复方司帕沙星滴耳液的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方司帕沙星滴耳液并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以甘油和乙醇为溶剂制备滴耳液,采用紫外分光光度法于360nm波长处测定益康唑含量,于297nm波长处测定司帕沙星含量,并考察其稳定性。结果:益康唑和司帕沙星检测浓度线性范围分别为2～400、0.4～80μg/ml,平均回收率分别为100.96%(RSD=0.99%)、100.38%(RSD=0.44%);成品有效期可达2y以上。结论:该制剂制备工艺简单、稳定性好,质量控制方法简易、快速、可行。     

复方司帕沙星滴耳液的制备及稳定性研究

目的 制备复方司帕沙星滴耳液并考察其稳定性。方法 以司帕沙星、益康唑为主药，以甘油和乙醇为溶剂制备滴耳液，采用双波长分光光度法测定两主药含量，并考察了3批样品的稳定性。结果 司帕沙星和益康唑检测浓度线性范围分别为0.8～24μg/mL和4～120μg/mL，平均回收率分别为99.44%（RSD=0.71%）和100.36%（RSD=0.81%），3批市售包装样品经加速试验、室温留样考察，质量稳定有效期均在2年以上。结论 该制剂制备工艺简单，含量测定方法结果准确，稳定性好。     

复方加替沙星滴耳液的制备及质量控制

目的:建立复方加替沙星滴耳液的制备及质量控制方法.方法:以甘油和乙醇为溶剂制备滴耳液,采用双波长分光光度法于263.2 nm和360.0 nm波长处测定硝酸益康唑含量,于293.0 nm波长处测定盐酸加替沙星含量,并进行稳定性、刺激性考察.结果:硝酸益康唑和盐酸加替沙星的平均回收率分别为101.0%(RSD=0.80% )和 99.8%(RSD=0.70% ).结论:本制剂制备工艺合理,质量控制方法可行.     

复方益康唑滴耳液的制备及质量控制

目的：制备复方益康唑滴耳液并测定其含量。方法：以甘油和乙醇作为溶煤进行配制。采用双波长分光光度法在波长263.8nm和247.9nm处测定硝酸益康唑含量，在波长295.1nm处测定甲磺酸左氧氟沙星含量，并观察了该滴耳液的稳定性和刺激性。结果：硝酸益康唑和甲磺酸左氧氟沙星的平均回收率分别为99.6%(RSD=0.5%)和101.6%(RSD=0.4%)，刺激性小，稳定性好，结论：本制剂制备工艺简便，质控方法准确可靠，性质稳定，适应临床应用。     

复方加替沙星阴道泡腾片的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方加替沙星阴道泡腾片及建立其质量控制方法。方法:以加替沙星和益康唑为主药,制备复方加替沙星阴道泡腾片。采用紫外分光光度法于360nm波长处测定益康唑含量,于293nm波长处测定加替沙星含量,并进行40℃RH750d的稳定性考察。结果:益康唑和加替沙星线性范围的平均回收率分别为100.17%(RSD=0.62%)和99.43(RSD=0.95%);本制剂有效期可达二年以上。结论:本制剂制备工艺简单、稳定性好,质量控制方法简易、快速、准确,适合医院制剂。     

司帕沙星滴耳液的制备及质量控制

目的探讨司帕沙星滴耳液的制备及建立其质量控制方法。方法以甘油和乙醇为溶剂制备滴耳液,采用紫外分光光度法,以pH为4.5的醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液为空白溶液,在298 nm波长处测定司帕沙星的含量,并进行稳定性考察。结果司帕沙星质量浓度在2～10μg/mL范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9（n=5）,平均回收率为99.74%,RSD为0.62%（n=5）。室温放置3个月,样品质量符合规定。结论该制剂制备工艺简单,质量控制方法简易、可行。     

复方司帕沙星凝胶的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方司帕沙星凝胶并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以羧甲基纤维素钠为基质制备凝胶;采用系数倍率紫外分光光度法在282、297nm波长处不经分离直接测定其中2种主药的吸收度并计算含量。结果:所制备凝胶涂展性好;司帕沙星、盐酸达克罗宁线性范围均为2～10μg·mL-1(r=0.9996、0.9998);平均回收率分别为99.03%(RSD=1.02%)、99.83%(RSD=0.70%)。结论:本制剂制备工艺简单,质量可控。     

复方司帕沙星中空栓的制备及质量控制

目的:制备复方司帕沙星中空栓并建立其质量控制方法。方法:以司帕沙星、替硝唑为主药,半合成脂肪酸甘油酯为基质制备中空栓;采用双波长分光光度法测定其中主药含量,并考察室温留样6个月内的制剂稳定性,同时用家兔做阴道黏膜刺激性实验。结果:司帕沙星、替硝唑检测浓度的线性范围分别为2.0～10.0(r=0.9998)、4.0～20.0μg.mL-1(r=0.9995),平均回收率分别为98.41%(RSD=1.40%)、98.62%(RSD=0.40%);该制剂对阴道黏膜的刺激性小,室温贮存6个月内质量稳定。结论:该制剂制备及含量测定方法简单可行,且质量稳定、刺激性小,易于推广。     

紫外分光光度法测定乳酸司帕沙星葡萄糖注射液

采用紫外分光光度法测定乳酸司帕沙星葡萄糖注射液的含量,以0.1 mol/L乳酸液为溶剂,在298 nm波长处测定.司帕沙星浓度在2～12 μg/ml范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.92%,RSD为0.1%.该法简便快速,重复性好,结果准确可靠.     

复方司帕沙星膜剂的制备与质量控制

目的:制备复方司帕沙星膜剂.方法:选用壳聚糖为成膜材料,按药剂学原理制备复方司帕沙星膜剂.采用紫外分光光度法测定司帕沙星的含量.结果:本法平均回收率为100.54%,RSD为0.32%(n=5)结论:本品制备工艺简便,质量控制方法可行,制剂质量稳定,临床疗效好.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.