B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流治疗高海拔地区高龄高危急性胆囊炎的应用

目的 总结B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流(PTCD)在高海拔地区高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者的治疗经验.方法 分析接受经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流治疗的50例高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料.结果 50例均穿刺置管成功.45例(90%)均获得有效胆囊减压引流.42例(84%)治愈.3例发生胆囊出血,1例发生胆汁腹腔漏,1例发生穿刺窦道及腹腔感染.全组无一例因急性胆囊炎及相关的治疗死亡.结论 经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流是治疗高海拔地区高龄高危急性胆囊炎患者的一项安全、简便、有效的方法.     

超声引导经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗老年急性非结石性胆囊炎的可行性及疗效

[目的]探讨超声引导经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗老年急性非结石性胆囊炎的可行性及疗效。[方法]对21例急性非结石性胆囊炎的老年患者,入院后急诊行超声引导经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流术,术后常规禁食水、补液、对症支持治疗,术后3~4周择期拔管。[结果]21例均在超声引导下顺利完成穿刺置管引流术,无胆瘘、出血、胃肠道损伤、血气胸等严重并发症发生,术后1例引流管自行脱出、1例出现胆囊区局限性积液、1例出现引流管阻塞;术后患者症状消失、复查超声胆囊均基本恢复正常。[结论]老年急性非结石性胆囊炎患者经超声引导经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流安全可行、效果良好。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流联合二期小切口胆囊切除治疗高龄高危急性梗阻性胆囊炎176例

老年人急性胆囊炎患者随着人口老龄化逐渐增多,由于老年患者高危因素较多,治疗十分棘手〔1〕。经皮经胆囊穿刺引流与小切口胆囊切除术相结合在治疗高龄高危急性胆囊炎临床疗效得到广泛的关注〔2〕。本研究观察对比高龄高危急性梗阻性胆囊炎患者分别采用经皮经胆囊穿刺引流联合二期小切口胆囊切除治疗和传统胆囊切除治疗的治疗情况,探求良好的治疗高龄高危急性梗阻性胆囊炎的方法。     

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流治疗85岁以上高危急性胆囊炎13例临床分析

经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流(percuteaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage, PTGD)是在B超引导下,经皮经肝向胆囊穿刺置管引流的技术.胆囊积液是胆系疾病中一种常见的急诊征象,在高龄患者中多由急性胆囊炎、胆囊颈部嵌顿结石、胆总管结石等引起的高危疾病.因其体质较差,伴发疾病多,往往不能耐受传统手术及腹腔镜手术.对这些患者实施PTGD治疗,能有效地缓解患者症状.本院自2008年2月至2010年3月对13例≥85岁的高危急性胆囊炎患者施行此项技术,取得良好的效果,报道如下.     

超声引导下胆囊穿刺置管引流术治疗老年急性胆囊炎的临床疗效

目的探讨超声引导下经皮胆囊穿刺置管引流术(PGCD)治疗老年急性胆囊炎的临床疗效。方法分析89例老年急性胆囊炎患者应用PGCD治疗的临床资料,从操作、疗效、并发症及愈后等方面进行评价。结果 89例患者一次性置管成功率为100%,术后临床症状迅速缓解。89例患者中5例引流不畅,调整引流管;7例引流管脱落,行二次置管。其中85例结石性胆囊炎患者中71例择期行胆囊切除术,14例长期置管;4例非结石性胆囊炎患者4~7 w后拔管,治愈出院。结论 PGCD作为治疗老年急性胆囊炎的一种简便、安全、有效的方法,值得临床推广。     

胆囊穿刺治疗老年急性化脓性胆囊炎28例

2002年1月～2005年1月，对急性化脓性胆囊炎合并心、肺等器质性病变的老年患者28例，采用经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流（PTGD）治疗，缓解了发热、腹痛等症状，有效避免了保守治疗胆囊穿孔的危险和急诊手术的巨大风险，取得了满意的疗效，现报告如下。     

B超导引下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺造瘘术治疗急性胆囊炎的临床疗效

目的 探讨B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺造瘘术(PTGCD)治疗急性胆囊炎的临床疗效.方法 选择120例急性胆囊炎患者,均在B超下行PTGCD治疗,观察PTGCD治疗急性胆囊炎的临床疗效和并发症发生情况.结果 120例患者在B超下行PTGCD治疗均获成功,无出血、胆瘘等并发症发生.在后续治疗中,102例顺利施行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,18例行腹腔镜手术时因解剖不清而中转行开腹胆囊切除术,均治愈.结论 B超引导下行PTGCD治疗可迅速缓解急性胆囊炎引起的危重症状,且微创、安全,对急性胆囊炎的治疗有重要临床价值.     

急性胆囊炎内镜及介入治疗的研究进展

急性胆囊炎是一种常见的急腹症。根据严重程度不同可分为Ⅰ级(轻度)、Ⅱ级(中度)、Ⅲ级(严重)。对于病情严重且手术风险较高的患者,胆囊引流是重要的治疗手段。临床上常用的经皮经肝胆囊引流,临床成功率可达65%以上。随着内镜技术的发展,国内外一些中心开始将内镜下胆囊引流应用到急性胆囊炎的管理,本文介绍了临床上常用的胆囊引流方法,如经皮经肝穿刺胆囊引流、超声内镜引导下胆囊穿刺引流术、内镜下经乳头胆囊引流术等,并就近年来急性胆囊炎内镜及介入治疗发展现状进行综述。     

老年急性非结石性胆囊炎32例手术治疗分析

32例老年急性非结石性胆囊炎患者均行手术治疗,其中21例行单纯胆囊切除术,4例行胆囊切除并胆管探查术,6例行胆囊大部切除术,1例行胆囊造口术。术后病理结果提示8例为急性化脓性胆囊炎,19例为坏疽性胆囊炎,14例为坏疽穿孔性胆囊炎。治愈31例,死亡1例。认为积极进行手术治疗是改善老年急性非结石性胆囊炎预后的有效方法,并应选择适当的手术方式。     

择期与急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗老年急性胆囊炎的临床比较分析

正急性胆囊炎是外科常见的急腹症,一经确诊多需要手术治疗,随着我国进入老龄化社会,合并多器官疾病的老年性急性胆囊炎病人逐渐增多,如何有效安全地治疗老年急性胆囊炎目前存在较大争议[1-2]。腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)已被广泛应用于临床,证明其在技术上的可行性和安全性。经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage,PTGBD)通过微创的方式解除梗阻、引流胆汁、消除症状,为后续手术提供了充分的准备时间。本文回顾性对比分析了急诊LC与PTGBD+LC治疗老年性急性胆囊炎的临床疗效。现报道如下。     

超声引导下经皮胆囊穿刺引流术治疗老年人急性胆囊炎的临床观察

目的 探讨超声引导经皮胆囊穿刺引流术(PPDG)在老年人急性胆囊炎中的应用价值. 方法 回顾性分析59例老年急性胆囊炎患者在超声引导下行PPDG(PPDG组)的临床资料,并与同期37例行胆囊切除术(切除术组)和13例手术胆囊造瘘(造瘘术组)患者的临床资料进行对比,对3种治疗方法的疗效、安全性等进行比较. 结果 切除术组和造瘘术组术后并发症发生率和病死率及平均住院天数分别为32.4％ (12/37)和7.7％(1/13),5.4％(2/37)和7.7％(1/13)和(25.4±16.5)d和(32.0±12.5)d,PPDG组患者无并发症和死亡,平均住院天数为(19.5±9.8)d,3组间比较差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05). 结论 超声引导下PPDG是治疗老年人急性胆囊炎有效、安全和简便的方法.     

床旁经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术在高龄急性化脓性胆囊炎患者中的应用价值

目的评价床旁B超引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGD)对高龄急性化脓性胆囊炎患者的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2010年8月～2011年3月接受治疗的25例高龄急性化脓性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果 25例均置管成功。1例87岁女性患者PTGD术后7天死于多器官功能衰竭。其余24例在行PTGD术后2周～2月间择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,其中中转开腹3例,胆囊切除术后均未死亡。结论 PTGD治疗高龄化脓性胆囊炎是一项安全、有效、简便的方法。     

A case of pericholecystic abscess diagnosed by ultrasonography

Pericholecystic abscess is a serious complication of cholecystitis. Though preoperative diagnosis is easy by gray-scale ultrasonography, there has been no case reported in which the communication between pericholecystic abscess and the gallbladder was demonstrated ultrasonically. We experienced a case in which the communication route between a pericholecystic abscess and the gallbladder was successfully demonstrated by a real-time electric linear scanner. Furthermore, the abscess was successfully treated by percutaneous drainage following ultrasonically guided puncture. This success demonstrates that ultrasonography by a real-time scanner can be effective for diagnosis and treatment of acute cholecystitis and pericholecystic abscess.     

Chemical ablation of the gallbladder using alcohol in cholecystitis after palliative biliary stenting

Chemical ablation of the gallbladder is effective in patients at high risk of complications after surgery. Percutaneous gallbladder drainage is an effective treatment for cholecystitis; however, when the drain tube cannot be removed because of recurrent symptoms, retaining it can cause problems. An 82-year-old woman presented with cholecystitis and cholangitis caused by biliary stent occlusion and suspected tumor invasion of the cystic duct. We present successful chemical ablation of the gallbladder using pure alcohol, through a percutaneous gallbladder drainage tube, in a patient who developed intractable cholecystitis with obstruction of the cystic duct after receiving a biliary stent. Our results suggest that chemical ablation therapy is an effective alternative to surgical therapy for intractable cholecystitis.     

Nonsurgical Treatment of Cholecystolithiasis with Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholecystoscopy

Early surgical intervention in acute cholecystitis is sometimes fatal to patients in the high-risk group. Since the technical development of ultrasonically guided puncture of the gallbladder, percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy has become a safer method for the treatment of acute cholecystitis. We have been developing percutaneous transhepatic cholecystoscopy procedures since 1981, and have used this method in 11 patients with cholecystolithiasis. In all cases, we were able to destroy the stones with the Nd-YAG laser, and remove the fragments with a basket catheter through the fistula. There were no severe complications from percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy or cholecystoscopy. This lithotomy technique is a safe and reliable nonsurgical technique for patients with cholecystolithiasis, especially the elderly high-risk group.     

Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage with replacement of a covered self-expandable metal stent

Endoscopic self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement has become a standard palliative therapy for pa- tients with malignant biliary obstruction. Acute cholecystitis after SEMS placement is a serious complication. We report a patient with an acute cholecystitis after covered SEMS placement, who was managed successfully with endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) and replacement of the covered SEMS. An 85-year-old man with pancreatic cancer suffered from acute cholecystitis after covered SEMS placement. It was impossible to perform percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage. After removal of the covered SEMS with a snare, a 7Fr double pigtail stent was placed between the gallbladder and duodenum, subsequently followed by another covered SEMS insertion into the common bile duct beside the gallbladder stent. The cholecystitis improved immediately after ETGBD. ETGBD with replacement of the covered SEMS thus proved to be effective for treatment of patients with acute cholecystitis after covered SEMS placement.     

Endoscopic ultrasound guided gallbladder drainage——is it ready for prime time?

Management of acute cholecystitis includes initial stabilization and antibiotics. However, the most definitive treatment is cholecystectomy. A small percentage of patients who are not suitable for surgery due to the severity of cholecystitis or comorbidities will require a temporary measure as a bridge to surgery or permanent nonoperative management to decrease the mortality and morbidity. Most of these patients who require conservative management were managed with percutaneous transhepatic cholecystostomy or trans-papillary drainage of gallbladder drainage with cystic duct stenting through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography(ERCP). Although, these conservative measures are effective, they can cause significant discomfort to the patients especially if used as a long-term measure. In view of this, there is a need for further minimally invasive procedures, which is safe, effective and comfortable to patients. Endoscopic ultrasound(EUS) guided gallbladder drainage is a novel method of gallbladder drainage first described in 2007~([1]). Over the last decade, EUS guided gallbladder drainage has evolved as an effective alternative to percutaneous cholecystostomy and trans-papillary gallbladder drainage. Our goal is to review available literature regarding the scope of EUS guided gallbladder drainage as a viable alternative to percutaneous cholecystostomy or cystic duct stenting through ERCP among patients who are not suitable for cholecystectomy.     

Perforated emphysematous cholecystitis managed by endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage

An 88-year-old woman with dementia was diagnosed as having perforated emphysematous cholecystitis with localized peritonitis. Because she was at high risk for surgery, gallbladder drainage was required before surgery. Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage instead of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was performed because bile could leak from the puncture site to free space around the perforated gallbladder. After the insertion of a nasobiliary drainage tube, the gallbladder was drained and cleaned with saline solution. Subsequently, a nasobiliary drainage tube was replaced with a double-pigtail stent because she was at high risk of dislodging the nasobiliary drainage tube. Although clinical improvement was observed, she was treated conservatively without surgery. She was followed up for 6 months without developing cholecystitis. For perforated cholecystitis without developing panperitonitis, endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage would be an effective option as a bridge to surgery for the initial treatment and as an alternative to surgery for long-term management for a later treatment. This is the first reported case of perforated emphysematous cholecystitis with localized peritonitis treated with endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage.     

An evaluation of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after selective percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and usefulness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after selective percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage in patients with severe acute cholecystitis and patients with acute cholecystitis and severe comorbid disease. METHODS: According to whether percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage was performed before surgery, 133 patients with acute cholecystitis were divided into a percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group (n=60) and non-percutaneous-transhepatic-gallbladder-drainage group (n=73). Background factors, safety, and postoperative course were retrospectively evaluated and compared between these two groups. RESULTS: Compared with the non-percutaneous-transhepatic-gallbladder-drainage group, the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group was significantly older (p=0.0009), had a higher frequency of comorbid disease (p=0.0252), and a worse American Society of Anesthesiology classification (p=0.0021). In individual statistical tests, body temperature (p=0.0288), white blood cell count (p=0.0175), and C-reactive protein value (p=0.0022) were significantly elevated in the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group; however, for frequency of comorbid disease, body temperature, and white blood cell count, significance was removed by correction for multiple testing of data. There was no significant difference in gender distribution, history of upper abdominal surgery, or body mass index between the two groups. The duration of surgery was marginally but significantly longer in the percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage group (p=0.0414; in a single statistical test; however, that significance was removed by correction for the multiple testing of data). Between the two groups, there was no significant difference in blood loss at surgery, frequency of postoperative complications, rate of conversion to open laparotomy, interval until oral feeding was resumed, and length of postoperative hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that satisfactory outcomes can be achieved with selective pre-operative gallbladder drainage in older and sicker patients with acute cholecystitis.     

EUS-guided cholecystenterostomy: a new technique (with videos)

BACKGROUND: The cornerstone of management for acute cholecystitis is cholecystectomy. However, surgical intervention is contraindicated in the occasional patient. EUS-guided transduodenal gallbladder drainage may represent an effective minimally invasive alternative. OBJECTIVES: To describe a new technique, EUS-guided cholecystenterostomy. DESIGN AND SETTING: A single-center retrospective case series. PATIENTS: Three patients with severe acute cholecystitis unresponsive to conservative management who were deemed unfit for cholecystectomy. INTERVENTIONS: Under combined EUS and fluoroscopic guidance, cholecystenterostomy was performed via needle puncture, guidewire insertion, cystoenterostome passage, and stent placement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Technical success, clinical progress, immediate and long-term complications, and recurrence of cholecystitis. LIMITATIONS: Pilot series. RESULTS: Cholecystenterostomy was performed successfully in all patients. Rapid improvement in clinical status and inflammatory parameters ensued. A minor intraprocedural bile leak occurred in 1 patient, without significant clinical sequelae. Cholecystitis did not recur in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: EUS-guided cholecystenteric drainage is technically feasible and appears to be a safe and effective procedure. Via this technique, gallbladder drainage and resolution of related sepsis may be achieved in patients with acute cholecystitis who are unfit for surgery.