated startle and subjective fear in two experiments. In Experiment 1, failure to condition to a cue resulted in a constant state of context anxiety (subjective fearfulness and startle). Trait anxiety was unrelated to learning cue contingencies but the participants who failed to learn scored lower on a self-report measure of attentional control. Part of the group that learned the cue contingency failed to deduce safety of the context and hence did not reduce their contextual anxiety. Experiment 2 specifically focused on isolating this process and demonstrated an inverse association between trait anxiety and adaptive modulation of contextual anxiety. In conclusion, predicting threat aids in but not automatically implies successful regulation of contextual anxiety. High trait anxiety may increase risk of deficient modulation of contextual anxiety.     

大学生演讲焦虑的特点及其影响因素

目的:调查大学生的演讲焦虑状况,分析大学生演讲焦虑的状况及其影响因素。方法:本研究采用问卷法对905名大学生的演讲焦虑状况进行了调查,分析了大学生演讲焦虑在性别、年级、家庭经济状况、生源地等的分布差异,并从内外向、神经质及不确定性忍受力的角度分析演讲焦虑的印象因素。结果:大学生演讲焦虑平均得分为12.31。演讲焦虑在性别(t=-3.715,P0.01)、年级(F=2.696,P0.05)、家庭经济状况(F=7.157,P0.01)、生源地(F=5.486,P0.001)的分布上有显著差异。内外向与演讲焦虑负相关显著,神经质与演讲焦虑正相关显著。不确定性忍受力与演讲焦虑正相关显著。人格中的内外向对演讲焦虑起着最为重要的直接作用,其次是神经质、不确定性忍受力;同时内外向与神经质分别可以通过不确定性忍受力对演讲焦虑起一定的间接作用。结论:内外向、神经质、对不确定性忍受力能够对演讲焦虑起到显著的预测作用。     

大学生负面评价恐惧和社交焦虑

目的:调查大学生负面评价恐惧和社交焦虑的现状及其关系。方法:采用简明负面评价恐惧量表(BFNES)和交往焦虑量表(IAS)对312名大学生进行问卷调查。结果:负面评价恐惧和社交焦虑在大学生群体中普遍存在,且以中等程度为主;大学生负面评价恐惧和社交焦虑在性别、专业和生源地维度上差异不显著(P0.05);负面评价恐惧和社交焦虑存在显著正相关(r=0.436,P0.01)。结论:降低负面评价恐惧水平有利于缓解社交焦虑状况。     

The role of top‐down spatial attention in contingent attentional capture

It is well known that attentional capture by an irrelevant salient item is contingent on top‐down feature selection, but whether attentional capture may be modulated by top‐down spatial attention remains unclear. Here, we combined behavioral and ERP measurements to investigate the contribution of top‐down spatial attention to attentional capture under modified spatial cueing paradigms. Each target stimulus was preceded by a peripheral circular cue array containing a spatially uninformative color singleton cue. We varied target sets but kept the cue array unchanged among different experimental conditions. When participants’ task was to search for a colored letter in the target array that shared the same peripheral locations with the cue array, attentional capture by the peripheral color cue was reflected by both a behavioral spatial cueing effect and a cue‐elicited N2pc component. When target arrays were presented more centrally, both the behavioral and N2pc effects were attenuated but still significant. The attenuated cue‐elicited N2pc was found even when participants focused their attention on the fixed central location to identify a colored letter among an RSVP letter stream. By contrast, when participants were asked to identify an outlined or larger target, neither the behavioral spatial cueing effect nor the cue‐elicited N2pc was observed, regardless of whether the target and cue arrays shared same locations or not. These results add to the evidence that attentional capture by salient stimuli is contingent upon feature‐based task sets, and further indicate that top‐down spatial attention is important but may not be necessary for contingent attentional capture.     

高特质焦虑情绪大学生对威胁刺激的选择性注意抑制

目的:探究高特质焦虑情绪大学生的选择性注意抑制功能。方法:通过特质焦虑问卷筛选出高、低特质焦虑情绪大学生各20名,采用改进的情绪负启动范式,以语义判断的情绪负启动任务,考察高特质焦虑情绪大学生的注意抑制能力。结果:低特质焦虑情绪组在负启动条件下,对威胁和中性词汇的反应时都显著大于控制条件下;高特质焦虑情绪组在负启动条件下,对威胁词汇的反应时显著小于控制条件下,中性词汇的反应时与控制条件之间差异不显著。对中性词汇,高、低特质焦虑情绪组的负启动量差异不显著;对威胁词汇,高特质焦情绪组负启动量显著小于低特质焦虑情绪组。结论:高特质焦虑情绪大学生对威胁刺激表现出负启动效应减弱,存在特定威胁信息的注意抑制困难。     

Differential Age‐Related Effects on Visual‐ and Associative‐Based Semantic Encoding

This study investigated how aging modulates semantic encoding. We used a task where participants were required to determine the semantic relatedness between the cue and target stimuli. Single‐character Chinese words were the cues, whereas two‐character words describing the cues were the targets. The targets can be visual‐based (appearance) or associative‐based (meaning). Experiment One compared the reaction times on the two types of targets between older (n  = 29) and younger participants (n  = 31). Older participants performed significantly slower on the visual‐ than associative‐based trials, while the younger participants showed no difference. The results suggest that aging would hinder semantic encoding of visual‐ rather than associative‐based processes. The slowness in processing is likely attributable to age‐related decline in attentional control. Experiment Two tested the aging effect on top‐down attentional control by presenting pre‐cue before each trial on older (n  = 26) and younger participants (n  = 49). The results indicated that valid pre‐cue reduced the latency differences between the visual‐ and associative‐based trials among the older participants. The valid pre‐cues were found to effectively shorten the reaction time of the visual‐based trials suggesting possible facilitation of attentional control among the older adults. Our findings substantiate age‐related attentional control decline only in visual‐ but not associative‐based processing. Future studies should explore the mechanisms underlying such differential age‐related effect.     

Emotion regulation during threat: Parsing the time course and consequences of safety signal processing

Improved understanding of fear inhibition processes can inform the etiology and treatment of anxiety disorders. Safety signals can reduce fear to threat, but precise mechanisms remain unclear. Safety signals may acquire attentional salience and affective properties (e.g., relief) independent of the threat; alternatively, safety signals may only hold affective value in the presence of simultaneous threat. To clarify such mechanisms, an experimental paradigm assessed independent processing of threat and safety cues. Participants viewed a series of red and green words from two semantic categories. Shocks were administered following red words (cue+). No shocks followed green words (cue‐). Words from one category were defined as safety signals (SS); no shocks were administered on cue+ trials. Words from the other (control) category did not provide information regarding shock administration. Threat (cue+ vs. cue‐) and safety (SS+ vs. SS‐) were fully crossed. Startle response and ERPs were recorded. Startle response was increased during cue+ versus cue‐. Safety signals reduced startle response during cue+, but had no effect on startle response during cue‐. ERP analyses (PD130 and P3) suggested that participants parsed threat and safety signal information in parallel. Motivated attention was not associated with safety signals in the absence of threat. Overall, these results confirm that fear can be reduced by safety signals. Furthermore, safety signals do not appear to hold inherent hedonic salience independent of their effect during threat. Instead, safety signals appear to enable participants to engage in effective top‐down emotion regulatory processes.