Failed back surgery syndrome part II: Surgical techniques,implant choice,and operative results in 171 patients with instability of the lumbar spine

Summary 171 patients with an instability-related failed back surgery syndrome underwent internal fixation. The operative indication was based on specific diagnostic procedures such as anaesthesia of articular nerves and the trial external immobilization in a plaster jacket.Taking account of the different types of hypermobility/instability of the lumbar spine, different spinal implants were used leading to excellent, good, satisfactory, moderate and poor results in 87 (53%), 42 (26%), 23 (14%), 9 (6%) and 2 (1%) patients, respectively.     

Failed back surgery syndrome Part I: Analysis of the clinical presentation and results of testing procedures for instability of the lumbar spine in 171 patients

Summary The clinical presentation and diagnostic approach in 171 patients with a failed back surgery syndrome is presented and analyzed with respect to the mode of the primary discectomy-approach and type of resulting instability as well as results of internal fixation. The clinical picture and physical signs are quite distinct but the indication for internal fixation is only obvious in the presence of positive results of additional testing procedures such as the anaesthesia of articular nerves and trial immobilisation in a plaster jacket.Different types of instability of the lumbar spine occur in relation to the mode of the primary and/or secondary discectomy-approach(es).By application of this diagnostic protocol excellent, good, satisfactory, moderate and poor results were obtained in 87 (53%), 42 (26%), 23 (14%), 9 (6%), and 2 (1%) patients, respectively (final evaluation was possible in 163 patients).     

椎弓根内固定加后外侧植骨融合治疗退变性腰椎不稳

目的 探讨椎弓根内固定加后外侧植骨融合治疔退变性腰椎不稳的临床疗效.方法 对86例腰椎不稳患者采用椎弓根螺钉内固定加后外侧植骨融合治疗,JOA下腰痛评分标准评价临床效果.结果 86例均获随访,时间1～4年.所有患者术后X线片显示植骨骨性融合,未发现脊柱假关节形成及内固定松脱、断裂,术后无再发生腰椎不稳定.JOA下腰痛评分术前平均(4.6±1.3)分,术后(13.4±1.6)分.平均改善率88%,优良率96%.结论 椎弓根内固定加后外侧植骨临床疗效好,骨性融合率高,是治疗退变性腰椎不稳的较好方法.     

Soft system Stabilization of the lumbar spine as an alternative surgical modality to lumbar arthrodesis in the facet syndrome

Summary The authors present preliminary results in a series of 27 patients with a lumbar and/or lumbosacral facet syndrome operated on by use of the soft-system-Stabilization (SSS) according to Graf. Attention is paid to the correct selection of patients for this surgical technique. Excellent, good, satisfactory, moderate, and poor results were obtained in 19 (70%), 2 (7.5%), 5 (18.5%), 1 (3.5%), and 0 instances, respectively.The authors think that a Graf-procedure may be indicated in young to middle-aged patients with a lumbar and/or lumbosacral facet syndrome with 1.) no arthrotic changes of the facet joints, 2.) a still intact disc and/or only mild loss of intervertebral distance, 3.) well trained low-back muscles, and 4.) a clear-cut pain relief on test-anaesthesia of articular nerves and trial immobilization in a plastic jacket.     

后入路椎体间螺纹融合器治疗下腰椎不稳

目的：提高植骨融合率,缩短腰椎不稳症患者康复时间。方法：对18例腰椎滑移、椎间隙狭窄等腰椎不稳患者采用椎体间撑开,TFC植入和（或）节段性内固定。结果：术后经6－18个月随访,全部病例术后症状改善,临床疗效优良率94．4％,骨融合率100％,无神经损伤及切口感染。结论：TFC融合技术可恢复椎间隙高度、治疗下腰椎不稳,是一种使不稳椎节达到早期融合的可靠、有效方法,但须注意术中神经保护及严格掌握适应证。     

手术治疗腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎失稳症疗效分析

目的探讨采用后路椎体间植骨融合加后外侧融合术(PLIF+PLF)和经椎间孔入路椎间植骨融合加后外侧融合术(TLIF+PLF)治疗腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎失稳症的临床疗效。方法对34例经3～6个月保守治疗无效的腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎失稳症的患者采用手术治疗。PLIF+PLF 22例,TLIF+PLF 12例。结果患者均获随访,时间7～60个月。患者腰痛及下肢痛症状明显缓解,均恢复正常生活和工作。VAS评分:术前为7.47分±0.71分,术后为3.21分±0.69分,随访6个月时为1.21分±0.59分。两组术后及随访6个月时的VAS评分差异无统计学意义。ODI评分:术前为19.35分±3.73分,随访6个月时为3.85分±1.97分。两组随访6个月时的ODI评分差异无统计学意义。结论对于保守治疗无效的腰椎间盘突出伴腰椎失稳症,PLIF+PLF与TLIF+PLF均是治疗的有效选择,两种方法的疗效无明显差异。     

高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者手术治疗的安全性及有效性

目的:分析高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者接受手术治疗的临床疗效及并发症,评价其安全性和有效性。方法:自2015年12月~2017年6月,共有49例75岁以上的腰椎管狭窄症患者在我院接受腰椎后路减压融合内固定术,其中获得半年以上随访且资料完整的患者44例,单节段融合11例,双节段融合21例,3节段融合7例,3节段以上融合5例。34例(77.3%)患者合并高血压,13例(29.5%)合并糖尿病,9例(20.5%)合并冠心病(3例曾行心脏支架植入术,1例曾行心脏搭桥术),6例(13.6%)有脑梗死病史但无明显后遗症,2例(4.5%)合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病,2例(4.5%)慢性肾功能不全。将患者分为短节段融合组(3节段,n=32)和长节段融合组(≥3节段,n=12)。统计两组患者的一般资料、术中出血量、手术时间、疼痛视觉模拟量表(visual analoge score,VAS)评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)以及手术并发症。将患者对手术疗效的主观满意度分为满意、基本满意、不满意、非常不满意。结果:44例患者均顺利完成手术,手术时间为234.2±74.56min(100~411min),术中出血量为475.5±343.4ml(100~1400ml)。术后发生脑脊液漏2例,切口愈合不良5例。随访13.8±2.1个月(6~25个月),末次随访时,VAS评分由术前的7.53±1.19分改善至2.38±1.58分(P0.001),ODI由术前的(70.32±6.90)%改善至(46.38±9.89)%(P0.001);8例出现螺钉松动,2例cage后移,2例cage下沉,再手术2例。30例对疗效满意,6例基本满意,5例不满意,3例非常不满意,满意率为81.8%。两组患者年龄和BMI无显著性差异,长节段融合组女性患者占比较高,手术时间较长,出血量较多;两组患者的VAS评分改善率和ODI改善率无显著性差异;与长节段融合组相比,短节段融合组再手术比例、螺钉松动比例以及cage后移比例较低。结论:高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者并存病较多,围手术期内固定相关并发症较多,且与融合节段有关。围手术期积极控制内科疾病,术中仔细操作,手术的安全性可以得到保障,术后临床症状和功能评分均可以获得显著性改善。     

Results of lumbosacral distraction spondylodesis for the treatment of spondylolisthesis,failed-back syndrome,and lumbar instability

Summary Various methods of lumbosacral fusions for the treatment of degenerative spinal diseases are used clinically. Results vary greatly depending on indication, type of fusion, implants, and method of evaluation. In a retrospective clinical and radiological examination after an average follow-up time of 3.9 years this study reports on the outcome of lumbosacral distraction spondylodesis (LSDS) in a consecutive series of 147 patients being fused for the treatment of spondylolisthesis, failed-back syndrome, or lumbar instability. LSDS consists of a posterolateral fusion together with an autologous corticocancellous H-graft wedged under distraction between the spinous processes of L4 and S1. With 81.0% good and excellent results this noninstrumented fusion technique showed the best outcome in patients with spondylolisthesis, while in cases with a failed-back syndrome or lumbar instability only 62.3% excellent to satisfying outcomes were noted. The rate of pseudarthrosis was 13.6% in the whole patient group; no major complications such as nerve root damage, postoperative neurological deficits, or spinal stenosis were found.     

经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术治疗单节段腰椎管狭窄症的中长期疗效和椎旁肌及相邻关节突关节变化

【摘要】 目的：探究单节段腰椎管狭窄症患者接受经皮内镜下经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术（PE-TLIF）的临床疗效和手术节段术后椎旁肌及相邻节段关节突关节的变化。方法：回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院2017年3月~2019年3月收治的28例行PE-TLIF治疗的L4/5单节段腰椎管狭窄症患者,其中男性12例,女性16例,年龄58.0±8.7岁（41~79岁）,随访40.7±3.6个月（36~58个月）。收集术前和术后1周、3个月、12个月及末次随访时腰痛视觉模拟评分（VAS-LBP）、腿痛视觉模拟评分（VAS-LP）;术前和术后3个月、12个月及末次随访时Oswestry 功能障碍指数（ODI）,并比较手术前后的差异。分别于术前和术后12个月、24个月及末次随访时进行CT检查,测量多裂肌（MF）横截面积（CSA）和脂肪浸润（FI）评分,并根据关节突关节退变评分标准评价手术相邻节段关节突关节退变程度,比较术后MF CSA、FI评分、相邻节段关节突关节退变评分与术前的差异。结果：患者术前VAS-LBP为7（7,8）分,术后1周为3 （2,3）分,3个月为1（1,2）分,12个月为1（0,2）分,末次随访为1（0,1）分,术后较术前显著性改善（P<0.05）;术前VAS-LP为6（5,7）分,术后1周为2（1,3）分,3个月为1（1,2）分,12个月为1（0,1）分,末次随访为0（0,1）分,术后较术前显著性改善（P<0.05）;术前ODI为61%（55%,67%）,术后3个月为23%（19%,31%）,12个月为12%（8.5%,17.5%）,末次随访为7%（4%,15.6%）,术后较术前显著性改善（P<0.05）。术前MF CSA：557.06±46.72mm2,术后12个月547.12±53.31mm2、术后24个月558.35±52.37mm2、末次随访时531.21±56.12mm2,术后与术前无统计学差异（P>0.05）。术前FI评分：2 （2,3）,术后12个月3 （2,3）、术后24个月3 （2,3）、末次随访时3 （3,3）,术后与术前无统计学差异（P>0.05）。术前手术上节段关节突关节评分：5（4,6）分,术后12个月手术5（4,6）分、术后24个月5（4,5）分、末次随访时5（4,6）分,术后与术前比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）;术前手术下节段关节突关节评分：5（4,6）分,与术后12个月5（4,5）分、术后24个月5 （4,6）分、末次随访时5 （4,7）分,术后与术前比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：PE-TLIF治疗单节段腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效满意,且对手术节段多裂肌以及邻近节段关节突关节中长期不产生明显影响。     

Translaminar screw fixation in lumbar spine pathology

Summary Two technical variations of the method of translaminar screw fixation for unstable lumbar and lumbosacral segments are presented. Distraction-arthrodesis with intraarticular bone grafts allows definitive enlargement of narrowed foramina with consecutive root decompression as well as repositioning and intracanalicular decompression in cases of instability after lumbar disc surgery and in degenerative spondylolisthesis. Reconstruction of a hemilamina after hemilaminectomy and facet reduction allows reconstitution of the spinal canal and its posterior parts as well as direct treatment of intraforaminal pathology.     

高位腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点及术式选择

目的探讨高位腰椎间盘突出症的临床特点、诊断及手术方式的选择。方法42例高位腰椎间盘突出症患者术前均行X线检查,部分行脊髓造影、CT、MRI及肌电图辅助检查,患者均有较大的严重腰痛症状并均行手术治疗。行植骨融合术2例,切除患侧椎板外半和椎间相应关节突;行对侧椎板关节突间植骨融合2例,行后路半椎板和一侧小关节切除USS植入,椎间融合2例,余采用常规手术内固定。结果全部获随访,时间1～3年。术中硬脑膜破裂脑脊液漏3例,马尾神经损伤2例。疗效评价参照Nakanoetal腰腿病疗效评定标准以及Stauffer标准评价疗效：优35例,良5例,差2例,优良率为95.2%。结论高位腰椎间盘突出症的临床表现复杂,手术入路应根据上腰椎的解剖特点及影像学显示椎间盘突出的部位决定手术方式。     

Retrospective study of 77 patients harbouring lumbar synovial cysts: Functional and neurological outcome

Summary Background. Synovial cysts represent an uncommon and probably underestimated pathological entity of the degenerative lumbar spine. The authors report a retrospective analysis of the clinical presentation, radiological studies and operative findings in 77 patients surgically treated for symptomatic lumbar synovial cysts at their institution. Materials and method. Between January 1992 and June 1998, a total of 77 patients presenting with symptomatic lumbar synovial cysts were operated on in the author’s department. Operative procedure, complications, results and pathological findings were correlated with preoperative assessment. There were 41 men and 36 women with an average age of 63 years (range 44–90 years). Results. On the basis of their symptom complex on presentation, two populations were identified: patients who presented with a single radicular pain (group I = 51 patients), and patients who presented with bilateral neurogenic claudication (group II = 26 patients). Neurological examination on presentation demonstrated motor deficit (12%), sensory loss (26%) and reflex changes (35%). Degenerative disc disease and facet joint osteoarthritis was a frequent finding in patients with pre-operative MRI. Facet joint orientation was >45° in 76.6% of patients. Preoperative spondylolisthesis was found in 48% on radiological studies. All the patients were treated surgically with resection of the cyst. No fusion was performed as a first line procedure. However subsequent fusion was necessary in one patient who developed symptomatic spondylolisthesis. Mean follow-up period was of 45 months ranging from 18 to 105 months. Only one recurrence occurred during the follow-up period. An excellent or good functional outcome was seen in 97.4% of cases, and 89% of the patients with motor deficit recovered. Conclusions. Surgical resection of lumbar synovial cysts is an effective treatment associated with very low morbidity. Synovial cysts are associated with increased grade and frequency of facet joint asteoarthritis but not with increased grade or frequency of degenerative disc disease compared with patients without cysts. In the author’s opinion, at the present time, there is no reliable criterion which allows the development of a symptomatic spinal instability to be predicted in patients with a preoperative spondylolisthesis and therefore fusion as a first line procedure is still debatable.     

Comparison of the early results of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion and posterior lumbar interbody fusion in symptomatic lumbar instability

Background:

Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) has been preferred to posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for different spinal disorders but there had been no study comparing their outcome in lumbar instability. A comparative retrospective analysis of the early results of TLIF and PLIF in symptomatic lumbar instability was conducted between 2005 and 2011.

Materials and Methods:

Review of the records of 102 operated cases of lumbar instability with minimum 1 year followup was done. A total of 52 cases (11 men and 41 women, mean age 46 years SD 05.88, range 40-59 years) underwent PLIF and 50 cases (14 men and 36 women, mean age 49 years SD 06.88, range 40-59 years) underwent TLIF. The surgical time, duration of hospital stay, intraoperative blood loss were compared. Self-evaluated low back pain and leg pain status (using Visual Analog Score), disability outcome (using Oswestry disability questionnaire) was analyzed. Radiological structural restoration (e.g., disc height, foraminal height, lordotic angle, and slip reduction), stability (using Posner criteria), fusion (using Hackenberg criteria), and overall functional outcome (using MacNab''s criteria) were compared.

Results:

Pain, disability, neurology, and overall functional status were significantly improved in both groups but PLIF required more operative time and caused more blood loss. Postoperative hospital stay, structural restoration, stability, and fusion had no significant difference but neural complications were relatively more with PLIF.

Conclusions:

Both methods were effective in relieving symptoms, achieving structural restoration, stability, and fusion, but TLIF had been associated with shorter operative time, less blood loss, and lesser complication rates for which it can be preferred for symptomatic lumbar instability.     

儿童下腰椎和腰骶段半椎体畸形冠状面平衡状况与外科矫形选择

目的:评估儿童下腰椎及腰骶段半椎体畸形冠状面平衡情况,分析不同外科矫形方式的选择和临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2005年1月~2013年12月我院收治的14例先天性脊柱侧凸患者,平均年龄7.8±3.3岁(3~10岁)。L4半椎体4例,L5半椎体7例,S1半椎体3例。根据术前冠状面平衡情况分为3组:A组冠状面平衡,C7铅垂线偏离骶骨正中平分线(CSVL)≤2cm;B组为C7铅垂线位于半椎体的对侧(偏离CSVL2cm);C组为C7铅垂线位于半椎体的同侧(偏离CSVL2cm)。所有患者均采用一期后路半椎体切除联合椎弓根螺钉内固定矫形植骨融合术式。矫形方式:A组中凸侧与凹侧撑开、压缩力均等;B组半椎体侧单纯压缩;C组增加L5/S1节段"反向"凸侧撑开、凹侧压缩的矫形操作。随访观察各组患者畸形矫正情况。结果:所有病例随访24~68个月,平均33±12个月。术前冠状面排列中平衡4例(29%),失平衡10例(71%)。术前冠状面Cobb角平均36.8°,末次随访时平均12.1°±8.0°(P=0.000),最终矫正率67.1%。术前的冠状面平衡为6~53mm,平均30.6±14.9mm,末次随访时冠状面平衡为0~44mm,平均10.7±10.9mm(P=0.001)。其中,A组患者4例,术前与术后均维持了冠状面平衡;B组患者6例,术后有1例患者冠状面仍然失平衡;C组患者4例,术后均恢复了冠状面平衡。结论:儿童下腰椎和腰骶段的半椎体畸形冠状面失平衡发生率较高,一期后路半椎体切除联合椎弓根内固定、结合不同冠状面排列情况采取恰当矫形方式,可能获得满意的冠状面平衡和临床疗效。     

Union versus nonunion after posterolateral lumbar fusion: a comparison of long-term surgical outcomes in patients with degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis

It has been reported that in patients undergoing posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF), the fusion status is not related to the short-term operative results. To determine whether the fusion status influences the long-term operative results of PLF, we retrospectively examined the surgical outcomes of uninstrumented PLF for a minimum of 8 years (average, 9.5 years), by comparing cases exhibiting union with those exhibiting nonunion. Uninstrumented PLF was performed for the treatment of lumbar canal stenosis (LCS) with degenerative spondylolisthesis. Since nine patients were lost to final follow-up, the study included 42 patients, and the follow-up rate was 82.4%. The mean age of the patients was 64.1 years (range 46–77 years). Eight patients exhibited fusion at the L3–4 level and 34 patients, at the L4–5 level. The fusion status was assessed using plain radiographs. The clinical outcomes were evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores. Nonunion was noted in 26% (11/42) of the patients. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups exhibiting union and nonunion with respect to age, sex, preoperative JOA score, or preoperative lumbar instability. The union group achieved better operative results than the nonunion group at the 5-year and final follow-up (P = 0.006 and 0.008, respectively) although there was no significant difference in the percent recovery at 1 and 3-year follow-up (P = 0.515 and 0.506, respectively). A stepwise regression analysis revealed that the best combination of predictors for percent recovery at the time of final follow-up included the fusion status and the presence of comorbid disease. The results indicate that the fusion status following PLF is a critical factor influencing the long-term but not short-term operative results in the treatment of LCS with degenerative spondylolisthesis.     

腰椎滑脱与腰椎不稳的诊疗

<正>腰椎滑脱和腰椎不稳虽然为临床中的常见疾病,但目前对其诊断和治疗仍存在诸多问题需要理清、界定和探讨,当然存在的争议问题也不是本文浅谈片语能够解决的。立足目前许多专家学者对腰椎滑脱和腰椎不稳的观点阐述[1-7],笔者仅对腰椎滑脱和腰椎不稳典型的几个问题梳理如下。1腰椎滑脱和腰椎不稳的诊断脊椎滑脱的英文名称为spondylolysis,其字根来源于希腊语,spondylo(椎体)和listhesis(滑移)。两个     

经骶前入路轴向椎间融合术微创治疗腰骶椎退行性疾病的应用进展

目的对经骶前入路轴向椎间融合术(axial lumbar interbody fusion,AxiaLIF)微创治疗腰骶椎退行性疾病的特点、早期疗效和临床应用进展进行综述。方法通过广泛查阅近年来国内外有关AxiaLIF微创治疗腰骶椎退行性疾病的特点、早期疗效和临床应用的相关文献,对其研究进展进行综述。结果 AxiaLIF主要在美国和欧洲等西方国家率先应用,后引入中国,全球有近9 000例手术经验,与传统椎间融合术相比椎体融合率高、住院时间短和医源性并发症少,临床应用安全有效。结论 AxiaLIF是治疗腰骶椎退行性疾病的一种新的微创手段,术后远期疗效、生物力学稳定性及其扩展应用有待深入研究。     

两种固定方式治疗下腰椎病变3年随访结果分析

目的：比较单侧椎弓根螺钉暨经皮对侧椎板关节与双侧椎弓根螺钉两种固定方法联合椎间融合器植骨治疗下腰椎病变的3年随访结果。方法手术治疗62例单节段下腰椎病变患者,其中30例行单侧椎弓根螺钉暨经皮对侧椎板关节突螺钉固定联合椎间融合器植骨术（A 组）,32例行双侧椎弓根螺钉固定联合椎间融合器植骨术（B 组）,比较两组患者手术创伤和临床疗效。结果两组手术切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量比较 A 组优于 B 组,差异均有统计学意义（P ＜0．05）。两组融合率比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。腰痛 VAS 评分与 JOA 评分：术后各时点（术后1周和术后6、12、24、36个月）两组较术前明显改善（P ＜0．05）,两组之间比较差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。结论单侧椎弓根螺钉暨经皮对侧椎板关节与双侧椎弓根螺钉两种固定方法联合椎间融合器植骨术治疗下腰椎病变3年随访疗效均满意;单侧椎弓根螺钉联合对侧经皮椎板关节突螺钉固定具有操作简单、创伤小、稳定性好、融合率高和并发症少等优点,是部分下腰椎病变固定融合的较好选择。     

腰椎滑脱和腰椎不稳的诊断和治疗

<正>腰椎滑脱症和腰椎不稳是目前临床上最为常见的腰椎疾患。在同一个病例中,两种病变经常同时存在,但两种病变的概念是有区别的,腰椎滑脱应是一种静态概     

后路腰椎间融合与经椎间孔腰椎间融合治疗单纯腰椎不稳的对比研究

[目的]对后路腰椎间融合(Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion,PLIF)及经椎间孔腰椎间融合(Transforami-nal Lumbar Interbody Fusion,TLIF)治疗单纯腰椎不稳的手术创伤、并发症及术后疗效进行比较。[方法]将2006年2月～2009年7月收治的单纯腰椎不稳患者采用随机数字表法将患者分为PLIF组(110例)、TLIF组(108例)。术前评估两组患者一般资料差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。分别对两组患者的手术创伤、术中并发症及功能恢复情况进行比较。[结果]术后随访时间14～36个月,平均21个月。手术时间:PLIF组为(125.6±45)min,TLIF组为(124.9±44)min(P>0.05);失血量:PLIF组为(1 000±450)ml,TLIF组为(995±405)ml(P>0.05);术中并发症:PLIF组为3例,TLIF组为0例(P<0.05);术后优良率:PLIF组为93.6%,TLIF组为94.4%(P>0.05);术后融合率:PLIF组为96.4%,TLIF组为98.1%(P>0.05);JOA评分:PLIF组为14.5...