拖靠吻合法在腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位新膀胱术中的应用

目的 探讨拖靠吻合法在腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除加原位新膀胱术中新膀胱与尿道吻合中的应用。方法 2016年1月至2019年6月,我们对南昌大学第二附属医院22例浸润性膀胱癌患者行腹腔镜根治性膀胱全切加原位新膀胱术,采用拖靠吻合法行新膀胱与尿道的吻合。结果 20例男性患者均在腹腔镜下完成根治性全膀胱切除术,缝合时间为10～18 min,平均15 min。术后第4天拔除引流管,因1例术后出现尿瘘,第7天停止并拔除引流管。常规术后2周拔除导尿管,20例患者均无尿潴留情况发生,无排尿困难。9例出现尿失禁,3例1周内恢复,4例4周恢复,2例8周恢复。8周后在膀胱镜下拔除双J管,见储尿囊尿道吻合处宽敞、光滑平坦,无狭窄。12周后行尿道造影提示吻合口处宽畅、平坦,无尿瘘;超声测残余尿均<15 ml,最大尿流率平均为19.3 ml/s。术后随访3～24个月,平均16个月。所有患者12周后都恢复尿控,控尿情况均较理想;未出现尿道狭窄,吻合口无肿瘤复发。结论 尿道拖靠吻合法操作简便,可有效缩短新膀胱与尿道的吻合时间,学习曲线短,疗效确切,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

膀胱全切去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱治疗膀胱癌（附14例报告）

目的探讨可控性去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术的方法和疗效。方珐14例膀胱癌患者采用根治性全膀胱切除及可控性去带乙状结肠原位新膀胱术治疗，对其疗效及技术要点进行分析。结果随访14例患者，新膀胱容量170～350mL，平均250mL，膀胱残余尿0～25mL，平均10mL，最大尿流率14～21mL／s。3月后达到完全自控排尿11例，6月后13例完全自控排尿，1例有不完全性夜间尿失禁。1例膀胱尿道吻合口狭窄伴双侧输尿管轻度返流，出现肾功能轻度不全，其余13例患者无血浆肌酐、尿素氮升高，无酸中毒及电解质紊乱发生。结论该术式并发症少，患者原位可控排尿，显著提高患者的生活质量。     

双手吻合法在全腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除+原位新膀胱尿道吻合术中的应用

全腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术中新膀胱尿道吻合术多为单手操作, 本研究改良运用双手吻合法对10例膀胱癌患者进行手术, 均顺利完成。术后随访3～15个月, 患者排尿通畅, 未见吻合口瘘、狭窄。该法行新膀胱尿道吻合术的效果满意。     

改良膀胱全切新回肠膀胱术治疗男性浸润性膀胱癌

目的 探讨根治性全膀胱切除术中保留远端的前列腺包膜及精囊对原位新膀胱功能及勃起功能的影响。方法 对24例男性浸润性膀胱癌患者施行改良根治性全膀胱切除及原位回肠膀胱术：保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，新回肠膀胱与残留前列腺包膜连续缝合；对术后新膀胱的储尿、排尿、控尿功能及患者的勃起功能进行随访和比较。结果 术后病理分期：T2aN0M0 5例，T2bN0M0 9例，T3aN0M0 7例，T3bN1M0 3例。术后随访3—24个月，平均12．7月。无瘤生存22例；带瘤生存2例。新膀胱容量（385±68）mL，最大充盈压（24±16）cmH2O。排尿良好，最大尿流率（18±5）mL／s，剩余尿（35±16）mL；完全控尿22例，夜间尿失禁2例；21例术前勃起功能正常者术后2例发生勃起功能障碍。结论 在改良根治性膀胱全切术中保留远端的前列腺外科包膜及精囊，可明显改善患者术后的储尿、排尿、控尿功能和勃起功能，同时可有效防止新膀胱一尿道吻合口狭窄的发生。     

改良低压可控性回肠代膀胱术

目的建立一种更接近生理的回肠代膀胱术。方法１９９１～１９９８年实施５例全膀胱切除,回肠膀胱与尿道吻合,由外括约肌控制,经尿道排尿的新手术方法。结果术后随访３～８４个月,平均２８．６个月。至随访日,５例无吻合口狭窄,排尿通畅。３个月后４例完全控制排尿,１例仍有不完全性尿失禁。结论该术式具有贮尿囊内压低（２０～３０ｃｍＨ２Ｏ）,容量略小（２５０～３００ｍｌ）,可控性和原位排尿的优点,且无电解质紊乱和肾功能损害。     

膀胱次全切除回肠扩大膀胱术治疗神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍

目的：探讨肠道扩大膀胱成形术治疗神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍的价值。方法：采用膀胱次全切除、回肠扩大膀胱成形术治疗7例神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍患者。结果：2例术后排尿通畅，剩余尿消失；3例术后曾有排尿困难，经尿道膀胱颈电切后排尿通畅，无尿失禁，最大尿流率分别为27、16和18ml/s；1例术前曾采用经尿道膀胱颈电切术无效，行本手术后剩余尿消失，但仍有尿失禁，后在超声引导下于尿道周围注射硅酮后，尿失禁症状明显改善；余1例术后仍有排尿困难。结论：该手术方法对神经源性膀胱尿道功能障碍是一种可行的治疗方法。     

根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术后尿道肿瘤复发的原因及治疗

目的：探讨膀胱尿路上皮癌行根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术后尿道复发的原因及治疗方法。方法：回顾403例膀胱尿路上皮癌行根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的患者资料,总结尿道肿瘤的复发率、原凼、诊断、治疗和预后。结果：6例患者出现尿道肿瘤复发,复发率为1．5％,均为男性。2例浸润性尿道肿瘤和1例尿道广泛表浅性乳头状瘤行全尿道切除术和新膀胱造瘘术,3例尿道表浅性乳头状瘤行经尿道肿瘤切除术和尿道内灌注化疗,术后2例复发,再次行全尿道切除术。2例浸润性尿道肿瘤和1例尿道广泛表浅性乳头状瘤在2年内因肿瘤复发或转移死亡。结论：膀胱多发原位癌、肿瘤侵犯前列腺尿道和基质、女性膀胱颈部是尿道复发主要原因。原位新膀胱的尿道复发率低于其他尿流改道术,全尿道切除术是尿道复发更可靠的治疗方案,尿道表浅性肿瘤的预后明显好于浸润性肿瘤。     

腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱的随访疗效观察

目的随访探讨腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术的疗效。方法 61例行腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术的膀胱癌患者,随访1~24个月,每月定期门诊复查、电话等方式详细记录术后自主排尿情况等资料。结果所有患者均未见肿瘤复发。42例患者于拔除尿管后28~35d自控通畅排尿,每次尿量约180~410mL,每次间隔60~180min;13例患者出院后仍有不同程度日间尿失禁现象,6例有夜间尿失禁现象;3例术前性功能正常男性患者出现勃起功能障碍;彩超及静脉肾盂造影检查发现4例单侧肾积水,2例双肾积水。结论腹腔镜膀胱根治性切除原位回肠新膀胱术肿瘤控制好,患者术后可具有较好的控尿功能和较低的尿失禁发生率,部分有效保存性功能,能够有效确保患者的生活质量。     

腹腔镜下膀胱全切除、原位回肠新膀胱的尿流动力学分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜膀胱全切除、原位回肠新膀胱的临床效果。方法 对8例行腹腔镜膀胱全切除、原位回肠新膀胱患者进行排尿情况的记录和尿动力学检查。结果 8例患者均可自主控制排尿（1例夜间轻微尿失禁）,在新膀胱充盈过程中均可出现胀痛感觉,膀胱平均容量377．5ml,压力17．9cmH2O,最大尿流率18．1ml／s,最大尿道闭合压68．5cnH2O,功能性尿道长度3．7cm。结论 腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除、原位回肠新膀胱术较传统的开放手术创伤更小,但贮尿囊一样具有容积较大、内压较低和可控性较好的优点,排尿良好,值得临床推广。     

原位新膀胱术后输尿管末端粘连的内镜治疗

目的探讨内镜治疗原位新膀胱术后输尿管末端粘连的临床应用。方法采用改良的全膀胱切除和原位新膀胱术治疗157例浸润性膀胱癌患者，男性144例，女性13例。术后发现11例患者因输尿管末端互相粘连或与新膀胱壁粘连而导致上尿路积水，遂行经尿道内镜下切断粘连带。结果内镜治疗术中术后均无明显并发症，随访9～36个月（中位14个月），10例肾功能和积水程度明显改善，1例稳定。1例在积水缓解后7个月再次复发，发现输尿管肠吻合口狭窄，行开放手术作输尿管新膀胱再植，随访18个月，积水改善。结论原位新膀胱术后输尿管末端粘连是上尿路积水的原因之一，常规膀胱镜检有利于诊断，经尿道内镜下切断粘连带是较为简单有效地治疗方法。     

直视下尿道内切开术联合尿道扩张治疗男性尿道狭窄36例疗效分析

目的:探讨直视下尿道冷刀内切开术联合尿道扩张治疗尿道狭窄的疗效。方法:36例尿道狭窄患者,均接受直视下尿道内切开术联合留置尿管治疗,现对其临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:36例中,32例一次手术成功,4例行二次手术成功。36例患者中34例获随访6～24个月,平均15个月,5例排尿通畅,27例行尿道扩张后排尿通畅,2例术后3～4个月再次因尿道狭窄行开放手术。结论:直视下尿道内冷刀切开术联合尿道扩张治疗尿道狭窄疗效是肯定的,但远期疗效尚待长期观察。     

腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术治疗浸润性膀胱癌（附30例报告）

目的 探讨腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效.方法 收集2007年5月至2011年10月应用腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的浸润性膀胱癌患者30例.对其临床资料进行回顾性分析和总结.结果 所有手术均获得成功,无中转开放,手术时间180～360 min（平均240 min）,术中出血量150～450mL（平均220 mL）.术后4～8d恢复肠道正常蠕动功能,随访时间6～60个月,中位随访时间26个月.30例术后均能恢复较满意的控尿功能,平均膀胱容量约398mL,平均夜尿1～3次;1例出现夜间遗尿;2例出现尿漏;膀胱镜检查无尿道肿瘤复发;2例死于原发病转移.其余患者术后随访6个月血生化指标均正常,B超检查未见上尿路扩张积水.结论 腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术具有创伤小、出血少、盆腔淋巴结清扫彻底、术后恢复快、术后控尿满意等优点,是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的一种理想手术方式.     

Neovesical-urethral anastomotic stricture after orthotopic urinary diversion: presentation and management

OBJECTIVE

To assess the frequency, presentation, treatment, and outcomes of bladder neck contractures (BNCs) among patients who had an orthotopic urinary diversion after radical cystectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively examined our single‐institution database of 788 patients who had a radical cystectomy from 1 January 1996 to 4 January 2006 for BNC; variables evaluated included presentation, degree of stricture/contracture, clinical management, and outcomes after management.

RESULTS

Of the 374 patients who had an orthotopic urinary diversion, 11 (2.9%) men developed BNC; four BNCs were between 17 F and 22 F, six were <17 F, and one was pinhole‐sized. Nine of the 11 patients presented with voiding difficulties, one in complete retention after complicated urinary tract infection, and one with new‐onset nocturnal urinary incontinence. The treatment of BNC included cystoscopic dilatation in the clinic in six and under anaesthesia in three, and transurethral incision with a Collins knife or holmium laser in seven. After treatment, all patients were instructed to use continuous intermittent catheterization (CIC). Ten patients had follow‐up data available after the intervention, with a mean (range) follow‐up of 40.6 (10.6–98.0) months. Six patients were stricture‐ free for a mean period of 35.4 (10.6–98.0) months, while four patients had a recurrence within a mean of 7.4 (1.3–17.1) months. At the last follow‐up, nine of the 10 patients were using CIC. No patient had significant daytime or night‐time incontinence after treatment.

CONCLUSION

BNC develops in a small proportion of patients undergoing orthotopic urinary diversion, with most patients presenting with voiding difficulty. Most will require transurethral incision rather than an office‐based dilatation. After endoscopic incision to correct BNC, we recommend CIC to ensure complete emptying and to maintain the patency of the anastomotic stricture.     

腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术（附15例报告）

目的介绍腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除回肠新膀胱术的方法及经验。方法本组15例，均为男性，年龄45～62岁，平均54岁。术前均明确诊断为浸润性膀胱癌。采用腹腔镜下行膀胱癌根治性切除，然后取长约40cm回肠于体外缝制贮尿囊及输尿管贮尿囊吻合，体内行贮尿囊尿道吻合术。结果手术时间5．5～8h，平均6．5h；出血量200～1100ml，平均550ml。术后8周静脉尿路造影以及代膀胱造影检查显示：双肾显影良好，无输尿管返流及梗阻，代膀胱充盈良好，容量约300ml。术后3个月全部患者日间控尿良好，7例患者夜间控尿良好，夜间排尿2～3次。结论腹腔镜下膀胱全切除、体外建成贮尿囊及输尿管再植、体内贮尿囊尿道吻合术创伤小、出血少、术后尿控率高、恢复快。     

经腹腔镜根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术11例

目的探讨腹腔镜技术在根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术中的应用价值。方法本组11例均为膀胱尿路上皮癌,TNM分期为T2aN0M07例、T3aN0M03例、T3bN0M01例,麻醉选择气管插管全身麻醉,采用五点穿刺法置入腹腔镜,手术方式为根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术。结果本组11例均手术顺利,无一例中转开放。手术时间为5～8h,平均7h;出血150～450ml,平均350ml。术后肠道功能恢复时间为2～5d,2例出现漏尿,均在14d内消失。术后随访时间为6～12个月,平均10个月。所有病例控尿情况均较理想,超声检查均未发现输尿管扩张、肾积水,2例代膀胱残余尿>100ml,均未发现复发及转移。结论根治性全膀胱切除回肠原位代膀胱术是膀胱癌治疗的一种有效方法。目前膀胱癌根治性切除术有开放性手术和经腹腔镜手术两种,与开放性手术比较,经腹腔镜手术虽具有诸多优势,但仍有必要对一些热点问题进行探讨,寻找更为合理的手术步骤、技巧和方法,从而进一步推动该项技术的发展。     

根治性膀胱切除＋回肠原位新膀胱术后尿漏防治

目的探讨回肠正位新膀胱术后尿漏的原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析102例行根治性全膀胱切除术＋回肠正位新膀胱术膀胱癌患者的临床资料。结果 102例患者中有9例发生尿漏,占8.8%。其中,新膀胱尿道吻合口漏5例,经局部引流等综合治疗后痊愈;输尿管代膀胱吻合口完全离断、输尿管腹腔漏2例,于术后即刻行输尿管与对侧输尿管端侧吻合痊愈;输尿管回肠漏1例,于术后1个月行输尿管代膀胱再次吻合后痊愈;代膀胱乙状结肠漏1例,术后2个月行结肠造漏、尿液充分引流治愈。结论回肠正位新膀胱术后尿漏的发生与吻合口近远端的血运不良、吻合口张力大、吻合器使用不当及合并有重度贫血、低蛋白血症等有关。膀胱尿道吻合口漏经牵引、引流、支持治疗可治愈,而出现腹腔内的漏尿,肠道内的漏尿需及时选用相应手术方法干预。     

National survey on orthotopic neobladder

Objective A national survey was conducted among the urologists in India to find the preference for urinary diversion after radical cystectomy for muscle invasive carcinoma of the urinary bladder, percentage of neobladder reconstruction, segment of the bowel used, complication rate, need for self-intermittent catherisation on follow up and the survival. Material and methods A detailed questionnaire was mailed to all members of the urological society of India (USI) to find out their preference for urinary diversion following radical cystectomy for muscle invasive carcinoma urinary bladder. For the neobladder reconstruction, they were asked for the type of bowel segment used, complication rate, reoperation rate, need for intermittent clean catheterisation on follow up and 5-year survival. Results A total of 24 institutions responded to the mailed questionnaire. Of all institutions 12 (50%) did not prefer the orthotopic neobladder (ONB) reconstruction. Among the institutions carrying out neobladder reconstruction, majority perform ileal conduit in more than 50% of the cases. Ileum (66.66%) or ileocaecal (16.66%) segment was the choice of bowel segment for most of the urologists. Only three institutions used sigmoid colon. The complications encountered were wound infection (5–25%), burst abdomen (5%), urinary fistulas (3–25%), faecal fistulas (2–5%), bladder neck stenosis (5–15%) and ureterointestinal anastomosis stenosis (5–25%). The reoperation rate was 5–15% with a perioperative mortality of 0.5–3%. Around 10–100% (average 50%) of the patients require intermittent clean catherisation. Only seven institutions could provide 5-year survival rate data. Of these three institutions reported more than 50% and four institutes less than 50% 5-year survival. Conclusion Ileal conduit still remains the urinary diversion of choice following radical cystectomy for muscle invasive carcinoma of the bladder among most of the urologists in India. Orthotopic neobladder reconstruction is practiced only in selected centres. Wound infection, urinary leak and obstruction at ureterointestinal anastomosis are the main complications. Clean intermittent cathaterisation is required at an average of 50% of the patients to ensure complete emptying of the neobladder.     

膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌的疗效评价

目的：评价膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌的疗效.方法：对17例膀胱非尿路上皮癌患者行根治性膀胱全切,盆腔淋巴结清扫;然后取一段肠管缝制成新膀胱,分别与输尿管和尿道残端吻合,实现原位尿流改道.结果：手术均获成功,手术时间172～380 min,平均310 min.16例获得随访,平均随访67个月（1～16年）.6例因肿瘤复发或转移于5年内死亡,2例死于非肿瘤因素,1例仍在随访,7例存活已达5年.结论：根治性膀胱全切原位尿流改道术治疗膀胱非尿路上皮癌,具有较好的治疗效果,能明显改善患者生活质量.     

Experience with the orthotopic ileal neobladder in women: a mid-term follow-up

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with orthotopic bladder reconstruction in women, as currently the ileal orthotopic neobladder is the diversion of choice for women requiring a bladder substitute at our institution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From February 1995 to March 2001, 29 women with muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma underwent a nerve-sparing radical cystectomy and had an orthotopic ileal neobladder reconstructed. The outcome was evaluated at 2 and 6 months and then yearly, by a clinical history, physical examination, voiding diary, stress test and estimate of functional neobladder capacity. RESULTS: All patients were followed for at least 14 months (mean 27.5); there were no major complications related to the surgery. The mean (range) neobladder capacity 2 months after surgery was 250 (190-320) mL; at 6 months it increased, remaining stable for the remaining follow-up, at 450 (350-700) mL. Four patients (14%) had nocturnal incontinence and one stress urinary incontinence, associated with using three pads per day. Three patients (10%) required catheterization for a postvoid urinary residual of >100 mL. Of the 29 patients, seven died with metastatic disease and three from causes unrelated to the reservoir or bladder cancer. Currently, 19 patients (65%) are alive and disease-free, with a mean follow-up of 35 months. CONCLUSION: Orthotopic neobladder reconstruction in women, using 40 cm of ileum, is safe and gives high continence and low urinary retention rates. Therefore, it should be advised as the first option in women with good renal function and a tumour-free bladder neck.