心脏移植手术麻醉处理进展

目前,心脏移植是终末期心脏病的有效治疗方法。现综述旨在从麻醉诱导和维持、术中维护血流动力学的稳定、免疫抑制治疗这几方面介绍麻醉处理进展。     

25例同种异体心脏移植手术患者的麻醉管理

目的总结心脏移植围术期麻醉管理的经验。方法 25例同种异体心脏移植患者。术中采用氯胺酮40～50 mg、咪唑安定1～2 mg、琥珀胆碱50 mg依次静注行麻醉诱导。间断静注芬太尼5～10μg/kg、阿曲库铵0.3～0.5 mg/kg,持续静注丙泊酚3～5 mg/（kg.h）,间断吸入七氟烷1%～3%维持麻醉。用多巴胺、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素维持患者血流动力学稳定。结果 25例患者手术过程均顺利。气管插管前及插管后即刻平均动脉压分别为（87±11）、（89±13）mmHg,心率分别为（85±12）、（83±13）次/min,P均〉0.05。主动脉阻断时间48～113min,体外循环时间86～230 min。术后1周死亡1例,6个月内死亡3例。体外循环前及主动脉开放后分别有19、25例使用强心及血管活性药物。8例出现室颤,均除颤成功。4例放置起搏器。21例泵入前列腺素E1或伊洛前列腺素和（或）吸入一氧化氮（NO）。5例泵入硝酸甘油。结论术中良好、恰当的麻醉诱导与维持及保持患者血流动力学稳定是心脏移植麻醉成功关键。     

原位同种异体心脏移植术的麻醉管理

目的 :探讨 8例原位同种异体心脏移植术的麻醉管理。方法 :术前依据患者心脏功能及全身状况 ,给予强心、利尿、营养心肌等治疗。采用静脉吸入复合麻醉 ,气管插管控制呼吸 ,在体外循环下行原位异体心脏移植术。根据血流动力学监测选用合适剂量的血管活性药。结果 :8例患者术中的血流动力学平稳 ,术毕 6～ 14h拔除气管导管 ,无麻醉并发症。 2例患者分别于术后 17d和 72 d死亡 ,余 6例患者均存活。结论 :重视术前心功能准备 ,合理使用麻醉药和血管活性药物 ,维持术中的血流动力学平稳是原位异体心脏移植术麻醉的关键。     

同种异体原位心脏移植术后的监测治疗

目的总结昆明市延安医院云南省心脏移植中心11例同种异体原位心脏移植术后的监测治疗。方法选择2003年3月—2008年9月进行同种异体原位心脏移植术患者11例,手术均按标准法行同种异体原位心脏移植,术后抗排斥反应治疗采用环孢素(CsA)+霉酚酸酯(MMF)+泼尼松(Pred)三联方案,并给予严密的监测治疗。结果 11例患者均一期恢复良好出院,出院后6例患者存活至今,心理状态良好,血流动力学稳定,无明显免疫排斥迹象;3例患者死亡,其中1例因患者自己暗地里不规律服用免疫抑制药物引起急性排斥反应,经我科救治好转后出院,仍然不规律服用免疫抑制药物而猝死家中,1例肺部严重感染,1例急性右心衰竭经再次入院抢救,无效死亡。结论心脏移植是目前终末期心脏病最有效的治疗手段,术后的监测治疗十分关键。     

老年心脏移植手术三例

目前,心脏移植(HT)已经成为治疗终末期心脏病最为有效的手段。如何提高老年患者HT的成功率,成为近年研究的热点和难点。截止2006年12月,我院已独立完成HT手术14例,其中老年患者3例,报道如下。1资料与方法3例患者均为男性,分别于2003年11月(61岁)、2004年2月(62岁)和2005年6月(6     

同种异体肾脏移植67例麻醉体会

1997～2004年，我院共开展同种异体肾脏移植手术260例，其中67例采用全身麻醉。现报告如下。     

同种异体原位心脏移植39例

目的 总结39例同种异体原位心脏移植体会以及远期随访结果。方法 回顾性分析自1995年8月-2003年2月共39例心脏移植病例,对其治疗经验和随访结果进行分析、总结。结果 本组39例受体术后早期(1周内)死亡7例,病死率17.9％,手术成功率82.1％,7例死亡病例中有5例死于术后急性右心功能衰竭,1例死于败血症,1例死于急性肾功能衰竭。晚期死亡病例5例,占存活总数的15.6％,远期存活率84.4％,其中1例死于心律失常,1例死于败血症,1例因并发肺部曲霉茵感染用二性霉素治疗后死于肝功能衰竭。对远期存活病例进行随访,所有病例的生活质量良好,心功能恢复至Ⅰ～Ⅱ级(NYHA)。结论 心脏移植是治疗终末期心脏病的有效方法,在手术早期为了提高手术的成功率,要重视围手术期对受体适应证的选择、选择合理的免疫抑制治疗方案以及对肾功能损害的处理尤其是对急性肾功能衰竭的处理。在远期的随访中,要根据具体情况合理调整环孢素的血药浓度以及重视对各种并发症的处理。     

同种异体原位心脏移植术后急性排异期药物的观察与护理

目的观察和总结心脏移植术后患者急性排异期应用常用排异抑制药物的护理经验。方法对16例次（15例患者）成功实施原位心脏移植手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,着重分析其急性排异期应用常用排异抑制药物的护理。结果16例次心脏移植中,经典式原位心脏移植术4例次、双腔静脉吻合法心脏移植术12例次,全部患者采用术后早期免疫诱导加三联免疫抑制剂（环孢素A或他克莫司加霉酚酸酯加泼尼松）的抗排异反应方案。本组6例死亡,存活时间5d～103个月,中位数3．5个月;其余9例（10例次）存活至今,存活时间3．119个月,中位数49个月。结论术后严密、及时、有效地进行急性排异期药物的观察和护理,为早诊断、早处理提供依据,可有效提高心脏移植术的成功率。     

心脏瓣膜置换术的麻醉处理

本文报告930例心脏瓣膜置换术的麻醉体会。全部采用大剂量芬太尼为主的复合麻醉方法,麻醉过程顺利。并对瓣膜置换术的麻醉选择,循环维护,低血钾症防治,以及呼吸管理等问题进行探讨。     

Impact of pre-transplant pulmonary hypertension on survival after heart transplantation: A UNOS registry analysis

Introduction

Severe pre-transplant pulmonary hypertension (PH) has been associated with adverse short-term clinical outcomes after heart transplantation in relatively small single-center studies. The impact of pre-transplant PH on long-term survival after heart transplantation has not been examined in a large, multi-center cohort.

Methods

Adults (≥ 18 years) who underwent first time heart transplantation in the United States between 1987 and 2012 were retrospectively identified from the United Network for Organ Sharing registry. Pre-transplant PH was classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), trans-pulmonary gradient (TPG), and pulmonary artery (PA) mean pressure. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality.

Results

Data from 26,649 heart transplant recipients (mean age 52 ± 12 years; 76% male; 76% Caucasian) were analyzed. During a mean follow-up of 5.7 ± 4.8 years, there were 10,334 (39%) deaths. Pre-transplant PH (PVR ≥ 2.5 WU) was a significant predictor of mortality (hazard ratio 1.10, 95% confidence interval 1.05–1.14, p < 0.0001) in multivariable analysis. However, the severity of pre-transplant PH (mild/moderate vs. severe) did not affect short or long-term survival. Similarly, even in patients who were supported with either a left ventricular assist device or a total artificial heart prior to transplant, severe pre-transplant PH was not associated with worse survival when compared to patients with mild/moderate pre-transplant PH.

Conclusion

Pre-transplant PH (PVR ≥ 2.5 WU) is associated with a modest increase in mortality when compared to patients without pre-transplant PH. However, the severity of pre-transplant PH, assessed by PVR, TPG, or mean PA pressure, is not a discriminating factor for poor survival in patients listed for heart transplantation.     

原位心脏移植的围术期处理

目的总结3例原位心脏移植成功患者的围术期处理经验。方法2001年8月至2003年12月为3例终末期心脏病患者施行原位心脏移植术,术式均采用双腔静脉吻合法,术后采用环孢素A、泼尼松及吗替麦考酚酯联合免疫抑制治疗。结果3例患者均顺利出院,心功能恢复至Ⅰ-Ⅱ级(NYHA),围术期无感染或严重排异反应发生。结论正确的围术期处理是心脏移植术后早期顺利康复的关键。     

Pilot assessment of the response of several pulmonary hemodynamic variables to sublingual sildenafil in candidates for heart transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To determine the acute vasodilator effect of sublingual sildenafil in heart transplant candidates with severe pulmonary hypertension due to severe left ventricular dysfunction (LVD). BACKGROUND: Pulmonary hypertension confers an increased risk of early graft failure. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seven patients, (mean age of 53+/-8) with severe LVD (mean EF: 19+/-1.7%, functional class III-IV) due to coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy and valvulopathy were evaluated for heart transplant. All patients presented a mean transpulmonary gradient >12 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistances >2.5 W.U., despite full treatment for advanced heart failure. The following hemodynamic data were obtained at basal state and then 15, 30 and 45 min after administration of 100 mg of sublingual sildenafil: right atrial, mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP), mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressures, mean transpulmonary gradient (mTPG), blood pressure, cardiac output, pulmonary vascular resistances (PVR) and systemic vascular resistances. Sublingual sildenafil was given without changing the previous treatment of heart failure. RESULTS: After 30 min of sublingual sildenafil, mPAP decreased from 37 (28-61) to 30 (16-42) mmHg and PVR decreased from 5.2 (1.9-13.8) to 2.5 (1.4-3.9) W.U. after 45 min. Mean TPG decreased from 19 (16-33) to 12 (8-14) mmHg at 45 min. Mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistances and mean blood pressure were unchanged. Sublingual sildenafil was well tolerated, with only transient facial flushing in 4 patients and mild headache in 2. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this initial study, sublingual sildenafil may be a useful alternative drug to perform acute vasodilator test in heart transplant candidates with significant pulmonary hypertension due to severe LVD. Nevertheless, further studies are warranted to confirm our results.     

先心病伴严重肺动脉高压矫治术的麻醉处理

目的探讨先心病伴严重肺动脉高压矫治术患者围术期监测及治疗肺动脉高压的麻醉处理。方法选32例肺动脉平均压〉70mmHg的患者，采用主肺动脉置管法持续测压，并通过主肺动脉导管持续泵入前列腺素E1（5μg·kg^-1·min^-1），观察转流后和术后第3天的肺动脉压。结果肺动脉压出院时[（43．90±12．42）mmHg]与术前[（85．88±13．26）mmHg]比较，P〈0．01；术后第3天[（29．40±13．41）mmHg]与术中[（36．10±16．20）mmHg]比较，P〈0．05。结论以动力性为主的严重肺动脉高压患者，虽经外科治疗降低了肺动脉压力，但仍需在麻醉处理上采取必要和有效的措施去预防和治疗肺血管阻力的不断升高。     

Lung transplantation for pulmonary hypertension

From its identification as a distinct disease entity, understanding and management of pulmonary hypertension has continuously evolved. Diagnostic and therapeutic interventions have greatly improved the prognostic implications of this devastating disease, previously rapidly and uniformly fatal to one chronically managed by multi-disciplinary teams. Improved diagnostic algorithms and active research into biochemical signatures of pulmonary hypertension (PH) have led to earlier diagnosis of PH. Medical therapy has moved from upfront use of continuous intravenous prostaglandins to administration of combinations of oral medications targeting multiple pathways underlying this disease process. In addition to improved medical therapies, recently introduced interventions such as pulmonary endarterectomy and pulmonary artery balloon angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) give patients an increasing array of treatment options. Despite these many advances, lung transplantation remains the definitive treatment for patients with disease refractory to or progressing on best medical therapy. As our understanding of medical therapy has advanced, so to have best practices for lung transplantation. Recipient selection and approach to organ transplantation techniques have continuously evolved. Mechanical circulatory support has become increasingly employed to bridge patients through lung transplantation in the immediate post transplantation recovery. In this review, we give a history of lung transplantation for PH, an overview of PH, discuss current best practices and look to the future for insights into the care of these patients.     

Pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension due to chronic heart failure

Pulmonary hypertension (PHT) associated with chronic heart failure (CHF) is a risk factor of right ventricular failure after heart transplantation (HT). Our aim was to study pulmonary vascular changes in patients with CHF and to assess any correlation with haemodynamic data. METHODS: We studied 17 HT recipients with preoperative CHF who died shortly after HT. Preoperative haemodynamic information was obtained immediately before HT. Vascular lesions in muscular arteries were assessed by linear morphometry. Haemodynamic data were correlated with the morphologic changes. RESULTS: Mean transpulmonary gradient (TPG) was 8.9+/-4.5 mm Hg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was 2.25+/-1.34 Wu. According to the threshold for at-risk PHT (TPG>12 mm Hg or PVR>2.5 Wu), six patients had at-risk PHT. Medial thickness was 23.82+/-7.23% in patients with at-risk PHT and 17.16+/-3.24% in patients without at-risk PHT (p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: Medial hypertrophy of muscular pulmonary arteries is more common and severe than expected in patients with CHF, even in patients without at-risk PHT. This structural change could explain why PHT, even in range of values not excluding HT, is a risk factor for right ventricular failure after HT and influences post-HT haemodynamic behaviour.     

心脏移植围手术期处理(附8例临床分析)

目的总结心脏移植的围手术期处理体会。方法我院自2003年5月至2004年12月共施行了8例原位心脏移植手术。围手术期管理包括术前供受体准备,术后抗排异药物应用、防治感染、循环呼吸维持等。结果1例死于多系统器官衰竭(MSOF),7例存活,其中并发急性排斥反应、右下肺炎、右心功能不全各1例,相应治疗后治愈。心功能Ⅰ～Ⅱ级。随访精神及心理状态良好。结论心脏移植是治疗终末期心脏病最有效的方法。手术成功的关键是选择好合适的受体,使用抗排异药物和注意监测排异反应,有效防治感染和右心衰。     

Pulmonary artery dissection in a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome treated with heart and lung transplantation.

We report the case of a patient with known Eisenmenger syndrome due to congenital ventricular septal defect, who developed pulmonary artery dissection. The patient was successfully treated with heart and lung transplantation.     

Oral pulmonary vasoactive drugs achieve hemodynamic eligibility for liver transplantation in portopulmonary hypertension

Background and aimsPortopulmonary hypertension (POPH) hampers survival of patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension and may preclude liver transplantation (LT). Management of such patients with oral pulmonary vasoactive drugs (PVD) has not been standardized. Our aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of oral PVD for management of POPH.MethodsAll patients treated by oral PVD (bosentan, ambrisentan, sildenafil, tadalafil) for POPH were retrospectively studied. Significant response was defined for the patients who reached the following LT eligibility criteria: mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) <35 mmHg or MPAP between 35 and 50 mmHg with pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) <250 dyn s cm⁻⁵.Results20 patients were followed for 38 (19–57) months. Oral PVD improved MPAP (−8 [−19, +2] mmHg), PVR (−201 [–344, –68] dyn s cm⁻⁵) and 6-min walk distance (+52 [−51, +112] m). Fifty-three percent of evaluable patients reached eligibility to LT criteria, of whom 5 were transplanted. Baseline MPAP > 51 mmHg and/or PVR > 536 dyn s cm⁻⁵ predicted non response to treatment. Five-years survival was 53%. No worsening of cirrhosis or serious adverse effect was recorded.ConclusionOral pulmonary vasoactive drugs are safe in cirrhotic patients with POPH. These treatments improved hemodynamic conditions allowing patients access to liver transplantation eligibility.