急性心肌梗塞运动异常的自发改善和小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图试验的预测价值

观察急性心肌梗塞运动异常节段功能的自发性改善 ,评价小剂量多巴酚丁胺 (Dob)二维超声心动图 (2 DE)试验的预测价值和安全性。　　方法 :急性心肌梗塞患者 17例 ,于梗塞后 7～ 14(10± 3)天行基础 2 DE和小剂量 [5μg/ (kg· min)和 10μg/ (kg·min) ]Dob- 2 DE试验 ,6个月左右行 2 DE复查。用 16 -节段半定量分析法对左心室各节段收缩运动和增厚情况给予分级记分。观察随诊时运动异常节段收缩功能改善情况 ,并将试验时检出的存活心肌节段与此对比 ,计算小剂量 Dob- 2 DE试验预测急性心肌梗塞运动异常节段收缩功能自发改善的准确性 ,并评价其安全性。　　结果 :17例首次急性心肌梗塞患者 134个异常节段中 ,5 1个节段 (38.1% )收缩功能有自发改善 ,小剂量 Dob[5μg/(kg· min)和 10μg/ (kg· min) ]2 DE试验对此预测的敏感性、特异性、阳性、阴性预测值和准确性分别为 80 .4%～88.2 %、83.1%～ 86 .7%、74.5 %～ 80 .4%、87.3%～ 92 .3%和 82 .1%～ 87.3% ,1例在 Dob 10μg时出现胸痛伴 ST段抬高。无运动节段功能自发改善率和 Dob- 2 DE预测敏感性比运动低下节段均显著为低 (19.2 %对 42 .3%和 40 .0 %～6 0 .0 %对 84.8%～ 91.3% ;P均 <0 .0 5 )。　　结论 :1急性心肌梗塞异常节段中约 38.1%可发生功     

药物负荷超声心动图与同位素双核素SPECT心肌显像对比检测冠心病左心室收缩功能严重减低患者存活心肌

目的比较99mTc-甲氧基异丁腈(MIBI)/18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)双核素同时采集法(DISA)SPECT心肌显像和药物负荷二维超声心动图(2DE)试验识别冠心病左心室收缩功能严重减低患者(左室射血分数,LVEF≤45%)存活心肌的准确性.方法陈旧性心肌梗死伴左心室收缩功能严重减低患者26例,平均LVEF38.6%±4.9%,在一周内分别进行小剂量多巴酚丁胺(Dob)10μg·kg-1·min-1、异舒吉合用Dob5μg·kg-1·min-1的2DE试验,以及DISA SPECT心肌显像.所有患者在冠状动脉血运重建(CRV)术后6.8±2.9月完成了2DE复查.采用16节段半定量法分别分析图像,以CRV术后收缩功能改善节段为存活标准,比较两种方法检测存活心肌的敏感性、特异性和准确性.结果26例患者的272个运动异常节段中,术后156个(57.4%)有收缩运动改善.DISASPECT检测出72.4%(134/254)存活心肌节段,显著高于术后心肌收缩功能改善率(P＜0.001).药物负荷2DE试验的存活心肌检出率,小剂量Dob10μg·kg-1·min-12DE为65.5%(163/249),异舒吉-Dob5μg·kg-1·min-12DE为65.7%(176/268),均与术后心肌收缩功能改善率一致(P均＞0.05).DISA SPECT检测存活心肌的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为93%,55%和76.8%;Dob10μg·kg-1·min-12DE的分别为88.6%,64.2%和77.9%,均与DISA SPECT相当(P均＞0.05).异舒吉-Dob5μg2DE的检测效果已达Dob10μg·kg-1·min-12DE水平,敏感性和准确性(91.4%和81.4%)均与DISA SPECT相当(P均＞0.05),特异性(68.1%)还较之略高(P＜0.05).结论检测冠心病左心室收缩功能严重减低患者存活心肌,DISA SPECT的敏感性高,特异性偏低,准确性较好;小剂量Dob10pμg·kg-1·min-1 2DE的检测准确性、敏感性和特异性均与之相当.异舒吉-Dob5μg·kg-1·min-12DE的检测敏感性和准确性均达Dob10μg·kg-1·min-12DE水平,并与DISA SPECT相当,特异性还较同位素的略高.     

小剂量多巴酚丁胺、异舒吉单用及合用的超声心动图试验检测冠心病左心室收缩功能严重减低患者的存活心肌

目的与99mTc-甲氧基异丁腈(MIBI)/18F-脱氧葡萄糖(18FDG)双核素同时采集法(DISA)单光子发射计算机断层摄影术(SPECT)心肌显像对比,评价小剂量多巴酚丁胺(Dob)、异舒吉单用及合用的二维超声心动图(2DE)试验检测冠心病左心室收缩功能严重减低患者(左心室射血分数,LVEF≤0.45)存活心肌的准确性.方法选择冠心病左心室收缩功能严重减低患者40例(LVEF 0.39±0.05),1周内分别完成小剂量Dob、异舒吉单用及合用的2DE试验和DISA SPECT心肌显像.采用16节段半定量法分别分析图像,比较两种方法对存活心肌的检出率、符合率和κ值.结果对存活心肌的检出率,DISA SPECT为64%,小剂量Dob、异舒吉及其合用2DE,仅Dob10 μg/(kg·min)和异舒吉与Dob 5 μg/(kg·min)合用的2DE与之相当,分别达60.1%和59.1%.以DISA SPECT检测的存活心肌为标准,药物负荷2DE识别存活心肌的特异性在85.7%～96.0%,各剂量间均无显著性差异(P均＞0.05);而识别的敏感性和符合率在小剂量Dob 2DE中仍以Dob10μg2DE最好,均为86.5%;在异舒吉与Dob合用时,敏感性比异舒吉单用、符合率比两者单用时均显著增加(P＜均0.001),然亦以异舒吉-Dob5μg2DE最好,分别为84.6%和85.1%.结论对左心室收缩功能严重低下冠心病患者的存活心肌检测,小剂量Dob2DE仅以Dob10μg的检出率与DISASPECT心肌显像相当,识别的敏感性和准确性最好;异舒吉与小剂量Dob合用,能提高两药单用时的检出率、识别敏感性和准确性,特别在异舒吉-Dob5μg时已达Dob10μg单用时的水平.     

小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图对存活心肌及介入治疗的评价

目的　利用小剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图 (LDDE)显示心肌梗死部位存活心肌的存在及介入治疗术后整体心脏收缩功能的变化 ,评价介入治疗对存活心肌的作用。方法　选择前降支(LAD)单支闭塞病变拟行介入治疗患者 2 5例 ,均在术前做LDDE ,然后行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA)和支架术 ,术后 2～ 4个月复查二维超声心动图 (2DE) ,LDDE及二维超声心动图 (2DE)均采用16阶段半定量分析法 ,将LDDE显示≥ 2个相邻室壁运动不良节段 (RWMA)收缩功能改善者定为多巴酚丁胺阳性 ,并与介入治疗术后室壁运动改善相对比。术后RWMA改善定为存活心肌 ,并进行心肌收缩功能改善的评价。结果　多巴酚丁胺试验阳性 (持续改善和双向反应 )对存活心肌具有较高的预测价值 ,即在LDDE阳性的 118个室壁运动异常节段中有 10 3个节段介入治疗术后恢复 ,而LDDE阴性的 5 0个室壁运动异常节段仅有 11个节段恢复。此外 ,整体心功能的改善也与室壁运动异常的改善相一致 ,即术后射血分数 (EF)、心排血量 (CO)、心脏指数 (CI)等反映整体心脏功能的指标也有明显改善。结论　LDDE可以发现心肌梗塞部位存活心肌的存在 ,并可预测介入治疗后存活心肌的恢复和心脏整体收缩功能的改善     

硝酸酯、小剂量多巴酚丁胺及其合用超声心动图试验识别急性心肌梗死存活心肌的对比研究

目的对比硝酸酯、小剂量多巴酚丁胺(Dob)及其合用二维超声心动图(2DE)试验识别急性心肌梗死(AMI)存活心肌的准确性和安全性。方法AMI患者31例,于发病后7～14(10±3)d行硝酸酯、小剂量Dob及其合用2DE试验,后行冠状动脉血运重建(CRV)术成功,术后6个月左右(167±18)d复查2DE。用16节段半定量分析法对左室各节段收缩运动和增厚情况给予分级记分。将2DE试验所检的存活心肌与CRV术后其收缩功能改善的实际对比,评价识别AMI存活心肌的准确性和安全性。结果31例AMI患者共有221个异常节段。与硝酸酯和Dob3μg单用时相比,两者合用2DE试验对AMI区存活心肌节段的检出率均显著提高（50.2%对37.6%和40.7%,P均<0.05）,识别敏感性和准确性也均显著提高（77.6%对56.8%和61.6%,81.0%对70.1%和72.4%,P<0.05～0.01）;而硝酸酯合用Dob5μg2DE试验对存活心肌的检出率、识别敏感性和准确性均已达Dob10μg单用时的水平（55.7%对55.8%,87.2%对89.5%和86.4%对87.9%,P均>0.05）,而又无Dob10μg诱发心肌缺血的副作用。结论硝酸酯与小剂量(3、5μg     

低剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图试验在检出急性心肌梗死后存活心肌中的应用

目的　探讨低剂量多巴酚丁胺超声心动图试验 ( L DDE)评价急性心肌梗死 ( AMl)后存活心肌的价值及安全性。方法　 AMI患者 2 4例 ,男 2 3例 ,女 1例 ,平均年龄 5 3.1岁 ,在 AMI发病 1个月内 ,进行冠状动脉造影及血管重建术 ( PTCA、支架置入术或CABG)。L DDE在 AMI后 10～ 14 d(平均 10± 3d)进行 ,应用超声心动图 16节段半定量分析法对左心室各节段收缩运动和增厚情况给予分级记分 ,依据试验前后异常节段收缩功能改善情况 ,计算 L DDE评价急性心肌梗死后存活心肌的准确性。结果　 L DDE评价存活心肌的敏感性和特异性分别为 73.3%和 89.3% ,阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确性分别为 78.8%、86.2 %和 83.7% ,无明显副作用。结论　L DDE能够显著提高存活心肌的检出率 ,对 AMI后血管重建术的疗效判定及临床适应证的选择具有较高的应用价值     

药物负荷超声心动图与双核素心肌显像对比检测存活心肌

目的　比较99mTc 甲氧基异丁腈(MIBI) /18F 脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)双核素同时采集法(DISA)单光子发射型断层显像(SPECT)和药物负荷二维超声心动图(2DE)试验,识别冠心病左心室收缩功能严重减低患者[左室射血分数(LVEF)≤45% ]存活心肌的准确性。方法　陈旧性心肌梗死患者26例,平均LVEF(38. 6±4 .9 )%,在一周内分别进行小剂量多巴酚丁胺10μg·kg-1·min-1(Dob10μg)、亚硝酸异山梨酯合用Dob5μg·kg-1·min-1 (ISDN Dob5μg)的2DE试验,以及DISASPECT心肌显像。所有患者在冠状动脉血管重建(CRV)术后(6 .8±2 .9)个月完成了2DE复查。采用16节段半定量法分别分析图像,以CRV术后收缩功能改善节段为存活标准,比较两种方法检测存活心肌的敏感性、特异性和准确性。结果　26例患者272个运动异常节段中,术后156个( 57. 4% )有收缩运动改善。DISASPECT检测出72 .4% (134 /254)存活心肌节段,显著高于术后实际改善率(P<0 .001)。Dob10μg2DE的存活心肌检出率为65 5% (163 /249 ),ISDN Dob5μg2DE的为65 .7%(176 /268),均与术后实际改善率一致(P均>0 .05)。DISASPECT检测存活心肌的敏感性、特异性和准确性分别为93%, 55%和76. 8%;Dob10μg2DE的分别为88 .6%, 64 .2%和77. 9%,两种方法检测效果相当(P均>0 .05)。ISDN Dob5μg     

小剂量腺苷负荷超声心动图试验与双核素心肌显像检测急性心肌梗死后患者存活心肌比较

目的:比较小剂量腺苷负荷超声心动图试验(LDASE)与99mTc-甲氧基异丁腈(MIBI)/18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)双核素同时采集法(DISA)单光子发射断层显像(SPECT)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者早期存活心肌检出的准确性.方法:对36例AMI患者于发病后3～10 d内行LDASE与DISA-SPECT.所有患者在LDASE前后接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术.AMI后3个月随访二维超声心动图,以局部室壁运动改善作为心肌存活的金标准,比较2种方法检测存活心肌的敏感性和特异性.结果:LDASE检出存活心肌敏感性为90.3%,特异性为80.8%,阳性预测值与阴性预测值分别为84.8%和87.5%,准确性为86.0%;DISA-SPECT检出存活心肌敏感性81.2%,特异性78.3%,阳性预测值81.1%,阴性预测值83.1%,准确性80.2%.2种方法对运动异常节段存活心肌检出一致性为72.6%,差异无统计学意义.结论:对AMI后患者,LDASE与DISA-SPECT均为检出存活心肌较敏感和特异的技术.     

硝酸甘油介入~(99m)Tc-甲氧基异丁基异腈心肌灌注断层显像评估存活心肌

目的　评估静息及硝酸甘油介入99mTc 甲氧基异丁基异腈 (99mTc MIBI)心肌灌注断层显像在存活心肌检测中的应用价值。方法　对心肌梗死 2 0例于血管重建术前分别行静态及硝酸甘油介入显像 ,血管重建术后 1个月重复静息心肌显像并进行对比分析。结果　 2 0例共有 1 4 4个异常灌注的心肌节段 ,硝酸甘油介入后有 72个心肌节段灌注改善 ,血管重建术后有 77个心肌节段灌注改善。硝酸甘油介入改善的 72个节段术后有 62个节段改善 ;而术前无改善的 72个节段术后只有 1 5个节段改善 ,硝酸甘油介入99mTc MIBI心肌灌注显像对存活心肌预测的阳性预测值为 86 .1 % ,阴性预测值为 79.2 % ,预测准确率为 82 .6%。结论　硝酸甘油介入99mTc MIBI心肌灌注断层显像是可供临床检测心肌存活的安全、有价值的方法     

经静脉心肌声学造影评价心肌梗死后存活心肌的价值

目的　探讨经静脉心肌声学造影 (MCE)对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值。方法　 2 4例心肌梗死患者用二维超声评价室壁运动情况 ,同时经静脉进行MCE ,以 3个月后静态超声心动图左室心肌节段性运动改善为依据评价MCE对心肌梗死后存活心肌的诊断价值。结果　在 2 4例病人的 384个心肌节段中 ,运动异常节段 184个。在运动异常的 184个节段中 ,MCE1分 39段 ,0 5分 5 0段 ,0分 95段。 3个月复查 79个节段有运动改善 ,其中 39段来自MCE1分的心肌 ,4 0段来自MCE0 5分的心肌。MCE对预测心肌梗死后室壁运动改善的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值及准确率分别为 :10 0 %、89 7%、84 8%、10 0 %和 94 6 %。结论　MCE能比较准确地预测心肌梗死后心肌的存活性     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.