3D模型打印联合机器人辅助腹腔镜行肾窦内肾盂切开取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石的初步临床研究(附3例报告)

目的:探讨3D模型打印联合机器人辅助腹腔镜行肾窦内肾盂切开取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石的可行性和安全性。方法:回顾性分析2016年11月~2017年10月收治的3例鹿角形肾结石患者的临床资料,3例患者均在术前进行3D模型打印,并结合模型设计手术方案,然后行机器人辅助腹腔镜肾窦内肾盂切开取石术。结果:3例患者均顺利完成手术,无明显并发症发生。手术时间125~260min;术中出血量30~80ml;术后引流量60~120ml;术后引流时间2~4d;术后住院时间5~8d。复查泌尿系平片有1例患者肾上盏结石残留,结石直径约为1cm,术后1个月行输尿管软镜碎石术治愈。结论:3D模型打印联合机器人辅助腹腔镜行肾窦内肾盂切开取石术治疗鹿角形肾结石安全可行,可以作为经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的有益补充。     

肾盂切开钬激光碎石取石术治疗孤立肾巨大鹿角形结石的疗效观察

目的：探讨和评价经肾盂切开钬激光碎石取石术治疗孤立肾巨大鹿角形结石的安全性和疗效。方法：回顾性分析接受经肾盂切开配合钬激光碎石取石术治疗的7例孤立肾巨大鹿角形结石患者的临床资料。结果：7例患者均手术顺利．术中出血量80～250ml,平均150ml、随访6～21个月,肾功能4例恢复正常．3例接近正常值范围．复查B超无结石残留。结论：该术式具有术中出血少、手术安全、对肾功能无明显影响、结石取净率高等优点,是一种处理孤立肾巨大鹿角形结石的较好方法。     

后腹腔镜肾盂切开取石联合膀胱软镜碎石术治疗肾多发结石的回顾性分析

目的 分析后腹腔镜下肾盂切开取石术联合膀胱软镜碎石术治疗肾多发结石的效果。方法 天门市第一人民医院泌尿外科2016年12月至2019年12月治疗的66例肾多发结石患者,按照手术方式分为经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)组和联合组(采用后腹腔镜肾盂切开取石术联合膀胱软镜碎石术),对比两组患者结石清除率、手术时间、血红蛋白下降值及术后降钙素原值。结果两组患者在结石清除率、手术时间方面无统计学差异(P均0.05),而PCNL组血红蛋白下降值和术后降钙素原值明显高于联合组(P均0.01)。结论 对于肾盂结石并扩张积水的肾多发结石患者,后腹腔镜肾盂切开取石联合膀胱软镜碎石术与经皮肾镜取石术效果相当,但安全性优于后者。     

后腹腔镜肾盂切开联合膀胱软镜碎石取石术8例报告

目的探讨后腹腔镜肾盂切开联合膀胱软镜碎石取石术的有效性、安全性及可行性。方法回顾分析2011年7月至2014年3月我院8例后腹腔镜肾盂切开联合膀胱软镜碎石取石术患者的临床资料。结果 8例手术均成功,一期取石率为100%,平均手术时间(85.0±5.6)min,平均术中出血量(17.0±2.1)mL,术后平均住院天数(7.0±0.5)d,围手术期无明显并发症发生。术后复查腹平片未见结石残留,术后随访1~3月未发现吻合口狭窄,无继发肾结石形成。结论后腹腔镜肾盂切开联合膀胱软镜碎石取石术是安全可行的,是处理肾盂结石的一种"双镜联合"治疗的新术式,可作为经皮肾镜碎石术(PCNL)及设备欠缺单位的替代术式,但临床使用价值有待进一步求证。     

无萎缩性肾切开取石术治疗单功能肾鹿角状结石

目的：探讨无萎缩性肾切开取石术治疗单功能肾鹿角状结石的方法及疗效。方法：回顾性分析18例无萎缩性肾切开取石术治疗单功能肾鹿角状结石病例资料。结果：肾血流阻断时间平均为78min，平均手术时间148min，术中出血量平均为160ml。术后7d经造瘘管肾盂造影，14例结石取净，4例残余小结石，术后2月行ESWL治疗，2周后结石排净。术后患的肾功能均有不同程度的改善。结论：该术式暴露清晰，取石彻底，并能改善肾功能，是单功能肾鹿角状结石首选的手术方法。     

不同体位多镜联合治疗复杂性肾结石简

目的 探讨针对不同患者选择合适体位联合多种内腔镜治疗复杂性肾结石的安全性及疗效。方法 对在2011年7月至2013年1月选择适合体位联合多种内腔镜进行治疗的78例复杂性肾结石患者资料进行回顾性分析。男51例,女27例,平均年龄49（26-73）岁,肾鹿角形结石47例,多发肾盂、肾盏结石31例。其中孤立肾结石3例（左侧2例,右侧1例）,合并肾盂输尿管连接部（UPJ）狭窄3例,合并同侧输尿管结石13例,合并对侧输尿管结石6例,合并双侧输尿管结石4例,同侧肾切开取石术后复发6例,合并肾功能不全3例。选择俯卧位57例,向健侧倾斜45°的仰卧位8例,斜仰卧截石位13例。所有患者均联合应用多种内腔镜进行碎石、取石治疗。结果 该组78例患者肾穿刺通道均一次成功建立,未出现大出血、气胸、严重感染等并发症。肾结石一期清除率86.7%,输尿管结石清除率100%。5例残留肾结石经原经皮肾通道二次取石,3例术后配合体外冲击波碎石治疗,2例行二期经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）。手术时间70-120 min,平均85 min;住院时间平均76 d。结论 针对不同患者选择适合体位联合多种内腔镜治疗复杂性肾结石,安全、高效,能明显减少二次麻醉及手术的几率,值得推广应用。     

腹腔镜下配合肾盂拉钩行肾盂切开取石术治疗无肾盂积水肾内型肾盂结石：附视频

目的 总结腹腔镜下配合肾盂拉钩行肾盂切开取石术治疗无肾盂积水肾内型肾盂结石初步经验.方法 在腹腔镜下配合肾盂拉钩行肾盂切开取石术治疗无肾盂积水肾内型肾盂结石23例,回顾分析23例病例资料.结果 23例手术均取得成功,手术时间（53±19）min,出血量（50±15） ml,平均住院时间（8±2）d,无一例漏尿,无一例中转开放手术,无输血病例等情况,随访除1例肾下盏残留0.7 cm结石外,其余无结石残留.结论 腹腔镜下配合肾盂拉钩行肾盂切开取石术治疗无肾盂积水肾内型肾盂结石可行,选择合适病例,术中操作快速,适当游离、牵拉暴露肾内型肾盂,可以有效避免开放手术、经皮肾镜等手术重创,此种手术方式术后恢复快、疗效确切,值得推广.     

大功率钬激光经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石

目的探讨大功率钬激光经皮肾镜取石术治疗肾结石的有效性和安全性。方法应用大功率(60W:3·0J×20Hz)钬激光经皮肾镜治疗单纯肾盏或肾盂结石52例(平均结石直径3·1cm),肾盂肾盏多发结石36例(平均直径2·8cm),鹿角状结石24例(平均直径6·8cm)。记录碎石取石时间、结石取净率以及手术并发症。结果平均每次手术碎石取石时间44min,一次经皮肾镜取石术结石取净率为66%(74/112),总的取净率为89%(100/112);术后3例患者出现高热,无其他并发症。结论经皮肾镜下大功率钬激光治疗能快速粉碎结石,缩短手术时间,是治疗肾结石的安全、有效方法。     

肾窦内肾盂加肾后唇切开术治疗鹿角状肾结石

目的探讨肾窦内肾盂加肾后唇切开术治疗鹿角状肾结石的疗效。方法鹿角状肾结石患者40例，单侧36侧，双侧4侧，肾盂均为肾内型，肾实质无明显萎缩，肾功能均正常，均施行肾窦内肾盂加肾后唇中下段无血管区切开取石术。结果本组均在常温下手术，未阻断肾蒂，结石均安全取出，无术中严重并发症发生。平均手术时间115(90～140)min，平均失血量为100(90～120)ml，术后1月拔除双J管，复查3例(7．5％)有肾盂内小结石残留。结论肾窦内肾盂加肾后唇中下段区切开取石术适合肾鹿角状结石的治疗．具有操作较简单、易掌握．取石容易且结石一次性取出率高，出血少的优点。     

腹腔镜肾盂切开取石术+肾实质切开取石术的手术配合体会

<正>治疗复杂性肾鹿角状铸型结石不论开放手术、单纯体外震波碎石术或经皮肾镜碎石取石都存在一定不足,是泌尿外科临床工作中较棘手的问题[1],传统开放无萎缩性肾切开取石术及经皮肾镜碎石取石结合体外震波碎石术,患者损伤大,住院时间长,并发症多,医疗费用高。2010年7月7日我院为1例左肾多发鹿角状铸型结石患者于气管插管全身麻醉下行腹腔镜肾盂切开取石+肾实质切开取石术,效果满意。现将护理体会报道如下。     

鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌的诊治

目的:提高鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌的诊治水平。方法:回顾性分析16例鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌患者的临床资料。结果:16例患者中,13例行CT检查,确诊4例;2例行MRI检查,确诊1例。术前确诊的5例患者行根治性肾输尿管切除加膀胱袖状切除。5例分别于开放手术或PCNL术中发现新生物,活检证实后行根治性肾切除加输尿管部分切除。1例行经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)者后2个月再次手术时发现转移而被迫放弃手术。5例无功能肾者于肾切除术后常规病检发现合并肾盂癌。病理检查证实为鳞状细胞癌12例,移行细胞癌3例,腺癌1例。获随访10例,随访时间1~35个月,死亡7例,术后生存时间1~27个月。结论:鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌诊断困难,预后差。对结石病史长、合并感染或肉眼血尿者,术前应考虑合并肾盂癌的可能。CT与MRI检查对诊断鹿角形肾结石合并肾盂癌有重要价值;对术前未确诊而又怀疑结石合并肾盂癌患者,建议行开放手术,勿选PCNL。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗孤立肾铸型结石的疗效观察

目的：探讨微创经皮肾取石术（MPCNL）治疗孤立肾铸型结石的安全性及有效性。方法：回顾性分析2007年4月-2008年12月应用MPCNL治疗34例孤立肾铸型结石患者的临床资料：34例患者结石平均表面积（2314±179）mm^2,肾积脓5例。4例先行穿刺造瘘术,5～7天后行二期经皮肾镜取石术,其余患者均行一期取石术。其中单通道取石18例,双通道取石15例,三通道取石1例。结果：3例一期取石时残余小结石,结合ESWL清除小残石,结石总清除率为91．2％（31／34）。1例出现感染性休克,1例术后大出血行介入栓塞治疗,无死亡患者。术后随访4～18个月,19例肾功能不全患者中,11例肾功能恢复正常,6例肾功能有不同程度改善,2例发展为尿毒症期行血液透析,其中1例为术后大出血行介入栓塞的患者。结论：微创多通道MPCNL治疗孤立肾铸型结石安全可行,效果确切,具有创伤小、恢复快、可反复操作等优点,可作为孤立肾铸型结石的首选治疗方法。     

Retrograde intrarenal surgery for a staghorn renal calculus in a patient with solitary kidney and urinary tract deformity: a case report

Staghorn renal calculi are large, branched stones in the kidney that partially or completely fill the renal pelvis and renal calyces. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold standard treatment for staghorn calculi. However, we report a retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) performed to treat a staghorn calculus in a patient with a solitary kidney and a deformed urinary tract. The 37-year-old male patient presented with right-sided lumbar pain. The computed tomography (CT) scan found a solitary kidney on the right side with an opaque 4.5 cm × 2.4 cm renal stone and grade I hydronephrosis. Additionally, a urinary tract deformity was observed, and it was secondary to the deformity of the pelvis caused by a previous pubis fracture, which significantly increased the risk and the difficulty of intrarenal surgery. A total number of 3 sessions of RIRS were conducted, and the patient was discharged 3 days after each session on average. The postoperative X-ray exam of the third session revealed that the renal stone was completely removed. The patient recovered well without any complications. This case demonstrates that RIRS is a safe and effective treatment of staghorn calculi with the presence of urinary tract deformation. This suggests RIRS may be of particular interest in minimizing the procedure-related damage of a solitary kidney.     

微创经皮肾镜联合输尿管软镜碎石术治疗孤立肾鹿角形结石的临床研究

目的:探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术(MPCNL)联合输尿管软镜碎石术(FURSL)治疗孤立肾鹿角形结石的临床疗效,并对该方法的安全性、高效性及可行性进行评估。方法:研究纳入孤立肾鹿角形结石患者20例,对结石的位置和表面积进行统计。患者在知情同意后,先对其进行第一阶段的MPCNL治疗。术后5~7天,将第二阶段的MPCNL和FURSL相结合进行治疗。并对术中情况、结石清除率(SFR)和术后并发症进行评估,测量并记录患者术前、术后1个月以及每次复查时的血肌酐(Scr)、肾小球滤过率(GFR)和慢性肾脏疾病分级(CKD)。结果:所有患者均存在多个肾盏的鹿角形结石,结石平均大小为(1 099.9±843.95)mm2。所有患者均只有一处经皮入路,平均手术时间为(154.37±32.45)min,平均失血量为64(12~140)ml,最终SFR为90%。随访1个月,4例患者的CKD情况有所改善,2例CKD为5级的患者术后仍然需要透析,其余患者术前平均Scr为(187.16±94.12)μmol/L,术后1个月为(140.99±57.92)μmol/L,差异具有统计学意义(P=0.019)。GFR术前为(43.80±24.74)ml/min,术后随访1个月末为(49.55±21.18)ml/min,差异具有统计学意义(P≤0.05)。结论:MPCNL和FURSL联合治疗孤立肾鹿角形结石,可以有效地减少经皮入口的大小和数量,使得孤立肾结石患者的治疗更安全、可行且高效,进而得到满意的SFR,减少失血量及多入口相关的潜在并发症。在短期及长期愈后方面,该方法均不会对肾功能产生不利影响。     

Clinical study of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for stones in solitary kidney

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) treatment was performed on 17 patients with a solitary or sole functioning kidney from August 1986 to April 1988. Some patients with renal stone had a double pig tail catheter to protect the stone street and those with ureteral stones had a ureteral balloon occlusion catheter to raise the efficiency of fragmentation placed prior to ESWL as much as possible. Combined manipulation with such an instrument as nephrostomy tube to wash out residual stone fragments or endoscopic operation were performed. Despite of these devices, ESWL treatments for staghorn calculi and cystine stones were troublesome in solitary kidneys. After follow up ranged from 9 to 602 days (mean 87.6 days), 10 patients (58.8%) were stone free. ESWL treatment is safe and effective for solitary kidneys. We recommended premedication and pretreatment by ureteral stenting in patients with a solitary kidney.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of staghorn stones in solitary kidney]

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been established as noninvasive treatment of choice for the great majority of upper urinary tract stones. However the management of staghorn stones in solitary kidney still deserves special consideration. We reviewed retrospectively 11 patients with staghorn stones in solitary kidney treated mainly with the Dornier HM-3 lithotripter during the period between December 1984 and December 1989 at the Sagamidai Hospital. The contralateral kidneys of the 8 patients were nephrectomized or nonfunctioning due to stone disease and those of 3 patients were nephrectomized due to tuberculosis. They were consisted of 6 males and 5 females with average ages of 60.0 years and 48.6 years respectively. The size of the stones ranged from 30 x 30 mm to 85 x 40 mm in KUB. ESWL was the first treatment for all the cases except for one patient a cystine stone. In that patient, ESWL was preceded by percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PNL). In three patients the treatment was successfully by ESWL alone without any obvious complication. In 6 patients percutaneous nephrostomy was required and in two patients PNL was performed as an auxiliary procedure. Seven patients developed high fever (over 38.5 degrees C) and two of them became septic during the course of treatment. In five patients serum creatinine elevated over 2.0 mg/dl, but returned to within normal limits postoperatively. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can play a major role in the patient of the staghorn stones in solitary kidney.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

经皮肾镜标准通道下气压弹道-超声碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石(附26例报告)

目的探讨经皮肾镜标准通道下气压弹道-超声碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效及安全性。方法2008年1月～2009年3月采用B超引导,经皮肾镜标准通道下气压弹道-超声碎石清石系统治疗26例复杂肾结石。结果一期PCNL20例,12例结石完全清除;3例残石直径≤0.5cm,5例残石直径≥1.2cm,分别行二期PCNL3例,ESWL治疗残石5例。手术时间15～240min,(117±68)min。一期PCNL无术中、术后大出血需要输血者,无胸膜、腹腔器官损伤等严重并发症。2例因肾实质撕裂、穿刺通道迷失而中转开放手术。1例孤立肾合并肾结石、重度肾积水因服用农药中毒致急性肾功能衰竭,PCNL通道建立后镜下寻找结石困难,患者病情危重,行肾造瘘转ICU治疗。二期PCNL3例,均为术中肾穿刺孔道撕裂,灌注液外渗,不能耐受而结束一期手术;1例二期PCNL见肾盂输尿管交界处炎性闭塞,2周后行开放输尿管肾下盏吻合术。3例术中导丝脱出。3例PCNL结束时双J管不能置入膀胱。一期PCNL术后留置肾造瘘管(6.9±1.6)d。1例术后造瘘管周围持续漏尿10d。2例二期PCNL在一期PCNL术后发生肾盂肾炎及肾周围炎。结论标准通道下经皮肾镜联合EMS第3代超声气压弹道-超声碎石清石系统具有高效、安全的特点,但对于复杂肾结石应加强并发症的防治。     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for complex caliceal and staghorn stones in patients with solitary kidney

Treatment of patients with solitary kidney having complex stones is one of the most challenging problem in urology. We present our experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in treating 16 patients with staghorn stones in a solitary kidney to determine long-term renal functional results. We retrospectively reviewed the records of 16 patients with complex caliceal or staghorn stones in a solitary kidney treated with PCNL. Demographic data, number and location of accesses, hemoglobin values, stone analyses, and complications were studied. Serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, new onset hypertension, and kidney morphology were determined preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 month and 1 year. Male to female ratio was 14:2 and mean age was 49.6 years (range 31–55). Of these, 10 (62.5%) patients required a single tract, while 6 (37.5%) required multiple tracts. The calculi were extracted or fragmented successfully in 13 (81.3%) patients and complete stone clearance was achieved after the first stage. In two patients with residual calculi, a double-J catheter was inserted and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) was performed. There were no significant intraoperative problems except in one patient, who had bleeding from an infundibular tear attributable to torquing. During the 1-year study period, none of the patients progressed to end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis. We demonstrated a significant improvement in creatinine and GFR levels from preoperatively to 1-year follow-up. The number of patients with hypertension before PCNL was 5 and by the end of follow-up there was no new onset hypertension. The demonstrated effectiveness, small number of complications at short-term, not any poorly effect on renal function and blood pressure at the long-term follow-up confirm that PCNL is not only effective but is also safe in the solitary kidney with staghorn calculi.