室内环境污染物的来源及对人群健康的危害

家庭装修所带来的室内空气污染问题及引起不同程度的负健康效应,已成为广大消费者和社会关心的热点。为此,结合近年来部队部分新建营房室内空气监测情况概述了以下几点:(1)室内环境污染物的来源;(2)室内环境污染物对健康的影响;(3)我国有关室内空气质量标准;(4)去除部队营房室内环境污染的预防措施。     

室内污染物与白血病关系研究进展

由室内空气污染而引发的健康问题逐渐成为国内外研究的热点.近年来,儿童白血病的发病率有逐年上升趋势,这可能与室内家居装修有关.关于这个领域的研究国内外已有文章报道,该文就目前的研究进展做一综述,包括室内环境污染物及其来源、室内环境污染与白血病关系的流行病学研究和毒理学研究.     

室内空气污染研究之进展

在室内空气污染物中的许多污染物浓度一般高于室外，并且在一天的生活中有近90％的时间是处于这样的室内环境，尤其是在工业化的国家中室内生活的时间会更长，因而室内环境的污染对人体健康的影响在世界范围内引起了公众的关注，并形成学术界的研究新热点。本在一般的介绍室内空气污染的情况下，着重分析了室内空气污染物和污染源及污染程度、对人体的影响等，并概括地介绍了近期国际上的研究状况，及控制室内空气污染的某些技术措施。     

室内空气污染研究之进展

在室内空气污染物中的许多污染物浓度一般高于室外，并且在一天的生活中有近90%的时间是处于这样的室内环境，尤其是在工业化的国家中室内生活的时间会更长，因而室内环境的污染对人体健康的影响在世界范围内引起了公众的关注，并形成学术界的研究新热点。本在一般的介绍室内空气污染的情况下，着重分析了室内空气污染物和污染源及污染程度、对人体的影响等，并概括地介绍了近期国际上的研究状况，及控制室内空气污染的某些技术措施。     

室内空气中挥发性有机化合物研究进展

室内环境中挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的污染问题无论从其来源、毒性及毒性效应机制等方面都表现出相当复杂的特性,同时建立室内VOCs接触的早期生物效应测评系统及完善VOCs净化措施是亟待解决的问题。现就室内空气中VOCs的污染现状,VOCs的污染来源和种类,VOCs的毒性和毒作用机理,VOCs的生物监测以及VOCs的净化消除措施进行综述。     

室内挥发性有机物的来源及其健康效应

挥发性有机物 (VOCs)作为一大类空气污染物 ,是近几年来室内空气污染的热点问题 ,现代人一天之中有 90 %的时间在室内度过 ,所以VOCs对人体健康有着极大的危害 ,本文主要综述了VOCs的来源、种类及其对人体健康的影响。     

我国室内空气污染及控制进展

室内空气污染已经引起人们的广泛重视。在１９世纪中期 ,专家们已较早地认识到了大气污染会影响人体健康 ,室内空气污染有时比室外更严重。因为室内空气污染的种类更多 ,污染源更广泛 ,影响因素也更复杂 ,对人体健康造成的影响是多方面的。特别是近２０年来 ,人们逐渐认识到室内环境是人类接触最频繁、最密切的外环境之一。室内污染物的来源及种类日趋增多 ,建筑物密闭程度的增加 ,使得室内污染物不易扩散 ,增加了室内人群与污染物的接触机会。１室内空气污染研究的进展１．１建筑装饰材料的污染建筑装饰材料的污染主要是指从室内各种化工产…     

装修对居室环境及人群健康影响的调查

现代室内装修使用的一些人造板家具、化工材料及各种粘合剂、涂料都含有甲醛和其它挥发性有机物（VOCs）。装饰后这些有毒有害物质不断释放,极易造成室内空气环境恶化。为了解装修后室内环境对健康的影响,我们进行了本次调查。     

室内空气中CO2的评价作用与评价标准

室内环境问题近年来已经得到社会各界的普遍关注。室内空气质量受多种因素影响,除各种化学污染物外,还包括气温、湿度、颗粒物、微生物、放射性气体、静电以及各种气味,室内有毒化学污染物只是满足人居环境需求的基本评价指标之一。室内环境是一个相对封闭于自然环境的微环境,从根本上说,室内空气污染是由室内污染物排放强度和室内外空气交换程度这两个基本条件决定的。随着技术进步和生活水平的提高,     

等离子体技术净化室内空气的潜能及环境风险研究进展

室内空气污染直接影响人群健康。传统的空气净化方法已不能满足室内空气净化要求,近年来,等离子体技术、光触媒技术及臭氧技术等空气净化技术开始被关注。该文着重阐述了等离子体技术净化室内颗粒物、挥发性有机污染物、微生物等空气污染物的潜能,分析了净化过程中可能引起的二次污染问题,评价了等离子体空气净化器在实际应用中的环境风险,并提出了等离子体技术在室内空气净化方面需要进一步研究的问题和方向。     

Volatile organic compounds: do they present a risk to our health?

Indoor air quality has been recognised as a significant health, environment, and economic issue in many countries. Research findings have demonstrated that some air pollutants occur more frequently and at a higher concentration in indoor air than in outdoor air, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In this context, the indoor environment can be of crucial importance because modem society spends most of their time indoors, and exposure to VOCs may result in a spectrum of illnesses ranging from mild, such as irritation, to very severe effects, including cancer. These effects have been seen at very low levels of exposure in many epidemiological studies. In this review, we discuss the nature of the VOCs that are ubiquitous in indoor environment and the evidence for adverse health effects associated with exposure to some of these compounds.     

室内空气主要污染物及其健康效应

室内空气质量与人体健康紧密相关。室内空气污染物的种类众多、来源广泛 ,对人体健康造成的危害十分复杂 ,可累及呼吸、免疫和血液等多个系统。目前 ,室内空气中存在的污染物以燃料燃烧产物、建筑装饰材料产生的挥发性有机化合物和生物性污染物等为主。本文就这几类主要污染物的来源及其健康效应进行综述     

室内空气污染物及其健康效应研究

随着人们生活质量的提高，室内空气污染越来越受到关注。由于室内空气污染导致的不良建筑物综合症(sick building syndrome，SBS)已经成为现代人生活中不可忽视的一个问题，室内空气污染已经被列为对公众健康危害最大的5种环境因素之一。笔者对影响室内空气质量的几种重要气态污染物(甲醛、氡气、氨气、氮氧化物以及挥发性有机物等)，就其健康效应及其近几年的研究进展进行综述，并指出了今后的研究重点和方向。     

Assessing exposure to air toxics relative to asthma

Asthma is a respiratory disease whose prevalence has been increasing since the mid 1970s and that affects more than 14.6 million residents of the United States. Environmental triggers of asthma include air pollutants that are respiratory irritants. Air toxics emitted into the ambient air are listed in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments as hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) if they can adversely affect human health, including the respiratory tract. HAPs include particulate and gaseous-phase pollutants, individual organic compounds and metals, and mixtures. Associations between asthma exacerbation and both particles and indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs), often referred to as indoor air quality, have been reported. Studies conducted in the United States, Canada, and Europe over the past two decades have shown that most people living in the developed countries spend the majority of their time indoors and that the air concentrations of many air toxics or HAPs are higher indoors than in the ambient air in urban, suburban, and rural settings. Elevated indoor air concentrations result from emissions of air toxics from consumer products, household furnishings, and personal activities. The Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor and Personal Air (RIOPA) study was designed to oversample homes in close proximity to ambient sources, excluding residences where smokers lived, to determine the contribution of ambient emissions to air toxics exposure. The ratios of indoor to outdoor air concentrations of some VOCs in homes measured during RIOPA were much greater than one, and for most other VOCs that had indoor-to-outdoor ratios close to unity in the majority of homes, elevated ratios were found in the paired samples with the highest concentration. Thus, although ambient emissions contribute to exposure of some air toxics indoors as well as outdoors, this was not true for all of the air toxics and especially for the higher end of exposures to most volatile organic air toxics examined. It is therefore critical, when evaluating potential effects of air toxics on asthma or other adverse health end points, to determine where the exposure occurs and the source contributions for each air toxic and target population separately and not to rely solely on ambient air concentration measurements.     

Exposures to multiple air toxics in New York City

Efforts to assess health risks associated with exposures to multiple urban air toxics have been hampered by the lack of exposure data for people living in urban areas. The TEACH (Toxic Exposure Assessment, a Columbia/Harvard) study was designed to characterize levels of and factors influencing personal exposures to urban air toxics among high school students living in inner-city neighborhoods of New York City and Los Angeles, California. This present article reports methods and data for the New York City phase of TEACH, focusing on the relationships between personal, indoor, and outdoor concentrations in winter and summer among a group of 46 high school students from the A. Philip Randolph Academy, a public high school located in the West Central Harlem section of New York City. Air pollutants monitored included a suite of 17 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aldehydes, particulate matter with a mass median aerodynamic diameter 相似文献   

室内空气污染物对人体健康的危害及防治

室内空气污染物的来源广泛、种类日趋增多、对人类健康的危害日益严重,受到人们的高度重视。该文较全面地阐述了室内污染物的来源,概述了不同来源污染物对人类健康的危害,对室内空气污染的防护对策及处理技术进行了介绍,为创造良好的生活工作环境,保护人们的健康提供科学依据。     

A healthy home environment?

Over the past seven years, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has consistently ranked indoor air pollution among the top five risks to public health. One of the most dangerous indoor air pollutants is carbon monoxide (CO). CO can be lethal, but perhaps more important, many people suffer ill health from chronic, often undetected exposure to low levels of this gas, resulting in fatigue, headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Another dangerous pollutant is volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which come from sources including building products, cleaning agents, and paints. One VOC, formaldehyde, can act as an irritant to the conjunctiva and upper and lower respiratory tract. Formaldehyde is also known to cause nasal cancer in test animals.     

人体对室内外空气污染物的暴露量与潜在剂量的关系

目的：探讨人体对室内外空气污染物的暴露量（exposure)与潜在剂量（potential dose)的关系，方法：分析并对比暴露量与潜在剂量的定义和计算方法，应用方案评价法分别计算个体对室内外空气中甲醛的暴露量与潜在剂量和对CO的暴露量与潜在剂量，二者有时明显相关，有时无相关性。结论：与暴露量相比，潜在剂量应能更好地反映室内外空气中污染物与健康效应的关系。     

Exposure to air pollutants in English homes

BRE has conducted a national representative survey of air pollutants in 876 homes in England, designed to increase knowledge of baseline pollutant levels and factors associated with high concentrations. Homes were monitored for carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)), formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the majority of the homes, concentrations of the measured pollutants were low. However, some homes have concentrations that would suggest a need for precautionary mitigation. Those factors that are most likely to lead to exposures of concern in homes are identified as gas cooking (for CO and NO(2)), the use of unflued appliances for heating (for CO and NO(2)), emissions from materials in new homes (for total VOC (TVOC) and formaldehyde), and painting and decorating, with a significant increase in risk suspected to exist where there is not a place to store materials away from the living space (for TVOC). It is noteworthy that seasonal effects on CO and NO(2) were largely due to indoor sources. This would need to be considered when interpreting time series studies of the effect of outdoor air pollution on health. It is also of some significance that the critical factors are related much more to sources than to ventilation: source control is therefore, as would be expected, the most appropriate approach to reducing the risk of hazardous exposure to air pollutants in homes.     

Polluted air--outdoors and indoors

Many air pollutants which are considered important in ambient (outdoor) air are also found, sometimes at higher levels, in indoor air. With demanding standards having been set for many of these pollutants, both in the workplace and ambient air, consideration of the problems posed by indoor pollution is gaining pace. Studies on exposure to pollutants found in the indoor domestic environment are increasing and are contributing to an already significant compilation of datasets. Improvement in monitoring techniques has helped this process. Documented reports of fatalities from carbon monoxide poisonings are still worrying. However, studies on health effects of non-fatal, long term, low dose, indoor exposure to carbon monoxide and other pollutants, are still inconclusive and too infrequently documented. Of particular concern are the levels of air pollutants found in the domestic indoor environment in developing countries, despite simple interventions such as vented stoves having shown their value. Exposure to biomass smoke is still a level that would be considered unacceptable on health grounds in developed countries. As in the occupational environment, steps need to be taken to control the risks from exposure to the harmful constituents of indoor air in the home. However, the difficulty regarding regulation of the domestic indoor environment is its inherent privacy. Monitoring levels of pollutants in the home and ensuring regulations are adhered to, would likely prove difficult, especially when individual behaviour patterns and activities have the greatest influence on pollutant levels in indoor air. To this end, the Department of Health is developing guidance on indoor air pollution to encourage the reduction of pollutant levels in indoor domestic air. The importance of the effects of domestic indoor air on health and its contribution to the health of the worker are increasingly appreciated. Occupational physicians, by training and interest, are well placed to extend their interests into the environmental field and to focus on this important area.