复式脉冲体外碎石机治疗泌尿系结石1206例小结

目的:总结新碎石设备-复式脉冲体外碎石机治疗泌尿系结石的经验.方法:应用该机治疗泌尿系结石患者1206例,其中肾结石508例,输尿管结石603例,膀胱结石95例.结石大小0.4cm×0.5cm～2.5cm×2.5cm.碎石机工作电压4.0～8.5 kV,放电次数2 000～3 000.结果:肾结石治愈率达58.3%,输尿管结石为72.7%,膀胱结石82.4%.其中986例(81.8%)ESWL后有不同程度的肉眼血尿,164例(13.6%)出现肾绞痛,14例出现高热,2例出现肾被膜下血肿,经对症处理均消失.结论:体外复式脉冲碎石技术仍然是泌尿系结石的首选治疗方法.     

体外震波碎石治疗肾结石

目的探讨体外震波碎石(ESWL)治疗肾结石的有效性。方法1997年8月至2001年8月应用德国DornierCompacts型体外震波碎石机治疗802例肾结石(直径为0.5～2.5cm)门诊病人。结果结石直径≤0.8cm(196例)、0.9～1.9cm(574例),≥2.0cm(32例),在二月内的排出率分别为62.7%、52.6%、20.5%;总排出率为54.9%。并发症少见,2例肾包膜下血肿,采用保守治疗;19例肾绞痛及24例“石街”形成,采用输尿管镜、再次碎石或保守治疗,结石完全排出。结论ESWL是治疗肾结石(直径<2.0cm)的有效方法,对大于2.0cm的结石,应首先行开放手术或经皮肾镜碎石(PCNL)治疗。     

ESWL后血压与血浆肾素活性变化的临床观察

对52例肾结石患者于ESWL治疗后随访观察1年血压、血浆肾素活性(PRA)及肾脏形态变化。结果显示:12例治疗肾体积增大,其中2例肾包膜下血肿。1周时9例血压升高,其中4例PRA增加。1月时6例血压升高,其中2例PRA增加。6月后2例(占3.8%)发展为高血压,1例为高肾素性高血压。并对ESWL后血压与肾脏形态改变以及与PRA的关系进行了讨论。     

ESWL致肾包膜下、肾周围血肿12例分析及对策

目的：降低ESWL致肾包膜下、肾周围血肿的发生率.方法：回顾1999～2009年肾结石ESWL后致肾包膜下、肾周围血肿12例的病史资料,分析总结与之密切相关的临床危险因素和术中技术参数.结果：12例肾包膜下、肾周围血肿经积极对症治疗后,9～18个月血肿均消失.高血压、高龄男性、肾下盏结石是重要的临床危险因素,高脉冲能量、多脉冲次数、高脉冲频率是致病的主要技术参数.结论：高血压、高龄男性、肾下盏结石患者术前应良好控制高血压、术中适当降低脉冲能量、合理减少脉冲次数、适当控制脉冲频率是降低ESWL致肾包膜下、肾周围血肿的重要对策.     

体外震波碎石治疗尿结石X线曝光的剂量测定

报告采用国产JT-ESWLⅡ型碎石机治疗肾与输尿管结石,测定142例ESWL治疗时X线曝光后病人体表吸收X线的剂量,肾结石平均为12.80cGy,输尿管结石平均为14.57cGy。此外,还对结石大小、ESWL次数等与X线吸收剂量之间的关系加以讨论。     

ESWL治疗小儿肾结石

目的:探讨ESWL治疗小儿肾结石的疗效。方法:回顾性分析24例ESWL治疗的小儿肾结石患者临床资料。结果:结石1次碎石后排净13例,占54.2%;2次碎石后排净8例,占33.3%;3例复杂性肾结石结合经皮输尿管镜取石术,碎石2~3次后结石排净。随访6~37个月,无一例出现石街、泌尿系感染、肾脏萎缩等并发症。结论:ESWL治疗小儿肾结石具有安全、高效,复杂性小儿肾结石结合经皮输尿管镜取石术可明显提高结石清除率,缩短结石清除时间。     

肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术的安全性及效果分析

目的 总结肾上盏入路经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析237例应用肾上盏入路PCNL治疗肾或输尿管上段结石的患者资料.男135例,女102例.年龄8-76岁,平均42岁.其中结石长径＞1.5 cm或嵌顿性输尿管上段结石94例,长径≥2.0 cm或嵌顿性肾盂结石26例,鹿角形结石或多发性结石68例,复杂性肾下盏结石13例,不适合行体外冲击波碎石术(ESWL)或输尿管镜碎石术(URS)的肾上盏结石12例,肾上盏憩室结石3例,肾结石并肾盂输尿管连接部(UPJ)梗阻或输尿管上段狭窄8例,过度肥胖结石患者3例,马蹄肾肾结石6例,移植肾肾输尿管结石4例.其中经第12肋上入路175例(73.8％),第11肋上入路46例,第12肋下入路12例,移植肾患者经下腹部入路4例.结果 采用单一通道结石完全清除176例(74.3％),同期或分期建立多通道取石55例,联合ESWL 6例.术后3个月复查结石清除209例(88.2％).出现胸膜损伤16例(6.8％),行胸腔穿刺术8例,行胸腔闭式引流术5例,保守治愈3例.拔除肾造瘘管后出现胸膜刺激征12例(5.1％),予对症处理.无肺及其他内脏损伤.输血5例,其中行选择性肾动脉造影及拴塞术2例.结论 肾上盏入路PCNL操作视野开阔、硬镜操作方便、结石清除率高,可选择性地应用于治疗输尿管上段结石和部分复杂性肾结石.     

自发性肾包膜下血肿的影像特征与治疗方法选择

目的：探讨自发性肾包膜下血肿的诊治方法。方法：对20例自发性肾包膜下血肿临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：20例中,行肾切除术6例、根治性肾切除2例、保留肾脏手术1例,血肿穿刺引流6例,肾动脉栓塞术1例,保守治疗4例。痊愈13例,未见血肿复发;死亡4例;失访3例。结论：自发性肾包膜下血肿多见于肾肿瘤,治疗取决于出血的严重程度和原发病。     

输尿管镜、肾镜治疗输尿管结石(附226例报告)

目的探讨应用输尿管镜、肾镜治疗输尿管结石的疗效。方法应用输尿管镜、肾镜配合瑞士产EMS三代超声气压弹道碎石机治疗226例输尿管结石。上段结石58例采用经皮肾镜超声气压弹道碎石机碎石,其余168例中下段结石采用输尿管镜逆行气压弹道碎石。结果一次碎石成功211例,结石排净时间1周-3个月。术中无输尿管穿孔和撕脱。15例结石上冲至肾盂,放置双J管后行ESWL治疗,3个月结石排净。结论输尿管镜、肾镜配合瑞士产EMS三代超声气压弹道碎石机治疗输尿管结石高效,微创,安全可靠。     

复杂性肾结石的外科治疗（附28例报告）

目的 随着ESWL和输尿管镜腔内碎石等微创技术广泛应用于临床，但复杂性肾结石的治疗仍首选开放性手术。方法 2002年1月-2002年12月间，实行开放性手术，治疗复杂性肾结石28例，并随访其疗效及并发症的发生率。结果 23例结石均经开放手术取出，手术获成功；3例结石均约2．0cm在外院行ESWL，但术后无结石排出，来我院作KUB及IVU提示结石已碎裂成数块，堆积在肾盂输尿管连接部，一期手术取出，其中1例术中发现肾盂输尿管连接部畸形，作矫形术；1例患者因结石合并感染、肾重度积水、肾积脓，一期切除肾脏；1例患者术前肾图提示结石侧肾脏无功能，术中发现结石巨大压迫肾实质致肾实质菲薄，一期切除肾脏。结论：目前基层医院开放性手术仍为复杂性肾结石的首选治疗方法，也可作为ESWL和输尿管镜腔内碎石后失败的补救方法。     

Clinical experience of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for cystine calculi

Thirty patients (16 men and 14 women) with cystine urinary stones were treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (Dormer HM-3) from December 1984 through October 1989. The average patient age was 35.2 years with a range of 14 to 59 years. Seventy per cent of these subjects had had previous open surgical operations for stones. The cases consisted of 7 ureteral stones and 37 renal stones, including 15 staghorn calculi. An average of 1.3 session of ESWL was carried out to treat ureteral stones. Thirty-seven renal units with renal stone required 96 sessions of lithotripsy (average 2.6 sessions per unit). Seven patients with ureteral stones required auxiliary procedures, i.e., one transurethral lithotripsy (TUL), two percutaneous nephrostomies (PNS) and one open surgery. Thirty-seven renal stones, including staghorn calculi was treated by ESWL and auxiliary treatment of 21 TUL procedures, one PNS, 16 PNL procedures and one chemical chemolysis. Successful fragmentation (residual debris less than or equal to 4 mm) was achieved in 85.7% of ureteral stones, 90.9% of renal stones and 73.3% of staghorn calculi. The stone free rates of patients with ureteral stones, renal stones and staghorn calculi were 71.4%, 50.0% and 53.5%, respectively, at 3 months after ESWL. No serious complications were seen in this series. Fever above 38.5 degrees C was the most common complications (13.5%). Ureteral perforation was encountered once in TUL procedures. Transfusion and selective arterial embolization were needed for one case treated by PNL procedures. Although cystine stone is harder to be fragmented by ESWL than other stone composition, ESWL and endourology may be effective and safe procedures for cystine stone patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Treatment of 2019 cases with upper urinary tract calculi using a piezoelectric lithotriptor ESL-500A

PURPOSE: We evaluated the results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in a large number of cases with upper urinary tract calculi, and reported the strategy how to improve the efficacy and safety of ESWL. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Eight hundred fifteen patients with renal calculi and 1,204 patients with ureteral calculi were treated using a piezoelectric ultrasound-guided lithotriptor, Toshiba ESL-500A. Auxiliary measures were needed in 51 cases (2.5%) and 1,968 cases (97.5%) were treated by in situ procedures. ESWL was performed with the optimal positioning of the patient and under the continuous monitoring by ultrasound system. The visibility of stones was improved by removal of abdominal gas and administration of diuretic agent to dilate the ureter. Cases with urinary tract infection were medicated by antibiotics and the obstruction of the urinary tract was cleared away as soon as possible. RESULTS: Including the cases with residual fragments less than 4 mm, the success rates at one month after the treatment were 97.7% and 98.7% for the renal and ureteral calculi, respectively. The mean numbers of sessions were 1.49 for renal calculi and 1.16 for ureteral calculi. Multiple sessions were required in 24.2% of renal calculi and 12.0% of ureteral calculi. No serious complication has been observed except for three cases, which were sepsis after ESWL, anuria in a solitary kidney, and pyonephrosis caused by Steinstrasse with urinary infection, respectively. CONCLUSION: ESWL using ESL-500A is an efficient treatment of upper urinary tract calculi which has higher pulverization rate and fewer complications in the adequate procedure.     

Efficacy of in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for upper ureteral calculi

In contrast to the majority of renal calculi, in situ extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for upper ureteral stones is still controversial. Some centers recommend retrograde mobilization of the calculus into the renal pelvis prior to ESWL as a routine procedure (UC + ESWL). To evaluate the efficiency of in situ ESWL for upper ureteric stones, we initiated a prospective clinical trial. From July 1985 to January 1986, 122 patients presented with upper ureteral calculi, necessitating a total of 146 different procedures: 88 in situ ESWL; 31 UC + ESWL; 15 antegrade ureteroscopies (URS); 6 retrograde URS; 2 open surgery (ureterolithotomy, nephrectomy), and 4 patients were managed conservatively. Of all 99 patients treated at the lithotripter, 80 patients received in situ ESWL (no emergency case, no location problems): in 60 patients (75%) the stone could be disintegrated in one session; 8 patients (10%) required a second ESWL session due to partial fragmentation. Retrograde mobilization using a ureteral catheter or URS was necessary in 9 patients due to failure of in situ ESWL (11%) and, in only 3 patients, we had to remove the stone by antegrade URS (4%). In conclusion, 96% of all upper ureteric stones suitable for primary ESWL could be treated by a noninvasive (in situ ESWL) or minimally invasive (UC + ESWL) procedure. Therefore we recommend in situ ESWL for these calculi. Primary retrograde mobilization is only indicated in case of location problems (stone close to the spine, obesity, skeleton deformation) or emergency cases (colic, hydronephrosis). Antegrade URS should be performed if retrograde mobilization fails or in emergency cases (acute pyelonephritis, following percutaneous nephrostomy, after clinical stabilization). The rate of open surgery is below 2%.     

ESWL与输尿管镜碎石联合处理上尿路结石

目的：探讨对部分上尿路结石采用ESWI．与输尿管镜碎石联合处理的方法。方法：对70例上尿路结石患者采用ESWI。与输尿管镜下钬激光碎石（URS）联合交替治疗。其中输尿管结石48例,。肾结石22例。结果：结石总排净率为91．4％00（64／70）,其中输尿管结石排净率为95．8％（46／48）,肾结石排净率为81．8％（18／22）。3例治疗失败,其中1例输尿管结石因输尿管狭窄无法入镜;另2例肾结石,1例因交替治疗次数过多中途停止治疗,1例因结石硬度过大ESWI,不佳,均改为PCNL术。结论：ESW[。与URS联合交替进行的疗法处理上尿路结石,避免了创伤性治疗,扩大了ESWI,治疗范围,降低了URS手术难度,缩短了URS操作时间,提高了结石排净率,患者创伤微小、恢复快、并发症少,是治疗上尿路结石,特别是部分复杂性上尿路结石较理想的方法之一。     

微创经皮肾取石术治疗先天性异常肾合并结石

目的探讨微创经皮肾镜取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL）治疗先天性异常肾合并结石的疗效。方法2000年1月～2007年11月,采用MPCNL治疗异常肾合并结石41例,其中马蹄肾12例,重复肾19例,旋转肾10例。单发上盏结石4例,中盏6例,下盏7例,肾盂结石3例,重复肾上肾结石4例,多发结石12例,鹿角形结石5例。结石最大直径1.0～4.0 cm,平均2.5 cm。13例合并输尿管中上段结石同时取石。结果41例均一次穿刺成功。手术时间45～210 min,平均95 min。术中出血30～150 ml,平均80 ml。一期结石清除率85.4%（35/41）,2例马蹄肾和1例重复肾患者经二次取石取净,2例重复肾和1例旋转肾患者术后配合体外冲击波碎石治疗。1例旋转肾MPCNL术后发生较严重出血（800 ml）,经高选择性动脉栓塞后治愈,其余未见严重并发症发生。41例随访5～12个月,平均6个月,无结石复发。结论MPCNL治疗先天性异常肾合并结石安全、可靠。但仍需强调个体化的原则,根据不同异常肾的类型,结石大小、位置等情况进行操作。     

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) monotherapy for stones in lower ureter.

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been accepted as the method of choice for most upper urinary tract calculi. However, in cases of stones in the lower ureter, ureteroscopic procedures have generally been preferred. Using the Dornier HM3 lithotriptor with modifications in the patient's position, we were able to successfully treat 155 unselected cases of lower ureteral calculi. The average stone size was 9.6 mm (range 5-23 mm). One hundred forty-three patients had stones located below the lower margin of the sacroiliac joint. These patients were placed in a supine position. The stones were visualized radiologically without use of a ureteral catheter in 78 percent of the patients; in 22 percent a ureteral catheter was inserted prior to ESWL to aid in stone localization. In 145 patients (94%) treatment was completed in one session; 10 patients (6%) required two sessions. Of the patients, 38 percent were free of stones one day after ESWL; 97 percent became stone free within three months, and only 3 patients required endoscopic manipulation, after ESWL. Twelve patients had stones in the midureter overlying the sacroileum. They were placed in the prone position, and the calculi were visualized with the aid of a ureteral catheter. All these patients became free of stones one month after treatment. There were no significant treatment-related complications except for bacteremia in 1 case. In view of the remarkable efficacy, negligible complication rate, and shorter hospital stay as compared to ureteroscopic stone manipulations, we recommend high energy ESWL as the primary monotherapy of mid and lower ureteral stones.     

微创经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术治疗肾、输尿管上段结石（附1870例报道）

目的评价B超引导下建立微通道行经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术（MPCNL）治疗·肾、输尿管上段结石的疗效。方法2007年8月-2012年5月,治疗肾、输尿管上段结石1870例,其中鹿角状结石42例,肾多发结石58例,海绵肾结石5例,肾憩室结石3例,肾脏单发结石1365例,输尿管上段结石397例。均在B超引导下行MPCNL。结果1868例成功建立经皮肾通道,其中22例一期建立2个通道,3例一期建立3个通道;2例建立通道失败。43例行二期碎石,11例行三期碎石。手术时间25～120min,平均55min。一期结石清除率90．5％（1693／1870）。36例术后高热（体温〉39℃）,其中19例血培养阳性;2例胸膜损伤,留置胸腔闭式引流1周治愈;13例术后大出血,行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗。217例失访,1653例随访5～40个月,平均15个月,76例（4．6％）结石复发。结论B超引导下建立微通道行经皮肾镜钬激光联合气压弹道碎石术治疗肾、输尿管上段结石疗效确切,安全、微创,术后并发症可控,值得临床广泛应用。     

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy with Lithostar lithotriptor.

Initial experience of extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) using the Lithostar lithotriptor is reported; 193 patients underwent 248 treatments for 210 stones. A total of 139 renal calculi (126 patients) and 71 ureteral stones (67 patients) were analyzed. Treatments were performed without anesthesia in 65 calculi (27.6%), with intravenous sedation in 91 (42.5%), and under epidural anesthesia in 34 calculi (29.9%). A three-month follow-up showed a success rate of 88.0 percent for renal calculi and 95.5 percent for ureteral calculi treated in situ. Renal stone fragmentation was achieved with a mean of 4,890 shocks at 17.4 kV and ureteral calculi were fragmented with a mean number of 4,798 shocks at a mean of 18.3 kV. Auxiliary procedures after ESWL were required in 2 patients with renal stones and in 1 with ureteral calculi. A comparison between stone size and number of shock waves required to achieve stone fragmentation revealed a linear relationship. Hospitalization was not necessary in 84.4 percent of renal calculi and 89.6 percent of ureteral calculi. Retreatments were necessary in 22 (15.8%) of the renal calculi (18 had 2 sessions, 3 had 3 sessions, and 1 had 4 sessions). Of the ureteral calculi, 8 (11.3%) underwent retreatment (6 had 2 sessions, 1 had 3 sessions, and 1 had 4 sessions). The low morbidity with a large number of patients treated on an outpatient basis, minimizing the need for anesthesia, demonstrated a favorable initial successful experience with the Lithostar.     

Clinical experiences of renal and upper ureter stone by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). II: 3-month follow-up of cases treated with ESWL

Fifty three out of 60 cases treated with Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL), were followed up for 3 months. Forty four of the patients had renal stones (2 had bilateral renal stones, 3 had staghorn calculi, 2 had incomplete staghorn calculi, 10 had multiple renal stones), 2 had the unilateral renal and ureteral stones and 16 had ureteral stone. The stone had been discharged completely within 3 months in 47 cases (86.8%), and residual stones were noticed in 6 cases (11%), two of which had stone discharge after retreatment with ESWL. The other cases are being followed up without further treatment, because the residual sandy stones are thought to be able to be discharged spontaneously.     

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the management of pediatric urolithiasis

The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the management of pediatric urolithiasis by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Between November 1988 and July 2000, 165 renal stones, 53 ureteral stones, and 5 bladder stones were treated in 126 pediatric patients using Siemens Lithostar lithotriptor. The ESWL treatments ranging from 1 to 7 were needed per patient (mean: 2.1). One ESWL session was performed for 49.6% of stones, two for 24.6%, three for 13.0 %, four for 5.6% and > 4 for 8.2%. The success rate for renal stone units (asymptomatic fragments less than 4 mm) was 88.2%, stone-free rate was 49.0%. The stone-free rate for ureteral stone units was 87.5%, but was 75% for bladder stones. The overall results of ESWL treatment in 126 children was satisfactory: the success rate was 90.5%, stone-free rate was 51.6%, residual fragments > 4 mm were 9.5%. General anesthesia was required in 65 children (136 treatments) under the age of 10, and only in 18 children (40 treatments) in the age 11–14. Auxiliary procedures, such as double J stent and percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) were used in 19 and 7 patients, respectively. Perirenal hematoma in one patient and hematomas in enteric wall in another one patient were the only major complications managed conservatively without consequences. Low energy lithotripsy with the Siemens Lithostar in our series of pediatric patients was safe and relatively effective.