应用Medpor行全耳再造术后的护理及耳支架外露的防治

目的:探讨应用Medpor行全耳再造术后的护理。方法:手术分两期进行,第Ⅰ期行残耳整形和耳后乳突区皮肤扩张器埋置术;第Ⅱ期取出皮肤扩张器,置入MEDPOR支架,再造耳廓。结果:应用MEDPOR支架治疗6例先天性小耳畸形。3例Ⅰ期愈合,外形良好,另3例发生支架外露,且1例外露部位伴有感染,经采用局部皮瓣修复后,都保留了支架,并获得痊愈,外形亦佳。结论:术后需要特别注意容易出现支架外露部位的护理,术后1月内应对再造耳进行严密的观察,出现支架外露后因地制宜地采用合适的方法进行修复,可以很好地预防并处理再造耳支架的外露。     

先天性外中耳畸形患者听力重建与同步MEDPOR耳廓再造术的护理

目的 探讨同步进行外耳道、鼓室成形与应用高密度聚乙烯（MEDPOR）再造耳廓治疗先天性外中耳畸形患者的护理方法。方法 对25例先天性外中耳畸形患者采用Ⅰ期外耳道、鼓室成形加耳后皮下皮肤扩张器埋置术，Ⅱ期应用MEDPOR作支架行耳廓再造术。术前术后做好心理护理，密切观察病情，尤其是术耳局部皮肤、血运的观察护理。结果 术后1个月语频听力提高15dB以上者21例（占84．0％），其中听力改善30dB以上者10例，占40．0％。随访1～5年，听力保持稳定者17例（占68．0％）。MEDPOR耳廓再造18例一期愈合，外形良好；7例支架外露，再次手术修复，效果满意。结论 听力重建与MEDPOR耳廓再造同步进行可获得较满意的听力和耳廓外形，加强手术前后护理，是手术成功的重要保障。     

扩张法耳再造治疗先天性小耳畸形

目的：探讨皮肤软组织扩张器和自体肋软骨支架移植治疗先天性小耳畸形的修复效果。方法：采用一期皮肤软组织扩张器置入,同时对残耳进行处理;二期使用自体肋软骨雕刻支架移植的方法治疗先天性小耳畸形患者共17例。结果：经1.5～3 年随访观察,除了1例因感染取出耳支架外,其余再造耳廓皮瓣色泽红润、再造耳廓位置、形态、大小和对侧基本一致。结论：组织扩张器结合自体肋软骨支架移植的外耳再造方法,是治疗先天性小耳畸形的适宜方法。     

皮肤扩张法结合自体肋软骨支架治疗重度杯状耳畸形

目的:探讨采用皮肤扩张法结合自体肋软骨支架治疗重度杯状耳畸形的效果。方法:采用皮肤扩张法结合自体肋软骨支架三期法治疗重度杯状耳畸形患者共16例(16只耳)。第一期手术耳后置入50~80ml扩张器,注水扩张3个月,第二期手术切取自体肋软骨,雕刻组合成三维立体软骨支架,用扩张皮瓣包裹支架形成耳廓。3个月后,杯状耳转位与再造部分衔接,完成重度杯状耳畸形的修复。结果:1例患者第三期术后出现软骨支架外露,经换药后愈合。其余15例无并发症发生。再造的耳廓外形良好,结构清晰,双侧耳廓对称。结论:采用扩张法结合自体肋软骨支架治疗重度杯状耳畸形,能够提供足够的皮肤及软骨量,是矫正杯状耳畸形的一种较好的手术方法。     

颞顶筋膜瓣与扩张皮瓣联合覆盖Medpor支架外耳再造术

目的探讨颞顶筋膜瓣与扩张皮瓣联合覆盖Medpor支架再造外耳的效果。方法手术分两期进行:一期手术在乳突区置入皮肤软组织扩张器,并定时注水扩张;第二期手术将扩张器取出并形成蒂在前的扩张皮瓣、掀起以颞浅血管为蒂的颞顶筋膜瓣,应用颞顶筋膜瓣和乳突区扩张皮瓣双重由里至外覆盖Medpor耳支架完成耳廓再造。结果临床应用22例,随访半年至2年半,无耳支架外露发生,再造的耳廓外形逼真,轮廓分明,肤色与周围正常皮肤一致。结论应用乳突区扩张皮瓣及颞顶筋膜瓣双层组织瓣包被Medpor耳支架,可以提高Medpor耳支架置入的安全性,避免发生外露,又不影响支架外形和轮廓的显现,再造耳表面皮肤的色泽与周围皮肤一致。     

Medpor支架全耳再造术的应用及支架外露的预防

目的:探讨如何减少Medpor支架在全耳再造术应用中支架外露的发生。方法:手术分两步进行,第一步用100ml肾形扩张器行耳后乳突区皮肤软组织扩张;第二步取出扩张器,通过精细手术操作,置入Medpor耳支架,行全耳再造。结果:对21例小耳畸形行全耳再造,术后随访1~6年,效果满意,未出现支架外露等并发症。结论:通过各步骤的无张力原则和手术细致操作,可以将Medpor支架外露并发症减少到最小。     

皮肤扩张及自体肋软骨支架法全耳廓成形术矫正先天性小耳畸形

目的探讨耳后乳突区皮肤扩张及自体肋软骨支架法全耳廓成形术矫正先天性小耳畸形的临床效果。方法21例先天性小耳畸形患者,分3期进行手术治疗。Ⅰ期：患侧耳后乳突区皮下埋置50ml肾形扩张器,术后定期注水,扩张皮肤3～4个月,平均注水（80．51±3．87）ml,达预定量后稳定养护1个月。Ⅱ期：取自体肋软骨,雕刻成由4层软骨构成的耳支架,整体为倒立的海螺样外观,将扩张皮瓣覆盖于整个自体肋软骨支架表面,再造耳廓。Ⅲ期：Ⅱ期术后3个月对成形耳进行细节性修整。结果21例患者手术均获成功,成形耳廓大小、外形均与健侧相似,医患双方满意。结论耳后乳突区皮肤扩张法所扩张的皮肤,可覆盖于整个自体肋软骨支架表面,术后耳廓外形逼真,立体感强。     

皮肤软组织扩张与自体肋软骨移植外耳再造术的护理对策

目的:总结皮肤软组织扩张与自体肋软骨移植法外耳再造相关护理的经验及效果。方法:2008年1月至2012年1月共收治耳廓缺损患者20例,其中先天性小耳畸形18例,外伤性耳廓缺损2例;手术方法:Ⅰ期耳后乳突区置入皮肤软组织扩张器,Ⅱ期利用扩张的耳后皮瓣及筋膜瓣覆盖自体肋软骨耳支架加皮片移植,形成再造耳,Ⅲ期行耳屏、耳甲腔等整形术。相应的护理对策措施主要有:围手术期的护理、心理护理、引流管的护理。结果:随访6个月~4年,均完成三期耳再造术,再造耳位置正常,形态良好,三维结构清晰,医患双方满意;未发生扩张器外露、感染、扩张器埋置术后血肿、软骨支架外露等并发症。结论:加强围手术期的护理和健康指导,可以减少并发症,是获得皮肤软组织扩张与自体肋软骨移植法外耳再造法手术成功的关键。     

先天性小耳畸形的皮肤软组织扩张器法外耳再造术

目的探讨先天性小耳畸形的手术修复方法。方法1992年至2005年采用皮肤软组织扩张器结合自体肋软骨支架移植的方法进行外耳再造共3248例。结果经1至13年随访观察，再造耳廓皮瓣色泽红润、柔软、感觉功能无明显异常；移植耳廓软骨支架无软化、吸收、变形；再造耳廓位置、形态、大小和对侧基本一致。结论组织扩张器结合自体肋软骨支架移植的外耳再造方法，疗效满意、并发症少，是先天性小耳畸形理想的手术治疗方法。     

三维立体耳支架成形在二期全耳廓再造中的应用体会

目的 临床分析32例三维立体耳支架成形在二期全耳廓再造中的应用体会.方法 从2001年～2005年对32例小耳畸形患者应用自体肋软骨二期全耳再造法进行耳廓再造共33个,手术Ⅰ期为耳解剖结构三维轮廓再造,Ⅱ期为颅耳角再造.结果 本组32例,30例手术效果满意,2例外耳轮软骨尖端弹开外露,行外露软骨再固定,局部皮肤转瓣缝合,痊愈.随访3个月～4年,再造耳廓具有个性化的三维立体轮廓.结论 应用自体肋软骨耳支架成形进行的耳解剖结构轮廓再造取得了满意的效果,再造耳廓具有个性化的三维立体轮廓,拥有良好的颅耳角,能承受日常生活压力.     

“单瓣扩张法”耳郭再造术的临床应用

目的 探讨“单瓣扩张”技术在耳郭再造中的临床应用.方法 手术分3期完成：Ⅰ期耳后扩张器置入术;Ⅱ期扩张器取出,肋软骨切取,耳郭支架雕刻,扩张皮瓣包裹耳郭支架;Ⅲ期再造耳修整,耳屏再造,耳垂转位,耳甲腔加深.自2012年6月至2014年1月,对74例小耳畸形患者行“单瓣扩张法”耳郭再造术.结果 所有患者随访1 ～ 18个月,5例扩张器渗漏,2例血肿,3例扩张皮肤破溃,1例伤口裂开,1例软骨外露;其余患者获满意效果,再造耳形态结构稳定,位置、大小、方向、耳颅角高度与健侧耳基本对称,耳轮、耳舟、对耳轮及其上下脚、三角窝、耳屏、耳甲腔等结构清晰自然,再造耳前后色泽、质地一致,耳后瘢痕不明显.结论 “单瓣扩张法”耳郭再造术是利用耳后扩张皮瓣包裹耳支架,无需筋膜瓣和皮片移植,即可形成结构清晰自然、稳定竖立的再造耳;手术过程简单,创伤较小,瘢痕较少.为耳后皮肤厚或者耳后皮肤松、薄的小耳畸形患者提供了一种较理想的治疗方法.     

The combined posterior temporoparietal and galeal fascial flap: a new flap in the elevation of the constructed auricle (second stage of microtia correction).

Over the past few years, the technique of elevating the buried ear framework in the second stage of microtia correction has shifted from skin grafting to the use of flaps and cartilage blocks in the retroauricular sulcus. While the temporoparietal fascial flap should be reserved for secondary procedures and the treatment of complications, the mastoid fascial flap is inadequate by itself and needs an additional cartilage graft. Here, we describe a new flap, the combined posterior temporoparietal and galeal fascial flap, for the elevation of the buried ear cartilage. The flap is robust, with a dependable blood supply based on the posterior branches of the superficial temporal artery. In four cases the flap was rolled up and inset into the retroauricular sulcus, while in three cases an additional conchal cartilage graft was inserted into the roll. All the patients had satisfactory ear projection at follow-up 10-14 months postoperatively. We discuss the surgical technique and the advantages of this flap. We believe that this new flap, which has not been described before, has the potential to replace other flaps in the second stage of microtia correction.     

Firm elevation of the auricle in reconstruction of microtia with a retroauricular fascial flap wrapping an autogenous cartilage wedge.

During conventional reconstruction of the auricle in patients with microtia, simply separating the auricle from the mastoid region with a full-thickness skin graft usually fails to create firm elevation and sufficient projection. To achieve frontal symmetry is difficult, and sometimes the normal auricle needs to be set back. We reconstructed the auricle in patients with microtia in two major stages using a modified Nagata's method. Using a wide W-incision skin flap, the first stage includes implantation of a cartilage framework and transposition of the ear lobule. Our modification lies in the second stage. Instead of using the superficial temporoparietal fascial flap, we elevated a retroauricular fascial flap from the mastoid region, turning it over to wrap an autogenous costal-cartilage wedge, and covered it with a full-thickness skin graft. Between June 1996 and May 1999, eight patients underwent this operation. All the fascial flaps and overlying full-thickness skin grafts survived well. The advantages of our technique include firm elevation, good frontal projection and a natural appearance of the posterior aspect of the ear. Additionally, by using this fast and practical procedure, we avoid creating additional scars on the scalp and preserve the superficial temporoparietal fascia and superficial temporal vessels.     

耳后联合双层筋膜瓣Medpor支架全耳再造的临床研究

目的:探讨采用颞顶筋膜瓣与耳后筋膜皮瓣(简称:耳后联合双层筋膜瓣),Medpor支架行先天性小耳畸形全耳再造术的方法和效果。方法:采用颞顶支为血管蒂的岛状筋膜瓣移转至残耳乳突区耳后,与耳后乳突区筋膜皮瓣同期同步进行扩张,然后将扩张的耳后联合双层筋膜皮瓣包裹Medpor支架行全耳廓再造。结果:本组患者中经3个月~3年的随访,再造耳皮肤颜色与耳周缘面部相接近,微细结构清晰,颅耳角与健耳对称,形态结构好。结论:耳后联合双层筋膜瓣+Medpor支架行全耳廓再造,既能有效避免支架外露和传统手术供区胸壁畸形,又能避免切取自体肋软骨增加的创伤及痛苦。再造耳皮肤颜色与正常肤色相似,形态满意,是一种值得推广的手术方法。     

Combined Fascial Flap and Expanded Skin Flap for Enveloping Medpor Framework in Microtia Reconstruction

The Medpor implant is another choice for a new auricular framework besides autogenous costal cartilage. However, its relatively frequent exposure and less-matching skin coverage discourage surgeons from using it. In this article, we present a new two-flap method, a combination of the temporoparietal fascial flap and the expanded skin flap, for wrapping the Medpor implant in microtia reconstruction. A staged surgical procedure was performed, including soft tissue expansion in the mastoid region, soft tissue expander removal, expanded skin flap and temporoparietal fascial flap formation, Medpor framework implantation, and the combined two-flap envelopment. Conventional lobule transposition and tragus reconstruction were accomplished for selected patients. In this study, a total of 22 microtias were reconstructed consecutively using this method. Eighteen patients were followed since the first surgery. The postoperative follow-up time ranged from 3 to 12 months. The draped soft tissue covering was thin enough to show the reconstructed ear with excellent, subtle contour when edema gradually vanished 3-6 months postoperatively. The new ear had a stable shape, and its skin color and texture matched the normal surrounding skin very well. No exposure or extrusion of the framework was observed in the series. The Medpor implant enveloped by both a temporoparietal fascial flap and an expanded cutaneous flap appears to be a promising alternative for the auricular framework in microtia reconstruction. Because of the wrapping tissues, auricular construction using a Medpor implant can be a safe, steady, and easily acceptable choice for both microtia patients and their physicians.     

耳后联合筋膜皮瓣全耳廓再造的临床研究

目的：探讨颞顶筋膜瓣、耳后筋膜瓣两瓣（简称：耳后联合筋膜瓣）包裹Medpor支架行先天性小耳畸形全耳再造术的方法和效果。方法：手术分为两期：I期采用颞浅动静脉顶支为血管蒂的岛状筋膜瓣,植入残耳乳突区耳后剥离的皮下腔穴,然后植入皮肤扩张器与耳后筋膜皮瓣进行同期同步扩张;II期取出扩张器,将扩张耳后联合筋膜皮瓣包裹Medpor支架行全耳廓再造术。结果：38例患者中,经6个月～3年的随访,再造耳形态结构稳定,颜色与周围皮肤相近,微细结构清晰,颅耳角良好与健耳对称。结论：该方法既可解决覆盖支架的难题,又将手术并发症减少到最低限度,避免支架外露。是目前较为理想的全耳廓再造术的一种新方法。     

耳后双蒂扩张皮瓣法耳廓再造术

目的探讨耳后双蒂扩张皮瓣在耳廓再造术中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析2016年9月至2017年8月中国医学科学院整形外科医院整形七科收治的符合纳入、排除标准的全部先天性小耳畸形患者的临床资料。手术方法:一期行扩张器置入,二期采用耳后双蒂扩张皮瓣覆盖耳支架,耳后筋膜包裹耳支架外耳轮,联合耳后上极游离植皮重建耳廓。患者于术后1、6个月及三期手术前进行复查,由两名未参与手术的初级医生在患者三期手术前复查时对其再造耳廓形态进行评价,如有分歧,则由上级医生进行最终评价,评估结果分为好、中等、差。结果共纳入46例先天性小耳畸形患者(49只耳),男36例(39只耳),女10例(10只耳),年龄6~23岁。其中3例患者(3只耳)术后5 d拔除引流管时双蒂扩张皮瓣下有积血,经负压抽吸和换药后恢复良好。术后随访6~18个月,43例(46只耳)再造耳形态评价为好,患者双侧耳廓大小和位置对称,再造耳廓三维结构完整、清晰,形态良好,色泽均一,瘢痕位于耳后发际线处,位置隐蔽,可被头发遮盖,乳突区色泽佳;3例(3只耳)再造耳形态评价为良,术后5 d拔除引流管时有积血,经负压抽吸及换药后完全成活,未见耳支架感染及外露。结论耳后双蒂扩张皮瓣血运可靠,再造耳廓形态自然,瘢痕隐蔽,皮肤色差小,是耳廓再造时包裹耳支架的良好选择。     

Medpor外耳再造术皮肤覆盖方案的临床研究

目的:本文通过比较几种不同的支架外皮肤覆盖方案,探索一种手术效果稳定可靠的合成材料支架外耳再造方法。方法:48例先天性小耳畸形,应用Medpor支架行全外耳再造术,支架外软组织覆盖材料分别为单纯乳突区扩张皮肤1例、颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮25例、乳突区扩张皮瓣加颞顶筋膜瓣22例,观察比较应用不同覆盖材料耳再造后支架外露发生率、再造外耳外形轮廓、表面皮肤颜色质地。结果:临床应用48例,随访1至6年,应用单纯乳突区扩张皮瓣覆盖者1年内耳支架完全外露;应用颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮者再造耳廓外形及轮廓优良,但大部分病例再造耳廓皮瓣不同程度色素异常;应用乳突区扩张皮瓣及颞顶筋膜瓣联合覆盖者再造外耳形态及轮廓均优良,且表面皮瓣颜色质地与周围皮肤和对侧外耳皮肤一致,美容效果最佳。结论:应用乳突区扩张后皮瓣及颞顶筋膜瓣双层组织瓣的软组织覆盖方案可以满足Medpor再造外耳的外形、轮廓及皮色的需求,是一项安全稳定的手术方案,综合效果优于颞顶筋膜瓣加植皮方案,而单纯应用乳突区扩张皮瓣的方案不适用于Medpor外耳再造术。因此推荐在选用Medpor耳支架行全外耳再造治疗Ⅲ度先天性小耳畸形时,优先选用颞顶筋膜瓣联合乳突区扩张皮瓣的软组织覆盖方案。     

Total auricular reconstruction without skin grafting

Successful ear reconstruction depends on two factors: an ear framework and the skin covering the framework. However, the relative deficiency of skin for coverage of the cartilage framework remains an issue. This new method for total auricular reconstruction is a three-stage operation and involves the use of two tissue expanders. First, two skin expanders are implanted, one underneath the scalp and the other sited behind the microtic ear. At the second stage, after lobule transposition, the two expanded skin flaps (upper and lower) and mastoid fascial flap are raised. At the same time, the autogenous rib cartilage is harvested and the framework constructed. The cartilage framework is then anchored between the upper expanded skin flap and the fascial flap with its inferior pole inserted into the rotated earlobe. The upper expanded skin flap covers the whole anterior surface of the framework and drapes over the margins of the fascial flap, which wrap the framework from beneath. The raw surface of fascial flap is covered with the lower expanded skin flap. The formation of a pseudomeatus and tragus is performed at the third stage. Deficiency of skin is the major problem encountered with the other conventional methods. Our innovations using two tissue expanders in combination with an autogenous rib cartilage framework eliminate this problem completely.     

光子脱毛联合较大体积扩张器法行外耳再造的临床研究

目的探讨采用光子脱毛联合较大体积扩张器法行外耳再造术治疗小耳畸形的临床效果。方法2000年1月～2006年1月，收治先天性单侧小耳畸形患者73例。32例采用光子脱毛联合较大体积扩张器扩张方法（新方法组）。其中男12例，女20例；年龄6～45岁。小耳畸形I度6例，Ⅱ度20例，Ⅲ度6例。切取皮瓣范围9cm×5cm～11cm×6cm，筋膜瓣范围7cm×5cm～9cm×6cm。余41例采用常规扩张法进行外耳再造（传统组）。其中男13例，女28例；年龄6～42岁。小耳畸形I度8例，Ⅱ度27例，Ⅲ度6例。切取皮瓣范围8cm×5cm～10cm×6cm，筋膜瓣范围7cm×5cm～9cm×6cm。对两组术中切取皮肤、术后供区瘢痕面积进行测定，比较患者及家属满意率及并发症发生率。结果患者均在二期术后6～12个月行三期再造耳修整时随访。新方法组：术后皮瓣及移植皮片均成活，切口I期愈合；再造耳耳轮脚及耳轮清晰，耳轮缘无毛发生长。传统组：1例术后皮瓣远端部分坏死导致支架外露，经对症处理后愈合；余患者皮瓣及移植皮片均成活，切口1期愈合；再造耳耳轮清晰，耳甲及耳舟可见，35例再造耳廓耳轮上部边缘有部分毛发。新方法组切取皮肤、瘢痕面积及患者满意率分别为18．3±1．5cm。、8．1±0．8cm^2及86％，与传统组（34．2±2．6cm^2、14．4±1．2cm^2及71％）比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。新方法组并发症的发生率为3．1％，与传统组4．6％比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论光子脱毛联合较大体积扩张器法行外耳再造在未增加并发症的基础上，实现较大体积的皮肤扩张，二期再造时切取的皮肤面积小，术后瘢痕轻，再造耳无毛发，外观佳。