伸肌腱止点断裂伴撕脱性骨折的克氏针内固定治疗

目的：介绍伴有末节指骨基底撕脱性骨折的指伸肌腱止点断裂重建技术。方法收治20例伴有远节指骨基底背侧撕脱性骨折的指伸肌腱止点损伤患者,最大骨折块波及大于1/3关节面。骨折块大于1/3关节面时,1枚克氏针直接复位固定骨折块,再固定指间关节于过度背伸位。骨折块小于1/3关节面时,1枚克氏针内固定远指间关节于过度背伸位,用另一枚克氏针在指背以30±176;～45±176;向远端挤压骨折块,将骨折块复位。术后6周拔出克氏针,行功能练习。结果术后随访6～12个月,术后均无疼痛、无畸形、无感染;X线正侧位片示撕脱骨折块均获得解剖复位并愈合。采用Dargan功能评定：优15例,良5例。结论双克氏针内固定是治疗合并骨折的指伸肌腱止点损伤的有效方法,疗效确切。     

改良“钢丝抽出法”治疗指伸肌腱终腱止点撕脱伤

目的介绍一种更简单、更经济、更方便的改良＂钢丝抽出法＂（以可吸收肌腱缝合线代替钢丝＋打钩克氏针代替纽扣）治疗指伸肌腱终腱止点撕脱伤。方法行指根阻滞或臂丛麻醉成功后,取远指间关节背侧切口,开放性损伤清创处理后利用原外伤切口适当延长,暴露指伸肌腱止点断端,自指端逆行打入1枚直径0.8mm克氏针,固定远指间关节于伸直位,并将克氏针尾端打折成钩代替纽扣,以＂3-0＂可吸收肌腱缝合线缝合固定指伸肌腱止点于原位,并于克氏针尾端打钩处打结进行固定,术后2周拆除伤口缝线,术后6周抽出肌腱缝合线并拔除克氏针,开始进行远指间关节功能锻炼。结果 16例患者均痊愈,指间关节功能恢复良好。结论改良＂钢丝抽出法＂（以可吸收肌腱缝合线代替钢丝＋打钩克氏针代替纽扣）是一种有效、方便、经济的治疗指伸肌腱终腱止点撕脱伤的方法,值得推广。     

近侧趾间关节移植重建近侧指间关节内固定方法的生物力学研究

目的比较近侧趾间关节移植重建近侧指间关节4种内固定的生物力学性能,为临床选择内固定提供依据。方法取48对指、趾尸体标本,随机分成4组,分别用交叉克氏针、十字钢丝加单枚斜形克氏针、微型钢板背侧和微型钢板侧方固定,制成近侧趾间关节移植重建近侧指间关节标本,测量模拟活动后内固定的生物力学性能。结果微型钢板背侧固定和十字钢丝加单枚克氏针斜形固定2种固定方法具有较好的稳定性,微型钢板固定和交叉克氏针固定2种固定方法稳定较差。结论十字钢丝加单枚克氏针斜形固定操作简单、软组织剥离少、有较强的稳定性,是较好的固定方法,适合早期功能锻炼。     

克氏针固定抽出钢丝法联合微型带线锚钉治疗骨性锤状指

目的探讨克氏针斜穿固定远端指间关节,抽出钢丝法固定撕脱骨折块,微型带线锚钉重建伸肌腱止点联合治疗骨性锤状指的临床应用。方法自2013-09—2014-12对15例骨性锤状指采用克氏针斜穿固定远端指间关节,抽出钢丝法固定撕脱骨折块,微型带线锚钉重建伸肌腱止点。结果 15例术后均获得随访3~12个月,平均5个月。患指远端指间关节屈伸活动度:0°~70°4例,0°~60°8例,0°~55°2例,0°~30°1例。13例骨折骨性愈合,愈合时间平均3个月,其中2例背侧移位畸形愈合。2例术后骨折块移位,骨折不愈合。术后远端指间关节功能按Crawford功能评定方法评定:优8例,良5例,可2例。结论克氏针斜穿固定远端指间关节,抽出钢丝法固定撕脱骨折块,微型带线锚钉重建伸肌腱止点联合治疗骨性锤状指可达到坚强固定,术后远端指间关节功能恢复满意,疗效可靠。     

短管状骨骨折微创复位固定钳的研制

<正>手、足部短管状骨骨折常因发生骨折畸形愈合、关节僵硬、肌腱粘连等影响手、足部的功能[1]。尤其是掌、跖骨粉碎性骨折,对复位、固定要求高。非手术治疗不易达到解剖复位,易出现掌指关节、指间关节或跖跗关节、跖趾关节僵硬,影响手、足部功能。传统克氏针纵向内固定有穿过关节等局限性,易发生断针、退针及针道感染等。因此,本院设计出了一种短管状骨骨折微创复位、夹持钳,术中只需有限显露及微创     

不同内固定方法治疗掌指骨骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较分析应用交叉克氏针、钢丝捆扎和微型钢板三种内固定方法治疗掌指骨骨折的疗效.方法 128例(154指)掌、指骨骨折,其中A组54例(67指)采用克氏针内固定;B组22例(25指)采用钢丝捆扎内固定;C组52例(62指)采用微型钢板螺钉内固定.分别从手术时间、术后关节功能恢复情况、骨折愈合时间、并发症的发生进行分析比较.结果 A组TAFS评分优良率86.7%,B组67.0%,C组93.3%.三组进行比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 对损伤程度不同的掌指骨骨折应分别选用不同的内固定物,掌指骨干稳定性骨折病人可以选择交叉克氏针内固定,其他类型的骨折尽量选用AO微型钢板,钢丝捆扎内固定应尽量少用.     

改良法治疗手指肌腱止点撕脱伤

目的介绍改良钢丝抽出结合克氏针钩型法治疗手指肌腱止点撕脱伤。方法应用内固定克氏针钩型法结合钢丝抽出法治疗肌腱止点撕脱伤21例,术后6周拔除克氏针、抽出钢丝。结果本组随访4-12月,21例止点完全愈合,指腹皮肤及甲床无坏死及感染,远侧指间关节无疼痛、不适,根据TAM评定标准…优良率95．2％。结论内固定克氏针钩型法结合钢丝抽出法既可避免指腹或甲床受压造成血运障碍,又可以提供肌腱止点的有效固定,方法简单有效。     

手指伸肌腱止点开放性断裂伴末节指骨骨折的外科治疗

目的：探讨微型锚钉联合克氏针治疗手指伸肌腱止点开放性断裂伴末节指骨骨折的疗效。方法：对29例36指手指伸肌腱止点开放性断裂伴末节指骨骨折患者,急诊行清创骨折复位克氏针固定及伸肌腱止点锚钉修复重建术,术后6～8周行远指间关节主、被动屈伸功能锻炼。结果：术后随访3～18个月,平均（10±2．5）个月,29例创口均一期愈合,末节指骨骨折均愈合;根据Dargen功能评定方法评定,优23指,良10指,可3指,优良率91．7％。结论：微型锚钉联合克氏针治疗手指伸肌腱止点开放性断裂伴末节指骨骨折,疗效肯定,是一种理想的治疗方法。     

足背筋膜肌腱瓣修复示指伸肌腱及软组织缺损一例

患者男性，36岁。因左示指机械性损伤2h入院。检查：左示指背侧从近侧至甲根部之间尺背侧纵向软组织缺损，伴中节指骨骨折和伸指肌腱在Ⅳ区缺损与部分近节指骨外露。急诊分两组手术：一组行手部清创术，用交叉克氏针固定中指中节指骨骨折；另一组切取对侧足背筋膜肌腱瓣，按足背动脉走行，纵行切开皮肤皮下并向两侧稍行分离，比受区创面稍大，连带其下第二伸趾肌腱5cm，将第二伸趾肌腱远侧断端与第三伸趾肌腱缝合在一起，检查筋膜肌腱瓣血运良好后断蒂。     

小儿肱骨髁上骨折内固定的生物力学评价

目的　比较三种治疗小儿肱骨髁上骨折的内固定方法 ,为临床选用提供科学依据。方法　采用 8具尸体上肢标本 ,制成骨折损伤模型 ,随机分组分别适用交叉克氏针加 8字钢丝 ,交叉克氏针、平行克氏针等三种方法固定后 ,模拟肘关节伸、屈和扭转三种情况下进行加载。结果　采用交叉克氏针加 8字钢丝无论在强度还是刚度方面均优于单用交叉克氏针内固定 ,更比平行克氏针内固定的效果好 ,前者比后者强度平均高出 12 %和 30 %。刚度平均高出 15 %和 33% (P <0 0 1)。结论　交叉克氏针加钢丝固定 ,它操作简单、牢固、稳定性好 ,是治疗肱骨髁上骨折防止肘内翻的较好方法。     

Tendon injuries of the hand

Tendon injuries are the second most common injuries of the hand and therefore an important topic in trauma and orthopedic patients. Most injuries are open injuries to the flexor or extensor tendons, but less frequent injuries, e.g., damage to the functional system tendon sheath and pulley or dull avulsions, also need to be considered. After clinical examination, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging have proved to be important diagnostic tools. Tendon injuries mostly require surgical repair, dull avulsions of the distal phalanges extensor tendon can receive conservative therapy. Injuries of the flexor tendon sheath or single pulley injuries are treated conservatively and multiple pulley injuries receive surgical repair. In the postoperative course of flexor tendon injuries, the principle of early passive movement is important to trigger an "intrinsic" tendon healing to guarantee a good outcome. Many substances were evaluated to see if they improved tendon healing; however, little evidence was found. Nevertheless, hyaluronic acid may improve intrinsic tendon healing.     

Treatment principles for proximal and middle phalangeal fractures.

After a proximal phalangeal fracture, optimal results are obtained by methods that permit active interphalangeal joint motion and tendon gliding during fracture healing. Typical apex palmar angulation of proximal phalangeal fractures demonstrates dorsal skeletal shortening and secondary incompetence of the extensor mechanism with PIP joint extensor lag. Apex palmar deformities of the middle phalangeal fractures demonstrate similar problems with skeletal shortening resulting in loss of distal joint extension. Proximal and middle phalangeal shaft fracture deformities rotate about their flexor tendons and their fibro-osseous tunnels. Functional restoration requires accurate skeletal realignment that restores normal skeletal length necessary for extensor tendon competence. A splint that holds the wrist in slight extension and all four finger MP joints in full flexion combined with active interphalangeal joint exercises form the essential elements of postoperative care.     

Auto‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid gel accelerates healing of rabbit flexor tendons in vivo

This study's purpose was to assess the in vivo effect of auto‐crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) gel, a natural HA derivative with increased viscosity and tissue residence time, on adhesions and healing of injured and surgically repaired rabbit digital flexor tendons. The second and third right deep digital flexor tendons from 48 rabbits (n = 96 tendons) were cut and repaired with a modified Kessler and running peripheral suture. Animals were randomized to two groups, receiving either HA gel or saline injected around both freshly repaired tendons. After 2, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, six rabbits in each group were euthanized. Tendon pull‐out force and breaking strength were measured as a value for adhesion formation and tendon healing, respectively. A histological assessment of adhesions and healing was related to the mechanical results. A significantly faster increase in breaking strength was found in HA gel‐treated compared to saline‐treated tendons; this coincided with a significantly accelerated tissue repair response after injury. No significant difference in adhesion formation was found between the two groups at any time. Our results indicate a significant acceleration of in vivo healing of tendons treated with HA gel. Adhesion formation was unaffected. These results could have important clinical value in promoting rehabilitation after tendon injury. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27:408–415, 2009     

早期功能锻炼防止再造拇指的肌腱粘连

目的随访第二足趾游离移植再造拇指的功能,以探讨骨固定术式、功能锻炼开始的时间与肌腱粘连发生率的关系。方法对１９９５年２月至１９９８年６月,行第二足趾游离移植再造拇指２６例的疗效进行评定。掌指关节重建方法：（１）Ａ组：克氏针贯穿固定移植趾与第一掌骨１９例,术后３周后拔克氏针,开始功能训练;（２）Ｂ组：关节囊缝合修复术７例,术后２周行功能训练。术后随访３～３７个月,平均为１１．７个月。结果Ａ组：术后移植指屈曲不能１０例,占５２．６％;Ｂ组：有２例不能屈曲,占２８．６％。经再次行肌腱粘连松解术后,再造指屈曲功能明显改善,Ａ组８例,有效率８０％,Ｂ组２例,有效率１００％,总有效率为９２．３％。结论足趾游离移植术后早期功能训练对于防止肌腱粘连具有重要意义。Ｂ组指屈肌腱粘连的发生率明显少于Ａ组,两组行肌腱粘连松解术后屈指功能均明显改善。     

Complications of volar plating of distal radius fractures

Open reduction and internal fixation has been shown to be effective in the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures. When a dorsal approach is used, extensor tendons rupture or irritation are frequent and well known complications. Complications associated with volar plate fixation have not been studied to the same extent. In this study a homogenous series of 90 patients treated by volar plate fixation were retrospectively evaluated, focusing on the complications observed. The overall rate of complications was 8% (7 cases). Tendon rupture or irritation of extensor (3 cases) and flexor tendons (2 cases) were the complications most frequently seen. All but one were clearly related to direct attritional damage of the tendon caused by the prominent edge of the plate or by protruding screw tips. Loss of reduction requiring repeat internal fixation was observed in one marginal shear fracture involving the lunate facet fragment. One patient had a carpal tunnel release owing to median nerve irritation. In this study, volar plate fixation appeared as a safe procedure in the management of unstable distal radius fractures, with a low rate of complications. Accurate placement of the plate and exact measurement of the screws may further minimize the incidence of complications. When radiographs reveal conditions that may predispose to tendon attritional lesions (prominent edge of the plate, dorsal protrusion of the screw tips) we strongly recommend early removal of the fixation device.     

Biomechanical analyses of the human flexor tendon adhesion models in the hand: A cadaveric study

Patients with longstanding trigger finger may develop flexion contracture at the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint that persists even after division of the A1 pulley. The purpose of this study was to explore the hypothesis that flexion deformity of the PIP joint in advanced trigger finger is caused by severe adhesion between the flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons. Ten freshly frozen cadaveric hands were used in the experiments. After preparation of the extrinsic flexor, extrinsic extensor, and intrinsic muscle tendons, we applied weights to the flexor tendons and minimal tension to the extrinsic extensor and intrinsic muscle tendons. We then measured the initial flexion angles of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and PIP joints. Next, we measured the flexion angles of the MCP and PIP joints as increasing tension was applied to the extrinsic extensor and intrinsic muscle tendons, respectively. We repeated these experiments after constructing flexor tendon adhesion model. The initial flexion angles of the MCP and PIP joints were greater in the adhesion model, as were the average tensions required for full extension of these joints. Our results suggest that adhesion between two flexor tendons contributes to progression of flexion deformity in the PIP joint. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:717–725, 2015.     

Long-term follow-up of the Moberg key grip procedure

The long-term results of the key grip procedure (tenodesis of the flexor pollicis longus tendon to the radius, release of the A1 pulley, and percutaneous pin fixation of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb) were evaluated in 10 tetraplegic patients. Seven patients also had tenodesis of the extensor pollicis longus and brevis tendons to prevent flexion at the metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint. Patients were examined an average of 7.4 years after surgery. Progressive flexion of the MP joint gradually occurred, indicating failure of the extensor tenodesis. Excessive bowstringing of the flexor pollicis longus tendon across the MP joint occurred in nine patients. Because of failure of the extensor tenodesis and bowstringing of the flexor tendon, the patients had to progressively extend the wrist further to pinch small objects. Functional testing demonstrated improved hand use in eight patients. Lateral pinch strength was related to wrist extension torque.     

Inhibition effect of mannose-6-phosphate on expression of transforming growth factor Beta receptor in flexor tendon cells

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) has an important role in tendon healing and adhesion formation. Inhibiting TGF-β and its receptor expression may prevent adhesions after tendon open. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of mannose-6-phosphate, a natural inhibitor of TGF-β, on TGF-β and its receptor production in tendon sheath fibroblasts, epitenon tenocytes, and endotenon tenocytes of rabbit flexor tendons. Tendon sheath fibroblasts, epitenon tenocytes, and endotenon tenocytes were isolated from rabbit flexor tendons and cultured separately. The cells were divided into 2 groups at random: an experiment group supplemented with mannose-6-phosphate and a control group without mannose-6-phosphate. The expression of TGF-β and TGF-β receptor was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The luciferase assay measured TGF-β bioactivity. Transforming growth factor beta expression in the experimental group was not decreased compared with the control group, with no significant difference (P>.05) Transforming growth factor beta receptor expression in the experiment group was significantly lower than that in control group (P<.05). Mannose-6-phosphate significantly decreased the expression of TGF-β receptor and TGF-β bioactivity. Modulation of mannose-6-phosphate levels may provide a means of modulating the effects of TGF-β on adhesion formation in flexor tendon wound healing.     

高频超声在手指伸肌腱闭合损伤中的诊断价值

目的 探讨高频超声诊断在手指伸肌腱闭合损伤中的诊断价值.方法 2005年4月至2008年10月,应用高频超声诊断指伸肌腱闭合损伤,对手术证实的21例患者的超声影像特征进行分析.结果 Ⅰ区伸肌腱损伤10例中,超声图像显示肌腱止点处低回声区,远节指骨基底向掌侧移位,动态观察主动伸指远节指骨无活动,其中3例合并末节指骨撕脱骨折,骨块均有移位.Ⅱ区损伤6例中,腱帽损伤完全断裂2例,表现为腱帽连续性中断,结构紊乱,局部有异常暗区,动态观察可见断端分离,伸腱滑向尺侧;腱帽损伤未断裂3例,表现为腱帽增厚,回声不均匀,结构不清;内固定损伤1例,可见内固定物在受损肌腱内穿过,肌腱滑动时受阻.Ⅲ区自发肌腱断裂5例,超声图像见肌腱内部回声不均匀,肌腱纤维混乱,肌腱连续性中断.结论 超声检查指伸肌腱闭合损伤是辅助诊断中的首选方法,为临床治疗提供依据.     

Traumatische und degenerative Läsionen der Sehnen an der Hand

Tendon lesions are the second most common injury in the hand and therefore an important factor in orthopedic patients. Most injuries are open injuries to the flexor or extensor tendons; nevertheless, also less frequent injuries such as damage to the functional system of tendon sheath and pulley or dull avulsions need to be considered. Besides the clinical examination, ultrasound and MRI have proven to be important diagnostic tools. In the postoperative course of flexor tendon injuries, the principle of early passive movement is important to trigger "intrinsic" tendon healing to guarantee a good outcome.