HPLC-ELSD法测定硫酸阿米卡星的含量

目的：用HPLC—ELSD法测定硫酸阿米卡星的含量。方法：采用Agilent ExtendC18色谱柱（250×4．6mm，5μm），以水-氨水-冰醋酸（96：3．6：0．4）（调节pH为10．0～10．2）为流动相，流速1．0ml·min^-1，柱温：30℃。ELSD参数：漂移管温度110℃，氮气流速3．0ml·min^-1。结果：阿米卡星在0．5mg·ml^-1～1．5mg·ml^-1的范围内，峰面积的自然对数与浓度的自然对数呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9991，n=5），平均回收率为99，1％（RSD-0．21％）。结论：该方法准确，重现性好，为阿米卡星提供了一种液相色谱的检测方法。     

HPLC法测定乙胺吡嗪利福异烟片中4组分含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法，测定乙胺吡嗪利福异烟片中利福平、异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺和盐酸乙胺丁醇含量。方法：利福平、异烟肼和吡嗪酰胺用C18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），以-0．01M磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱，流速1．0ml·min^-1，检测波长254nm。盐酸乙胺丁醇选用C18色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），四氢呋喃-0．4％庚烷磺酸钠（含有0．016％硫酸铜，用磷酸调pH至4．5）（25：75）为流动相，流速1．0ml·min^-1，检测波长258nm。结果：利福平、异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺及盐酸乙胺丁醇线性范围分别为16～160μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999），16—160μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999），53—532μg·ml^-1（r=0．9998），80～320μg·ml^-1（r=0．9998），平均回收率为99．3％～99．5％。结论：方法简便，准确，可用于乙胺吡嗪利福异烟片中各组分的质量控制。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定正红花油中α-蒎烯、水杨酸甲酯、丁香酚的含量

目的：测定不同正红花油产品中α-蒎烯、水杨酸甲酯和丁香酚的含量。方法：用HP-1柱（30m×0．25mm，0．25μm），进样口温度280℃，检测器温度300℃（FID）；采用程序升温，起始温度50℃（保持5min），5℃·min^-1升温至90℃（保持5min），10℃·min^-1升温至280℃终止；以十二烷为内标物定量。结果：α-蒎烯、水杨酸甲酯和丁香酚的线性范围分别为：0．03～1．34mg·mL^-1（r=0．9998）、0．08～3．79mg·mL^-1（r=0．9999）、0．05～1．07mg·mL^-1（r=0．9998）；方法重复性实验RSD分别为3．7％，2．3％，4．3％（n=6）；平均回收率分别为：α-蒎烯95．5％，RSD2．4％；水杨酸甲酯102．8％，RSD4．4％；丁香酚103．8％，RSD1．8％。不同正红花油产品中上述3种成分差别较大。结论：本方法简便、灵敏、重复性好，可用于正红花油的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定三七中7种皂苷含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定三七中7种皂苷含量的方法。方法：Hypersil BDS C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相：乙腈（A）-水（B）二元梯度洗脱；流速：1．0ml·min^-1；检测波长203nm；柱温：室温。结果：三七皂苷R1，人参皂苷Rb1，Rb2，Rc，Rd，Rg1，Re的线性范围分别为5．6～140μg·ml^-1（r=0．9992）5．8～144μg·ml^-1（r=0．9991）、5．9-148μg·ml^-1（r=0．9997）、6．1～152μg·ml^-1（r=0．9992）、5．8～144μg·ml^-1（r=0．9992）、5．8～146μg·ml^-1（r=0．9990）、5．8～144μg·ml^-1（，=0．9994）；回收率98．5％～100．1％。结论：HPLC法可同时并且简单快速分离三七中7种皂苷。     

酚氨咖敏颗粒含量测定方法的改进

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。方法：色谱柱：Kromasil C18（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）;流动相：1％醋酸溶液（用三乙胺调pH为3．5）-甲醇-乙腈（65：10：25）;流速：1．0ml·min^-1;检测波长：273nm;柱温：30℃。结果：对乙酰氨基酚的线性范围为12．3～123．2μg·ml^-1（r=0．9996）,平均回收率为98．65％,R．如为0．31％（n=5）;咖啡因的线性范围为2．44～24．42μg·ml^-1（r=0．9998）,平均回收率为99．15％,RSD为0．15％（n：5）;氨基比林的线性范围为8．23～82．34μg·ml^-1（r=0．9999）,平均回收率为98．40％,RSD为0．39％（n=5）。结论：方法简单可行,可用于酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定洁口净含漱液中替硝唑和醋酸氯己定的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法同时测定洁口净含漱液中替硝唑和醋酸氯己定的含量的方法。方法：色谱柱：Inertsil ODS-3（150mm×4．6nm，5μm）；流动相：0．1mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钠-乙腈（72：28），用磷酸调节pH为3．0；检测波长：254nm；流速：1．2ml·min^-1。结果：替硝唑和醋酸氯己定在0．01～0．093mg·ml^-1和0．01～0.090mg·ml^-1的浓度范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系，平均回收率分别为99．7％和99．1％，RSD分别为0．71％和0.73％。结论：本法简便快速，检测结果准确可靠，可有效控制制剂的质量。     

高效液相色谱法测银翘解毒胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的：采用高效液相色谱法测定精制银翘解毒胶囊中对乙酰氨基酚的含量。方法：用C18柱为固定相，以甲醇-水-冰醋酸（20：80：0．5）为流动相，检测波长为249nm，流速为1．0mL·min^-1。结果：对乙酰氨基酚含量测定线性范围10．801～50．005mg·L^-1，r=0．9999，平均回收率为99．50％，RSD为1．20%（n=9）。结论：该法简便、灵敏、准确，适用于精制银翘解毒胶囊的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定脉络宁注射液中3种有机酸的含量

目的：建立用高效液相色谱法梯度洗脱同时测定脉络宁注射液中绿原酸、咖啡酸、肉桂酸含量的方法，并对3个批次脉络宁注射液中上述3种化合物进行定量分析。方法：采用Aglient Zorbax SB-C18柱（4．6mm×150mm）；流动相为乙腈-0．8％醋酸，梯度洗脱；流速为1mL·min^-1；检测波长为λ1=327nm（绿原酸、咖啡酸），λ2=278nm（肉桂酸）。结果：绿原酸、咖啡酸、肉桂酸的线性范围分别为2．695～26．95mg·L^-1（r=0．9997）、0．82～8．20mg·L^-1（r=0．9999）、0．94～9．4mg·L^-1（r=0．9999），回收率分别为101．21％，98．24％，99．56％。结论：本法灵敏快速，准确可靠，适合于同时测定脉络宁注射液中绿原酸、咖啡酸、肉桂酸含量的。     

HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量。方法：采用C18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm，5μm），流动相为甲醇-乙腈-水（9：21：70），流速为1mL·min^-1，检测波长273nm，柱温30℃。结果：乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林分离度好，保留时间分别为4．0min、4．5min、13．1min；理论板数分别为8721、9452、9548；HPLC法测定的线性范围分别为12～108μg·mL^-1，r=0．9999；2．4～21．6μg·mL^-1，r=0．9999；8～72μg·mL^-1，r=0．9999。本方法的精密度和稳定性良好，RSD〈2％。结论：本法简便、快速、准确，用于酚氨咖敏颗粒中对乙酰氨基酚、咖啡因、氨基比林的含量测定。     

UFLC同时测定复方氨酚烷胺片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量

目的：建立UFLC法测定复方氨酚烷胺片中对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因的含量。方法：shim—packXR—ODSII C18柱（75mm×2．0mm,2．2μm）,以0．058mol·L^-1的磷酸二氢铵溶液-甲醇-三乙胺（80：30：0．05pH3．4）为流动相,检测波长为215nm、柱温为40℃、流速为0．7ml·min^-1。结果：对乙酰氨基酚和咖啡因分别在0．24—6．0mg·ml^-1（r=0．9996）和0．016～0．40mg·ml^-1（r=0．9991）范围内呈现良好的线性关系;回收率分别为99．86％和99．65％,RSD分别为0．48％和0．88％（n=9）。结论：方法简便、迅速、重复性好,可作为该制剂质量控制的方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.