Simplified instructional phrasing in dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation – when ‘less is more’

INTRODUCTIONIn our national emergency dispatch centre, the standard protocol for dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DACPR) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) involves the instruction ‘push 100 times a minute 5 cm deep’. As part of quality improvement, the instruction was simplified to ‘push hard and fast’.METHODSWe analysed all dispatcher-diagnosed OHCAs over four months in 2018: January to February (‘push 100 times a minute 5 cm deep’) and August to September (‘push hard and fast’). We also performed secondary per-protocol analysis based on the protocol used: (a) standard (n = 48); (b) simplified (n = 227); and (c) own words (n = 231).RESULTSA total of 506 cases were included: 282 in the ‘before’ group and 224 in the ‘after’ group. Adherence to the protocol was 15.2% in the ‘before’ phase and 72.8% in the ‘after’ phase (p < 0.001). The mean time between instruction and first compression for the ‘before’ and ‘after’ groups was 34.36 seconds and 26.83 seconds, respectively (p < 0.001). Time to first compression was 238.62 seconds and 218.83 seconds in the ‘before’ and ‘after’ groups, respectively (p = 0.016). In the per-protocol analysis, the interval between instruction and compression was 37.19 seconds, 28.31 seconds and 32.40 seconds in the standard protocol, simplified protocol and ‘own words’ groups, respectively (p = 0.005). The need for paraphrasing was 60.4% in the standard protocol group and 81.5% in the simplified group (p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSimplified instructions were associated with a shorter interval between instruction and first compression. Efforts should be directed at simplifying DACPR instructions.     

四川省广安市106例重症传染性单核细胞增多症患儿临床特征和治疗分析

目的 分析广安市重症传染性单核细胞增多症（IM）患儿临床特征,探讨以重组人干扰素α1b辅助阿昔洛韦的治疗效果,为临床防治重症IM提供经验依据。方法 选取2018年1月—2021年1月广安市人民医院收治106例重症IM患儿为对象,采用随机数字法分为观察组和对照组,对照组予阿昔洛韦治疗,观察组在对照组基础上予重组人干扰素α1b治疗,比较两组临床疗效、临床症状（退热、咽峡炎消失、颈部肿大淋巴结消退及肝脾肿大）消失时间,检测降钙素原（PCT）、血红蛋白（Hb）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、血小板计数（PLT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）、肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同工酶（CK-MB）、异型淋巴细胞、白细胞计数（WBC）、淋巴细胞及不良反应发生率。结果 106例重症IM患儿均出现发热症状,发热时间7.5~16.0（13.5±6.3）d。颈部淋巴结肿大占85.8%,咽喉肿痛占78.3%,咽峡部有伪膜覆盖占70.8%,肝肿大占41.5%,脾肿大占36.8%,眼睑浮肿占35.8%。观察组和对照组治疗有效率分别94.34％和75.47％,观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（χ²=7.361,P<0.05）;治疗后观察组退热、咽峡炎消失、颈部肿大淋巴结消退和肝脾肿大消失时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义（χ²=12.958,5.478,4.707,6.709,P<0.01）。治疗后两组血清PCT、CRP、AST、LDH、CK、CK-MB及异型淋巴细胞、WBC的异常率均降低,淋巴细胞比例升高（P<0.05）,且观察组变化更明显,两组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 重组人干扰素α1b辅助阿昔洛韦治疗重症IM患儿疗效显著,可改善临床症状,降低严重因子和心肌酶谱,改善外周血细胞比例。     

Current state of reflective learning in anaesthesiology residents: a call for ‘reflection-on-action’ training in Singapore

INTRODUCTIONReflective learning is the cognitive process whereby information from new experiences is integrated into existing knowledge structures and mental models. In our complex healthcare system, reflective learning (specifically ‘reflection on action’) is important for postgraduate learners. We observed that our anaesthesiology residents were not building on their competence through deliberate experiential and reflective practice. This qualitative study explored the current state and challenges of reflective learning in anaesthesia training in Singapore.METHODSThis study was conducted at KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore, from 1 January 2018 to 31 October 2018. A semi-structured interview format was used in focus groups. Information collection continued until data saturation was reached. The interviews were coded and analysed, and themes were identified. Seven focus group interviews involving 19 participants were conducted.RESULTSReflective learning was found to be poor. It was of concern that the stimuli for reflection and reflective learning emerged from medical errors, critical incidents and poor patient outcomes. Challenges identified were: (a) lack of an experiential learning framework; (b) need for reflective training; (c) quality of experiential triggers; (d) clinical pressures; and (e) poor learner articulation and feedback. We described some strategies to frame, teach and stimulate reflective learning.CONCLUSIONThis study described the state and challenges of reflective learning in anaesthesia training. We advocate the implementation of reflective training strategies in postgraduate training programmes in Singapore. Research is warranted to integrate patient feedback and outcomes into reflective practice.     

经皮腔内血管成形术结合药物溶栓治疗动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成的疗效观察

目的探讨超声或放射监测下经皮腔内血管成型术结合药物溶栓治疗血液透析动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成的效果。方法选取2014年10月至2017年10月浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院动静脉内瘘血管经过物理和影像学检查证实存在血栓形成和血流停滞的患者192例，血栓形成时间一般不超过72 h，排除活动性出血、严重凝血功能障碍等溶栓及手术治疗禁忌患者。在超声或放射监测下，采用尿激酶和肝素等渗氯化钠混合液溶栓，狭窄部位行球囊扩张术，使内瘘血流再通并恢复功能。结果2014年10月至2017年10月共192例患者施行了274例次内瘘血管急性血栓形成的腔内介入手术，技术成功率为98.2%，临床成功率为93.8%，并发症发生率1.46%。自体动静脉内瘘患者术后3、6、12个月的初级通畅率分别为87.4%、76.7%、63.9%，次级通畅率分别为93.7%、91.6%、83.0%；移植血管动静脉内瘘患者术后3、6、12个月的初级通畅率分别为60.7%、51.5%、43.1%，次级通畅率分别为82.7%、77.1%、70.8%。结论腔内介入技术结合药物溶栓是治疗动静脉内瘘急性血栓形成安全、有效的方法，能够延长内瘘的使用寿命，保护患者宝贵的血管资源。