乌头碱对bcl-2基因表达影响作用的定量研究

目的:研究乌头类中药对bcl-2基因表达的影响,探讨乌头类中药毒性作用机制。方法:建立荧光定量PCR反应体系;体外培养Hep G2细胞,分别以500,100,50和10μg.m L-1浓度的乌头碱作用于细胞,37℃染毒1.5 h,荧光定量PCR仪检测。结果:乌头碱作用下,bcl-2基因表达量增加,且不同剂量组呈现剂量-反应关系。结论:乌头类中药具有促进bcl-2基因表达的作用,可能是其毒效作用的重要因素。     

应用彗星试验检测乌头类生物碱致细胞DNA损伤作用

目的:研究乌头类生物碱对细胞DNA的损伤作用,以期在分子水平进一步阐明乌头类生物碱的毒效作用特征及其分子机制.方法:以500、100、50和10μg·mL(-1)乌头碱、次乌头碱或新乌头碱分别染毒HepG2细胞1.5 h,应用24孔板彗星试验检测细胞DNA损伤.结果:乌头类生物碱作用组细胞平均拖尾长度和拖尾细胞率与生物碱浓度存在剂量反应关系,且100和50μg·mL(-1)作用组细胞平均拖尾长度与阴性对照组之间差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:乌头类生物碱具有细胞DNA损伤作用.     

高浓度葡萄糖对胰岛细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因的影响

目的：观察高浓度葡萄糖体外对胰岛细胞凋亡及凋亡相关基因表达的影响。探讨葡萄糖毒性及其分子机制。方法：应用TUNEL法检测高浓度葡萄糖培养后大鼠胰岛细胞和小鼠βTc3细胞凋亡百分率；应用定量RT-PCR（QRT-PCR1）检测培养后大鼠胰岛细胞和小鼠βTc3细胞bcl-2和baxmRNA的表达；应用定量RT-PCR检测低剂量链脲佐菌素糖尿病大鼠胰岛bcl-2和baxmRNA的表达。结果：高浓度葡萄糖使原代培养的大鼠胰岛细胞和βTc-3的凋亡细胞比例明显增加；胰岛细胞凋亡过程中。诱导凋亡基因bax的mRNA表达水平明显升高，抵抗凋亡基因bcl-2 mRNA表达水平明显下降．致使bcl-2／bax比率明显降低；对低剂量链脲佐菌素糖尿病大鼠胰岛凋亡相关基因QRT-PCR检测也显示同样的结果。结论：高浓度葡萄糖可能通过诱导胰岛细胞凋亡增加而加重糖尿病。其中bcl-2／bax mRNA表达比率变化可能起重要作用。     

促红细胞生成素抗高糖体外培养大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡的NF-κB机制

目的研究促红细胞生成素(EPO)抗高糖体外培养大鼠视网膜神经细胞凋亡的NF-κB机制。方法胰酶消化法提取大鼠视网膜神经细胞进行原代培养,随机分为对照组、模型组及不同浓度EPO治疗组,培养48 h后TUNEL法测定细胞凋亡情况,免疫细胞化学法(SP法)测定NF-κB蛋白表达。结果细胞凋亡检测显示模型组同对照组相比凋亡细胞明显增多(P<0.01),各EPO治疗组同模型组相比凋亡细胞明显减少(P<0.01);免疫细胞化学法见NF-κB蛋白在对照组仅有极少量表达,在模型组呈弱阳性表达,而各EPO治疗组较模型组表达明显增强(P<0.01)。随着EPO浓度从5 kU.L-1增加到40 kU.L-1,视网膜神经细胞的凋亡明显减少,NF-κB蛋白的表达明显上升,呈一定浓度依赖性。结论高糖状态是引发大鼠视网膜神经细胞发生凋亡的损伤性因素之一,EPO能抑制高糖引发的凋亡,发挥神经保护作用,其机制可能是通过上调NF-κB的表达来实现,这为临床早期糖尿病视网膜病变的治疗提供了理论依据。     

生川乌瓜蒌不同配伍中乌头类生物碱在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的考察生川乌瓜蒌不同配伍比例醇提液中乌头类生物碱在大鼠体内的药动学研究,比较瓜蒌对其药动学行为的影响。方法建立灵敏、专属、快速的测定大鼠血浆中6种乌头类生物碱的液相色谱-串联质谱方法。大鼠随机分为3组,分别ig生川乌与瓜蒌1∶0、6∶1、1∶6配伍醇提液,在不同的时间点采血分析,经DAS 2.0软件计算主要药动学参数。结果乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱的药动学参数tmax和t1/2发生了显著变化,且变化趋势基本一致,在生川乌与瓜蒌6∶1配伍组tmax显著减小(P0.05),生川乌与瓜蒌1∶6配伍组tmax显著增加(P0.01、0.001),且t_(1/2)显著降低(P0.05、0.01),提示生川乌与瓜蒌不同配伍比例影响了3种生物碱的吸收和消除过程。结论生川乌与瓜蒌配伍影响了乌头类生物碱的药动学过程,配伍比例是其配伍禁忌的重要条件。     

一测多评法测定乌头类药材中生物碱

目的 建立一测多评法同时定量测定乌头类药材中6种乌头类生物碱.方法 采用高效液相色谱法同时测定乌头类药材中6种生物碱,以乌头碱为内参物,测定其与次乌头碱、新乌头碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、苯甲酰新乌头原碱的相对校正因子,利用乌头碱和相对校正因子对其他5种生物碱成分进行测定,同时利用外标法测定这6种成分,比较两种测定方法的差异,验证一测多评法的可行性和准确性.结果 在一定线性范围内,乌头碱与次乌头碱、新乌头碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱和苯甲酰新乌头原碱的相对校正因子分别为0.780、1.008、0.836、0.907、0.987,在不同实验条件下相对校正因子重现性良好,不同乌头类药材中6种生物碱成分含量计算值与实测值间无显著性差异.结论 一测多评法在乌头类药材及制剂质量控制中应用是可行的、准确的.     

利用乌头类双酯型生物碱水解规律测定醇胺型乌头碱的含量

摘 要 目的：研究乌头类双酯型生物碱水解转化为醇胺型生物碱的转化率,水解乌头类双酯型生物碱对照品,利用水解转化率计算出水解原液中醇胺型生物碱的量,以此量作为醇胺型生物碱对照品的量,建立测定制川乌中乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱含量的方法。方法: 通过控制乌头碱、次乌头碱、新乌头碱3种双酯型生物碱的水解条件,得到乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱。采用高效液相色谱四级杆飞行时间串联质谱（HPLC-QTOF-MS）法,使用Agilent ZORBAX Extend C18 RRHT（2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8 μm）色谱柱,流速为0.21 ml·min^-1,柱温为30 ℃,流动相为甲醇 水（含0.1%甲酸和2.5 mmol·L^-1醋酸铵）系统梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子（ESI）源,正离子方式检测。结果: 在本文的水解条件下,乌头碱对于乌头原碱的转化率为99.64%;次乌头碱对于次乌头原碱的转化率为99.94%;新乌头碱对于新乌头原碱的转化率为99.57%。HPLC-QTOF-MS方法学表明,乌头原碱、次乌头原碱、新乌头原碱在一定范围内具有较好的线性关系,r值均大于0.999 1,精密度、重复性和稳定性的RSD都小于5%,加样回收率均在99.43%～100.10%之间。结论:本方法操作简便、专属性和重复性较好,在缺乏对照品的情况下,可以为乌头类中药材质量控制提供依据。     

乌头碱类成分中药制剂质量控制探讨

目的:探讨乌头碱类成分制剂的质量控制.方法:比较2005年版,2010年版中国药典对乌头类生物碱的质量控制要求,分析乌头碱类生物碱的毒性及其化学结构特征.结果与结论:2010年版药典与2005年版药典比较.2010年版药典对乌头类药材质量控制要求有利于药材使用的安全有效:2010年版药典对含乌头类生物碱成分的中药制剂的质量控制有待进一步加强.建议对含乌头类生物碱成分的中药制剂,在质量标准中研究建立双酯型生物碱的限量检查方法,以及双酯型生物碱水解产物苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱和苯甲酰次乌头原碱等单酯型生物碱的总量测定,制定合理的含量范围,以保证用药的安全有效.     

佳蓉片中6种乌头类生物碱的定量研究

目的分析佳蓉片中苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、新乌头碱、乌头碱和次乌头碱6种乌头类生物碱的含量。方法采用HPLC法。色谱条件:Kromasil C 18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-四氢呋喃(25∶15)以及0.1 mol·L^-1醋酸铵溶液(每1000 mL加冰醋酸0.5 mL),梯度洗脱;流速为0.8 mL·min^-1;柱温为25℃;检测波长为235 nm。结果苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、新乌头碱、乌头碱和次乌头碱分别在4.32~432.40,1.29~128.83,1.08~108.46,1.77~177.30,0.78~78.40和1.19~119.04μg·mL^-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好;平均回收率分别为96.46%,98.26%,98.03%,98.23%,98.86%和98.70%;RSD值分别为1.50%,1.20%,1.27%,1.06%,1.50%和1.19%;10批制剂中苯甲酰新乌头原碱、苯甲酰乌头原碱、苯甲酰次乌头原碱、新乌头碱、乌头碱和次乌头碱的含量范围分别为100.32~119.18,9.35~16.02,7.99~10.87,1.54~1.85,0.87~0.99和2.21~3.27μg·g^-1。结论该方法简单、准确、灵敏、重复性好,可作为佳蓉片中乌头类生物碱成分的定量方法。     

鹅掌楸碱银配合物体外诱导肺癌SPC-A-1细胞凋亡及其机制的研究

目的研究鹅掌楸碱银配合物(AgLA2)体外诱导肺癌SPC-A-1细胞凋亡作用及其机制。方法采用MTT法,观察鹅掌楸碱银配合物对肺癌SPC-A-1细胞增殖的抑制作用,采用DNA ladder检测、细胞形态学观察、酶联免疫法进行凋亡检测;采用RT-PCR检测细胞bcl-2、bax mRNA表达水平,免疫细胞化学法考察细胞bcl-2、bax蛋白的改变。结果鹅掌楸碱银配合物对肺癌SPC-A-1细胞的IC50为3.447±0.436mg·mL-1。在鹅掌楸碱银配合物的作用下,可见典型的核染色质凝集、碎裂等细胞凋亡的特征;药物作用后细胞中Caspase-3含量明显高于对照组;用药组细胞较对照细胞bcl-2mRNA、蛋白表达降低,同时bax mRNA、蛋白表达升高。结论鹅掌楸碱银配合物可抑制肺癌SPC-A-1细胞增殖和诱导细胞凋亡,其机制可能是改变bax/bcl-2的比值,改变凋亡的调定点,使得凋亡力量在细胞内占主导优势。     

Study of neurotoxic effects and underlying mechanisms of aconitine on cerebral cortex neuron cells

The study investigated the neurotoxic effects and underlying mechanisms of aconitine on cerebral cortex neuron cells prepared from neonatal SD rats. The uniform design and MTT method were applied to study the effect of aconitine with different concentrations at scheduled time. The influence of aconitine at the maximal toxicity concentration was observed using optical microscope and electron microscope. The influences of aconitine on neuron cells membrane, neuron cells’ inner balance, energy metabolism and neurotransmitters were observed to investigate the action mechanisms of aconitine. The results indicated that the maximal toxicity-concentration was 2% and the critical time were 30 s, 1 min and 20 min respectively. The effects of aconitine on neuron cells’ morphology included cells synapse’s fracture, cells membrane fragment, mitochondria’s swell, cytoplasmic vacuoles, nuclear chromatin’s condensation and accumulation. The stability of biomembrane, the internal milieu and the energy metabolism were also disturbed with the increase of activity of LDH and concentration of neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, opioid, catecholamine and SP) in culture medium, the increase of the activity of ACP and [Na⁺], [Ca²⁺] concentration, and the decrease of Na⁺-K⁺-ATP, [K⁺], [Mg²⁺] and glycogen concentration in the cells. Toxic mechanisms of aconitine damaging neuron cells may be because it inhibited the activity of Na⁺-K⁺-ATP, influenced the concentrations of [Na⁺], [K⁺], [Ca²⁺], [Mg²⁺] and neurotransmitters in the cells, which resulted in the injuries of cells’ morphology and function.     

Aconitine facilitates spontaneous transmitter release at rat ventromedial hypothalamic neurons

The effects of aconitine, an Aconitum alkaloid, on spontaneous inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs and EPSCs respectively) were investigated in the mechanically dissociated rat ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) neurons in which native presynaptic nerve terminals remained intact. Under current-clamp conditions, aconitine (3 x 10(-6) M) depolarized the neuron with generating the action potentials. The aconitine-induced depolarization was markedly suppressed in the presence of CNQX but it was facilitated in the presence of bicuculline, suggesting that release of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters may be involved in the aconitine action in addition to its direct action on postsynaptic membrane. Under the voltage-clamp conditions, aconitine reversibly increased the frequency of spontaneous IPSC and EPSC frequency, but it did not alter their amplitude distribution. Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 3 x 10(-7) M) completely abolished the aconitine action on spontaneous IPSC frequency. Likewise removal of extracellular Na(+) completely suppressed the aconitine action. Both Ca(2+)-free external solution or addition of 10(-4) M Cd(2+) to normal solutions eliminated the facilitatory effect of aconitine on the IPSC frequency. Overall these results suggest that aconitine depolarizes the presynaptic membrane by activating voltage-dependent Na(+) channels. Increase of intraterminal Ca(2+) concentration via an activation of voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels in turn enhances the spontaneous transmitter release from presynaptic nerve terminals. The presynaptic action of aconitine may play a crucial role for membrane excitability of rat VMH neurons.     

乌头注射液对肿瘤化疗患者巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的：探讨乌头注射液对肿瘤化疗患者巨噬细胞功能的影响。方法：治疗组24例,行化疗同时辅以乌头注射淤治疗;对照组23例,单纯化疗。采用斑蝥刺激皮泡法检测巨噬细胞吞噬率（PR）及吞噬指数（PI）,比较两组间巨噬细胞功能（MPF）情况。结果：治疗组PR及PI均高于对照组。结论：化疗患者同时应用乌头注射液可提高巨噬细胞功能,增强免疫力。     

犬组织匀浆中乌头碱的高效液相色谱-质谱测定法及体外稳定性研究（英文）

目的建立了犬组织匀浆中有毒生物碱乌头碱的高效液相色谱-质谱测定法,并应用该方法考察了乌头碱在犬主要组织匀浆中的代谢稳定性。方法色谱柱为C18柱,流动相为含有5 mmol/L甲酸铵和0.2%甲酸的乙腈和水,梯度洗脱。三重四级杆串联质谱配备电喷雾电离源（ESI）,正离子模式下以选择离子监测进行检测。乌头碱分别与犬的肝、小肠、胃和肾的组织匀浆温孵,温孵后不同时间点取出,加入内标西酞普兰,乙腈沉淀后取上清液直接进样测定。结果乌头碱浓度在5～500 ng/ml峰面积和内标的比值与浓度呈良好的线性关系;方法的回收率为85.73%～92.12%,其日内、日间的RSD值分别为5.32%～8.95%和5.45%～8.86%。体外孵育2 h后,在犬肝、小肠匀浆中有约20%的乌头碱进行了代谢转化,其t1/2分别为460.6和521.3 min。但在胃和肾中几乎无变化。结论研究提示犬体内的乌头碱主要在小肠、肝脏中代谢转化,但其代谢和清除较慢。     

Different actions of aconitine and veratrum alkaloids on frog skeletal muscle

1. The electrophysiological effects of veratridine, cevadine and aconitine (10(-8)-2 x 10(-4), 2 x 10(-7)-2 x 10(-6) and 2 x 10(-6)-10(-4) mol/l, respectively) were compared on frog muscle membrane using conventional microelectrodes. 2. Veratridine and aconitine were equally effective in depolarizing the resting membrane with the threshold concentration of 5 x 10(-5) mol/l. 3. Volleys of repetitive discharges and slow transient depolarizations were observed when single electrical stimuli were applied in the presence of veratridine (5 x 10(-8)-2 x 10(-5) mol/l), but not aconitine. Volleys with aconitine could be evoked only by repetitive stimulation; however no tendency of repolarization was observed following these volleys. Two orders of magnitude more aconitine than veratridine was required to induce volleys with similar parameters. 4. The effects of cevadine were similar to those of the corresponding concentrations of veratridine. 5. The observed differences between the electrophysiological actions of aconitine and veratrum alkaloids may be explained in part with differences in Na+ channel inactivation produced by these toxins, in addition to differences in their use-dependent behavior.     

Aconitine alters connexin43 phosphorylation status and [Ca] oscillation patterns in cultured ventricular myocytes of neonatal rats

Aconitine, a highly poisonous type of alkaloid, has a widespread effect in stimulating the membranes of cardiomyocyte. However, other effects of aconitine on cardiomyocyte are unknown. In this study, we investigated whether aconitine also affects the phosphorylation status of connexin43 (Cx43) and intracellular [Ca²⁺] oscillation patterns in cultured ventricular myocytes of neonatal rats. As determined by Western blot analysis, a decreased percentage (47.68 ± 2.29%) of phosphorylated Cx43 (P-Cx43) and a concomitant increased percentage (52.32 ± 2.29%) of nonphosphorylated Cx43 (NP-Cx43) were found in aconitine-treated cultures, compared to the controls (82.77 ± 2.04% for P-Cx43 and 17.23 ± 2.04% for NP-Cx43). Quantitative immunofluorescent microscopy revealed similar changes in phosphorylation status occurring in Cx43 containing gap junctions in the cultures under the same treatment conditions. Real-time laser scanning microscopy indicated that intracellular [Ca²⁺] oscillations were relatively stable in control cultures, with occasional calcium sparks; after being treated with aconitine, high frequency [Ca²⁺] oscillations emerged, whereas typical calcium sparks disappeared. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that, after aconitine treatment, the amount of phosphorylated PKC decreased significantly. These observations suggest that aconitine not only induces dephosphorylation of Cx43 and PKC, but also alters intracellular [Ca²⁺] oscillation patterns in cultured cardiomyocytes.     

全固态乌头碱电化学检测器的研制及其在流动注射分析中的应用

报道一种新型结构的全固态乌头碱电化学检测器的研制及其在流动注射分析中的应用。采用流动注射分析法对川乌、草乌及其中成药(小活络丸)中剧毒成分(双酯型生物碱)进行了测试,方法简便快速,结果同光度法接近。本文还提出了电化学法研究乌头碱水解动力学原理。在pH 6.5,温度98℃的条件下测得乌头碱水解成苯甲酰乌头碱的速度常数为1.36×10^-2min^-1。     

Blocking effects of hypaconitine and aconitine on nerve action potentials in phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscles of mice

The mechanisms of neuromuscular blockade by hypaconitine and aconitine were investigated electrophysiologically in isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm muscles of mice. Hypaconitine (0.08-2 microM) and aconitine (0.3-2 microM) depressed the nerve-evoked twitch tension, without affecting the contraction evoked by stimulation of the muscle. At the concentrations of hypaconitine (up to 5 microM) and aconitine (up to 2 microM) that depressed the nerve-evoked twitch tension, the resting membrane potential of the muscle cells was unchanged. Hypaconitine (0.1-2 microM) and aconitine (2 microM) blocked the end-plate potential (epp), without affecting the amplitude of the miniature epp (mepp). The quantal content of end-plate potentials was decreased by these agents in parallel with the decrement in amplitude. The nerve compound action potential was inhibited by hypaconitine (5 microM) and aconitine (2-10 microM), as well as by 1 microM tetrodotoxin (TTX). When the nerve compound action potential was completely blocked by 2 microM aconitine, the muscle action potential was unaffected, although 1 microM TTX suppressed both potentials to the same degree. These results indicate the neuromuscular blockade produced by hypaconitine and aconitine were caused by reducing the evoked quantal release. The mechanism of this effect was attributed mainly to blocking of the nerve compound action potential.     

乌头碱调控miR-150-5p表达对心力衰竭模型大鼠心功能及心室重构的影响

目的 探究乌头碱对心力衰竭模型大鼠心功能及心室重构的影响及对miR-150-5p的调控作用。方法 将SPF级SD雄性大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、曲美他嗪组、乌头碱组、乌头碱+antagomir-NC组、乌头碱+miR-150-5p antagomir组,每组15只。除假手术组外,其余组均利用结扎左前降支冠状动脉法建立心力衰竭大鼠模型。测定各组大鼠心功能指标左室舒张末期内径(LVEDD)、左室收缩末期内径(LVESD)、左室射血分数(LVEF);ELISA检测各组大鼠心肌损伤指标心肌肌钙蛋白I(CTnI)、脑钠肽(BNP)和N末端B型脑钠肽前体(NT-pro BNP)的水平;测定各组大鼠心脏和左心室质量指数;Masson染色观察各组大鼠心肌组织形态;TUNEL染色检测各组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡率;RT-qRCR检测各组大鼠心肌组织中miR-150-5p和细胞周期蛋白D2(CCND2)的表达;双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-150-5p与CCND2的靶向关系;Western blotting检测心肌细胞中CCND2蛋白的表达。结果 与模型组相比,乌头碱组大鼠心功能指标LVEDD、LVESD、...