96例晕厥患者的病因分析

目的对晕厥患者进行病因分析,寻找晕厥诊疗方向。方法选择2014年1月1日~2016年12月21日以晕厥收入我院神经内科的患者96例,分析患者的病因构成。结果所有患者中,神经介导的反射性晕厥50例,占52.1%,体位性低血压及直立不耐受综合征性晕厥31例,占32.3%,心源性晕厥如心律失常、冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病、肺栓塞等引起的10例,占10.4%。非晕厥5例,占5.2%。结论晕厥的主要病因是神经介导的反射性晕厥,其次为体位性低血压晕厥、心源性晕厥;需重视神经系统疾病引起的晕厥病因的查找;对病因进行危险分层有助于降低潜在的风险。     

儿童血管迷走性晕厥的诊断和治疗

晕厥是儿童和青少年的常见病症，可有许多原因引起。女孩比男孩发病率高。研究发现晕厥的发病率存在2个高峰年龄组，分别为青少年和老年。其中在青少年发病的高峰年龄为15～19岁之间。晕厥的病因复杂。其中神经介导（反射性）晕厥是最常见的病因，而血管迷走性晕厥（vasovagal syncope，VVS）是反射性晕厥中最常见的类型。有资料显示，神经介导晕厥最多见（6l％～71％），其次为脑血管和精神性晕厥（11％-19％）、心源性晕厥（6％）。香港中文大学附属医院儿科病例报道149例（平均年龄10．4岁）晕厥患儿中，VVS占54．1％，     

倾斜试验在晕厥诊断中的作用

倾斜试验是晕厥诊断中非常重要的辅助检查之一,该检查于1986首次提出,通过变换体位模拟神经介导性反射寻找晕厥病因并指导治疗。该检查主要用于反射性晕厥、直立性低血压所致晕厥的诊断,同时对于晕厥与其他心源性晕厥、癫痫、心因性假性晕厥等疾病的鉴别诊断也有一定作用,但其敏感性和特异性有限。倾斜试验阳性的反射性晕厥患者,接受起搏治疗前要综合评估患者情况。     

心源性晕厥的病因及非侵入性诊断技术的评价

晕厥（syncope）作为临床上常见的一组症候群,其本质是脑供血骤然减少或停止而出现的短暂意识丧失,常伴有机体张力丧失而不能维持一定的体位,约占内科急诊患者的1．2％～3％,住院患者的6％。由于心源性晕厥病因复杂化、发病率高、危害性大,侵入性电生理检查在国内尚不普及,且属创伤性,因此选择和评价系列非侵入性诊断技术检出心源性晕厥具有重要的临床意义。     

24小时动态脑电图对发作性意识丧失成年患者的病因诊断价值

目的探讨24 h动态脑电图（AEEG）对成年患者发作性意识丧失病因诊断的价值。方法回顾分析39例发作性意识丧失成年患者的24 h AEEG监测结果。结果 39例患者中癫痫11例（28.2%）,心源性晕厥8例（20.5%）,脑源性晕厥5例（12.8%）,反射性晕厥15例（38.5%）。癫痫患者均出现棘波、棘慢波、尖慢波等典型痫样放电;37.5%（3/8）的心源性晕厥出现阵发性弥漫性中至高波幅慢波;80.0%（4/5）的脑源性晕厥患者有脑电图异常,表现为基本节律减慢、阵发性局限性θ波或散在θ波增多;40.0%（6/15）的反射性晕厥患者AEEG为轻度异常。结论 24 h AEEG是鉴别癫痫与晕厥的有力手段。晕厥发作间期脑电图显示广泛阵发性慢波的患者应警惕心源性晕厥的可能。     

以急性胸痛为主诉的患者的病因分析

目的分析以急性胸痛为主诉的患者的病因。方法选择我院2012年6月—2013年10月急诊科收治的以急性胸痛为主诉的患者402例,分析其病因。结果 402例患者中心源性胸痛253例,占62.94%;非心源性胸痛149例,占37.06%。结论急性胸痛以心源性胸痛为主,医护人员应加强对急诊胸痛病因的认识,避免漏诊和误诊。     

动态心电图在老年心源性晕厥诊断中的应用价值

引起晕厥的常见病因有心源性和非心源性两类。心源性晕厥常见于60岁以上老年患者,且随增龄,发病率有上升趋势。我国老年患者心源性晕厥所占比例高达20%,病死率较高,严重时还可导致心脏性猝死。老年患者心源性晕厥发病     

18例晕厥患者动态心电图检查结果分析

据国外统计,人群中约20％至少发生过一次晕厥,6％的住院者及3％的急诊者因晕厥而就诊。2006年10月-2008年10月,我们对18例疑诊为心源性晕厥患者行12导联动态心电图检查,15例患者明确了病因。现报告如下。     

神经系统疾病

20032410 24小时动态心脑电图同步监测对疑为晕厥患者的诊断价值/周立春…//北京医学,一2003,25(1)一16~17 30例患者采用24h动态脑电图(AEEG)和动态心电图(AECG)监测。结果:诊断脑源性晕厥或症状性癫痛3例,心源性晕厥9例,疑为反射性或其他晕厥18例。24hAEEG/AECG出现异常时间与患者不适有相关性者占68.8%,其中8例心源性晕厥者有不同程度的胸闷、憋气等症状。24hAEEG/AECG监测对疑为晕厥的患者具有重要的诊断和鉴别诊断价值。参8(周璐)20032411纳洛酮、654一2治疗椎一基底动脉缺血性头晕疗效观察/白科易…//实用心脑肺血管病杂志一…     

疑为心源性晕厥的无创检查

晕厥指意识短暂的完全丧失伴有姿势紧张的消失,持续几秒至几分钟自行恢复。晕厥占急诊病房1%左右,占青年人1/3～1/2。心源性晕厥总死亡率30%,年猝死发生率20%。晕厥原因系复合性心血管病因(表),频繁的晕厥可能为多因素,病人常不能获得肯定的诊断,仅50%能明确晕厥原因。系列无创检查技术有助于确定心源性晕厥的病因,这些无创检查均应用于创伤性检查(如电生理检查)之前。     

Relation of clinical presentation of syncope to the age of patients

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of patient age on the clinical presentation of syncope and to establish the diagnostic value of clinical history in older patients. A total of 485 consecutive patients with unexplained syncope referred to secondary and tertiary hospitals were divided into 2 predefined age groups: 224 patients <65 years and 261 patients > or =65 years. The diagnostic criteria for the cause of syncope were developed before the beginning of the study. The clinical features of syncope were analyzed using a standard 46-item form. A cardiac cause of syncope was established in 27 younger (12%) and 89 older (34%) patients. A neurally mediated cause was established in 154 younger (68%) and 142 older (54%) patients. In patients > or =65 years, the clinical features of cardiac and neurally mediated syncope were very similar. The diagnosis of the cause of syncope was possible on the basis of the history alone in 26% younger and 5% older patients (p <0.0001). Myoclonic movements, effort syncope, and supine position during loss of consciousness were the most specific (97%, 99%, and 99%, respectively) diagnostic criteria for a cardiac cause of syncope in older patients, but, all together, they accounted for only 14% of patients. In conclusion, compared with younger patients, the medical history has a limited value in the diagnosis of the cause of syncope in older patients. The specificity of some features is high but these can be observed in only a minority of patients.     

Long-term follow-up after syncope. A group of 183 patients observed for 5 years

BACKGROUND: To determine the incidence of recurrent syncope and mortality rate in a group of patients hospitalized for syncope. METHODS: A 5 years follow-up of 183 patients hospitalized for syncope. A collaborative study between the Departments of Cardiology and Neurology. RESULTS: The etiological diagnosis of syncope was the following: unknown causes 21.86%, cardiovascular causes 72.67%, non-cardiovascular cause 5.46%. The general mortality rate was 26.77% (51.94% in those aged > = 70 years, 8.49% in < 70 years). The mortality rate of syncope of unknown causes was 30% among all patients (61.11% in those aged > = 70 years and 4.54% < 70 years). Syncope of cardiac cause (prevalent arrhythmias) and syncope of iatrogenic cause had a high mortality rate (respectively 63.33% and 42.10%); both in young people (28.53%, 26.53%) and in old people (66.66%, 50%). Syncope of reflex cause has a mortality rate of 5.79% (4/69) among all patients (14.28% in those aged > = 70 years, 3.63 in < 70 years). Age, arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular events are significantly associated with mortality rate. Recurrences were quite common: 24.59% of all patients (45/183); 29/45 syncope (64.44%) were observed in the first year of follow-up with a prevalence for patients with a syncope of reflex cause (26.09%) and for those with a syncope of unknown cause (37.56%). Recurrences were less common among patients with syncope of cardiac cause, however more frequent during the first year of follow-up, with an increased risk of mortality. CONCLUSIONS: A. The cause of syncope is most frequently established on the basis of history and clinical examination. B. A collaboration between Departments with a common interest for this pathology is recommended. C. Cardiac syncope has the worst prognosis and therefore needs recurrent clinical examinations and prompt treatment. D. Syncope itself is not a risk factor for increased overall and cardiac mortality or cardiovascular events. E. Underlying diseases such as hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular events are the major risk factors for mortality.     

Syncope: current diagnostic evaluation and management

OBJECTIVE: To provide a comprehensive review of the causes, current diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of syncope. DATA IDENTIFICATION: New data and knowledge in this evolving field were critically analyzed by doing a MEDLINE search on syncope supplemented by selective review of English language literature citations in the Index Medicus before 1980. STUDY SELECTION: We reviewed approximately 200 published articles on syncope and closely related topics as well as using our own clinical experience. We selected articles if they addressed the pathophysiology of syncope, classification and causes, differential diagnosis, noninvasive and invasive evaluation, and current therapy. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Syncope is a common clinical problem, occurring in 30% to 50% of the adult population. The prognosis for syncope depends on its cause. Cardiac syncope has the worst prognosis and therefore mandates thorough evaluation and prompt treatment. Diagnostic evaluation is made difficult by the transient nature of the episodes and the many causes. Noninvasive testing reveals the cause of syncope in approximately 50% of cases. More extensive evaluation, including invasive electrophysiologic studies, has assumed a larger role in defining the cause of syncope in selected patients with structural heart disease in whom a noninvasive evaluation has been nondiagnostic. Recently tilt-table studies have been proposed as a clinically useful noninvasive test for vagally mediated syncope. CONCLUSIONS: A rational stepwise diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with syncope can be developed by initially doing a careful history and physical examination followed by a noninvasive evaluation and selective use of additional, more specialized or invasive tests. Future research should focus on defining the validity and utility of current diagnostic testing in syncope and on exploring further the pathophysiology of patients with recurrent, unexplained syncope.     

Evaluation and outcome of patients with syncope

We studied 433 patients with syncope to derive insights into the diagnostic evaluation and outcome of patients with this common problem. This study shows that the etiology of syncope was not found in approximately 41% of patients. When a cause of syncope was determined, it was most frequently established on the basis of initial history, physical examination and an electrocardiogram (EKG). Furthermore, many of the other entities (e.g., aortic stenosis, subclavian steal) were suggested by findings on the history and physical examinations that required directed diagnostic testing. Initial EKG was abnormal in 50% of patients but led to a cause of syncope infrequently (less than 7%). Prolonged electrocardiographic monitoring, which has assumed a central role in the evaluation of syncope, led to a specific cause in only 22% of patients. Other tests were less often helpful in assigning a cause of syncope. At 5 years, the mortality of 50.5% in patients with a cardiac cause of syncope was significantly higher than the 30% mortality in patients with a noncardiac cause or 24.1% in patients with an unknown cause. At 5 years, a mortality of 50.5% in patients with a cardiac cause of syncope was noted. There were 54 actual deaths in this group as compared to 10.7 expected deaths based on 1980-86 mortality data from Allegheny County, PA (standardized mortality ratio = 5.02). At 5 years, a 33.1% incidence of sudden death was noted in patients with cardiac cause of syncope, as compared with 4.9% in patients with a noncardiac cause and 8.5% in patients with an unknown cause. Mortality and sudden death remained significant for the first 3 years after which the survival curves were parallel. A cardiac cause of syncope was an independent predictor of sudden death and mortality. Recurrences were common but were not associated with an increased risk of mortality or sudden death. Major vascular events were also more frequent in patients with cardiac causes of syncope. The results of this study will be helpful in designing future studies to evaluate the usefulness of newer diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, short- and long-term outcome data will be useful in planning intervention strategies in these patients.     

Diagnosis and characteristics of syncope in older patients referred to geriatric departments

OBJECTIVES: To test the applicability and safety of a standardized diagnostic algorithm in geriatric departments and to define the prevalence of different causes of syncope in older patients. DESIGN: Multicenter cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: In-hospital geriatric acute care departments and outpatient clinics. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty-two patients (aged>or=65, mean+/-standard deviation=79+/-7, range 65-98) consecutively referred for evaluation of transient loss of consciousness to any of six clinical centers participating in the study. Of these, 11 had a syncope-like condition (5 transient ischemic attack; 6 seizures), and 231 had syncope (aged 65-74, n=71; aged>or=75, n=160). MEASUREMENTS: Protocol designed to define etiology and clinical characteristics of syncope derived from European Society of Cardiology Guidelines on syncope. RESULTS: No major complication occurred with use of the protocol. Neurally mediated was the more prevalent form of syncope in this population (66.6%). Cardiac causes accounted for 14.7% of all cases. The neuroreflex form of syncope (vasovagal, situational, and carotid sinus syndrome) was more common in younger than in older patients (62.3% vs 36.2%; P=.001), whereas orthostatic syncope was more frequent in the older than in the younger group (30.5% vs 4.2%; P<.001). In only 10.4% of cases, syncope remained of unexplained origin. After initial evaluation, a definite diagnosis was possible in 40.1% of the cases, and a suspected diagnosis was obtained in 57.9%. Syncope of suspected cardiac origin after initial evaluation was confirmed in 43.7% of cases, and neuromediated causes were confirmed in 83.5% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The protocol is applicable even beyond the age of 90 in geriatric departments. The standardized protocol is associated with a reduction in the frequency of unexplained syncope to about 10%.     

Evaluation of the current prognostic role of cardiogenic syncope

Prior studies about the prognosis of syncopal patients shows that the 1-year mortality is consistently higher in cardiogenic than in non-cardiogenic or unexplained syncope. After 10 years, other studies have raised several concerns about this circumstantial evidence, showing that the risk of death is predicted by only the underlying heart disease and not from the syncope itself. This is a prospective cohort study aimed to compare the prognosis of cardiogenic and non-cardiogenic syncope. We studied 200 syncopal patients consecutively admitted to the Emergency Department Observation Unit of the University Hospital of Parma. At 1 month and 1 year after discharge, we compared the incidence of syncopal recurrences, major procedures, cardiovascular events and death for any reason in patients with cardiogenic versus non-cardiogenic syncope. Cardiogenic syncope was associated with the presence of at least one adverse event at short and long term. Despite the significant advances in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases over the past decades, cardiogenic syncope continues to be associated with a significantly worse prognosis when compared with non-cardiogenic syncope.     

Impact of intracardiac electrophysiologic testing on the management of elderly patients with recurrent syncope or near syncope

Seventy-five patients, 75 years of age and over, experienced recurrent syncope, with the etiology remaining unclear but presumably cardiogenic, after cardiac and neurologic examinations and noninvasive laboratory testing (including an electrocardiogram and ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring). The mean number of previous syncopal spells was 14 (range, 1 to 64) over a mean of 36 months (range, 1 to 480 months). These patients underwent invasive electrophysiologic testing and a potential cause for syncope was identified in 68%. Abnormal findings at electrophysiologic testing included: sinus node dysfunction (55%); abnormal His-bundle conduction (39%); and ventricular tachycardia (14%), with some patients having more than one abnormality. No major complications were associated with the electrophysiologic testing. Patients were subsequently treated with permanent cardiac pacing or antiarrhythmic drugs or both, depending upon results of the electrophysiologic study. Follow-up examinations (mean of 26 months; range, 1 to 70) were possible in 90% of patients. No further syncope occurred in 84% of patients with an abnormal electrophysiologic study who received subsequent therapy to prevent the identified abnormality. Thus, in this difficult group of patients with recurrent syncope of uncertain etiology, electrophysiologic testing was safe and indicated abnormalities of conduction or rhythm in 68% of patients; treatment to correct these abnormalities prevented recurrent syncope in 84%.     

Diagnostic value of history in patients with syncope with or without heart disease

OBJECTIVES: We sought to establish what historical findings are predictive of the cause of syncope. BACKGROUND: The clinical features of the various types of syncope have not been systematically investigated. METHODS: Three hundred forty-one patients with syncope were prospectively evaluated. Each patient was interviewed using a standard questionnaire. A cause of syncope was assigned using standardized diagnostic criteria. RESULTS: A cardiac cause of syncope was established in 23% of the patients, a neurally mediated cause in 58% and a neurologic or psychiatric cause in 1%, and in the remaining 18%, the cause of syncope remained unexplained. In a preliminary analysis including age, gender and the presence of suspected or certain heart disease after the initial evaluation, only heart disease was an independent predictor of a cardiac cause of syncope (odds ratio 16, p = 0.00001), with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 45%. In contrast, the absence of heart disease allowed us to exclude a cardiac cause of syncope in 97% of the patients. In patients with certain or suspected heart disease, the most specific predictors of a cardiac cause were syncope in the supine position or during effort, blurred vision and convulsive syncope. Significant and specific predictors of a neurally mediated cause were time between the first and last syncopal episode >4 years, abdominal discomfort before the loss of consciousness and nausea and diaphoresis during the recovery phase. In the patients without heart disease, palpitation was the only significant predictor of a cardiac cause. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of suspected or certain heart disease after the initial evaluation is a strong predictor of a cardiac cause of syncope. A few historical findings are useful to predict cardiac and neurally mediated syncope in patients with and without heart disease.     

Prospective evaluation of patients with syncope: a population-based study

PURPOSE: To determine the diagnostic yield of a standardized sequential evaluation of patients with syncope in a primary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department with syncope as a chief complaint were enrolled. Their evaluation included initial and routine clinical examination, including carotid sinus massage, as well as electrocardiography and basic laboratory testing. Targeted tests, such as echocardiography, were used when a specific entity was suspected clinically. Other cardiovascular tests (24-hour Holter monitoring, ambulatory loop recorder ECG, upright tilt test, and signal-averaged electrocardiography) were performed in patients with unexplained syncope after the initial steps. Electrophysiologic studies were performed in selected patients only as clinically appropriate. Follow-up information on recurrence and mortality were obtained every 6 months for as long as 18 months for 94% (n = 611) of the patients. RESULTS: After the initial clinical evaluation, a suspected cause of syncope was found in 69% (n = 446) of the 650 patients, including neurocardiogenic syncope (n = 234, 36%), orthostatic hypotension (n = 156, 24%), arrhythmia (n = 24, 4%), and other diseases (n = 32, 5%). Of the 67 patients who underwent targeted tests, suspected diagnoses were confirmed in 49 (73%) patients: aortic stenosis (n = 8, 1%), pulmonary embolism (n = 8, 1%), seizures/stroke (n = 30, 5%), and other diseases (n = 3). Extensive cardiovascular workups, which were performed in 122 of the 155 patients in whom syncope remained unexplained after clinical assessment, provided a suspected cause of syncope in only 30 (25%) patients, including arrhythmias in 18 (60%), all of whom had abnormal baseline ECGs. The 18-month mortality was 9% (n = 55, including 8 patients with sudden death); syncope recurred in 15% (n = 95) of the patients. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic yield of a standardized clinical evaluation of syncope was 76%, greater than reported previously in unselected patients. Electrocardiogram-based risk stratification was useful in guiding the use of specialized cardiovascular tests.     

Syncope in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis: More Than Just an Obstruction Issue

BackgroundSevere aortic stenosis (AoS) is considered a primary cause of syncope. However, other mechanisms may be present in these patients and accurate diagnosis can have important clinical implications. The aim of this study is to assess the different etiologies of syncope in patients with severe AoS and the impact on prognosis of attaining a certain or highly probable diagnosis for the syncope.MethodsOut of a cohort of 331 patients with AoS and syncope, 61 had severe AoS and were included in the study. Main cause of syncope and adverse cardiac events were assessed.ResultsIn 40 patients (65.6%), we reached a certain or highly probable diagnosis of the main cause of the syncope. AoS was considered the primary cause of the syncope in only 7 patients (17.5% of the patients with known etiology). Atrioventricular block (14 patients, 35.0%) and vasovagal syncope (6 patients, 15.0%) were the most frequently diagnosed causes. The presence of a known cause for syncope during the admission was not associated with a lower incidence of recurrence during follow-up (hazard ratio [HR] 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.20-2.40). Syncope of unknown etiology was independently associated with greater mortality during 1-year follow-up (HR 5.4, 95% CI 1.3-21.6) and 3-year follow-up (HR 3.5, 95% CI 1.2-10.3).ConclusionsIn a high proportion of patients with severe AoS admitted for syncope, the valvulopathy was not the main cause of the syncope. Syncope in two-thirds of this population was caused by either bradyarrhythmia or reflex causes. Syncope of unknown cause was associated with increased short- and medium-term mortality, independently from treatment of the valve disease. An exhaustive work-up should be conducted to determine the main cause for syncope.