Advantage of autologous blood transfusion in surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To evaluate the significance of autologous blood transfusion (AT) in reducing homologous blood transfusion (HT) in surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: The proportion of patients who received HT was compared between two groups determined by the time of AT introduction; period A (1991-1994, n = 93) and period B (1995-2000, n = 201). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed in order to identify independent significant predictors of the need for HT. We also investigated the ...     

Cardiac surgery in Jehovah's witnesses. Apropos of 47 cases]

47 cardiac defects in Jehova's witnesses were operated on without using any blood during the operation. In 9 cases the patients were under 15 years of age. 7 cases were of congenital heart defects in which the operation could be carried out with the heart still beating or by a closed heart technique: 4 of these were adults and 3 were children. In 40 cases, extracorporeal circulation was required: 19 valve defects, 8 coronary areterial cases, 10 congenital cardiac lesions, 2 valve defects associated with coronary artery disease, and 1 aneurysm of the thoracic aorta. Of these 40 patients, 4 died. The details and limits of this total haemodilution are analysed, as are the causes of failure and complications. This technique does not worsen the postoperative prognosis appreciably, but limits the scope of the surgery, and cannot be applied to a child of less than 10 kg.     

贮存式自体输血在肝癌择期手术中的应用

［摘要］　目的　探讨贮存式自体输血在肝癌择期手术中应用的可行性。方法　34例肝癌择期手术的患者采用自体血贮存备血,对采血前后Hb、BP变化结果进行分析。结果　最大采血量1 200 ml,平均726 ml,采血前后Hb变化差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,但仍在正常范围内,采血前后BP变化差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,均能按预期手术治疗,无围手术期肝性脑病。结论　贮存式自体输血简单、安全,值得在肝癌手术患者中推广应用。     

Effect of erythropoietin therapy in cardiac surgery using autologous blood transfusion

Autologous blood transfusion in cardiac surgery is currently widely practiced to avoid homologous blood transfusion. To assess the benefit of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), the authors studied 72 patients (53 men, 19 women) who underwent elective cardiac surgery over a 15-month period and agreed to this protocol. Of these, 47 had coronary artery bypass grafting, 19 had valve replacement, and 6 had other procedures. Each patient was scheduled to preserve more than 800 mL of autologous blood preoperatively. They received rhEPO (100 to 40 U/kg) IV 3 times weekly during a 2 to 3-week preoperative period. During surgery, an autotransfusion system was also applied. During the preoperative period, 49 patients (68.1%) increased their hemoglobin by more than 1.0 g/dL, and 66 patients (91.7%) had their operation without homologous blood transfusion. This is a significantly high incidence compared with the group who had neither preoperative preservation nor rhEPO (55 of 109 patients; 50.5%). The authors conclude that rhEPO is effective in preserving autologous blood safely before elective surgery, and most elective cardiac surgery can be done without homologous blood transfusion by preoperatively preserving autologous blood with the aid of rhEPO and employing intraoperative autotransfusion.     

自体血液回输在心脏瓣膜替换手术中的应用

目的 探讨术中血液回输技术的安全性和效果,评价其在心脏瓣膜替换手术中的应用价值.方法 本研究共选人单个心脏瓣膜替换手术32例,随机分为2组.所有患者均于全身麻醉和体外循环下行心脏瓣膜替换手术.对两组患者术中出血量.术中自体血液回输量,异体血输入量,手术前、输血前、输血后血常规和动脉血气分析结果进行观测,记录输血并发症的情况.结果 两组术中出血量差异无统计学意义;两组患者术前、输血前、术后血红蛋白（HGB）、红细胞比积（HCT）比较,差异均无统计学意义;两组血气分析的pH值、血钾、乳酸比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;而两组库血输入量差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.两组均未观察到有输血并发症发生.结论 在体外循环下心脏瓣膜置换术中自体血液回输可有效地减少围术期自体血的丢失,补充血容量,维持有效循环,同时明显减少异体血的用量及并发症发生,是安全、有效的,有很高的临床应用价值.     

Preliminary reports of autologous blood transfusion in a plastic surgery unit

We commenced autologous blood transfusion at the plastic surgery unit of the National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria in January 2001. Forty-three patients who have so far had autologous blood transfusion up to June 2004 are reviewed. Autologous blood was found to be cheaper than homologous blood with no untoward reactions. We conclude that autologous blood is safe, cheap and should be considered in elective surgical cases.     

回收式自体输血在腹部大出血术中的临床应用

目的：探讨回收式自体输血的安全性和效果。方法：将回收式自体输血技术应用于腹部大出血手术的临床实践中,观察回收血液后患者的重要功能指标变化情况,包括外周血红细胞、血红蛋白、血细胞比容、血小板数、凝血酶原时间、活化部分凝血活酶时间、纤维蛋白原和肝功能指标丙氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、肾功能指标尿素氮、尿酸、肌酐及不良反应。结果：血液各项指标和肝肾功能正常,主要成分指标差异无统计学意义,不良反应少。结论：回收式自体输血操作简单方便,经血液回收机处理后的自体血安全可靠,有一定的临床推广价值。     

Comparison of results of autologous versus homologous blood transfusion in open-heart surgery

Background

The aim of this study was to determine a method to decrease the use of homologous blood during openheart surgery using a simple blood-conservation protocol. We removed autologous blood from the patient before bypass and used isovolumetric substitution. We present the results of this protocol on morbidity and mortality of surgery patients from two distinct time periods.

Methods

Patients from the two surgical phases were enrolled in this retrospective study in order to compare the outcomes using autologous or homologous blood in open-heart surgery. A total of 323 patients were included in the study. The autologous transfusion group (group 1) comprised 163 patients and the homologous transfusion group (group 2) 160 patients. In group 1, autologous bloods were prepared via a central venous catheter that was inserted into the right internal jugular vein in all patients, using the isovolumetric replacement technique. The primary outcome was postoperative in-hospital mortality and mortality at 30 days. Secondary outcomes included the length of stay in hospital and in intensive care unit (ICU), time for extubation, re-intubations, pulmonary infections, pneumothorax, pleural effusions, atrial fibrillation, other arrhythmias, renal disease, allergic reactions, mediastinitis and sternal dehiscence, need for inotropic support, and low cardiac-output syndrome (LCOS).

Results

The mean ages of patients in groups 1 and 2 were 64.2 ± 10.3 and 61.5 ± 11.6 years, respectively. Thirty-eight of the patients in group 1 and 30 in group 2 were female. There was no in-hospital or 30-day mortality in either group. The mean extubation time, and ICU and hospital stays were significantly shorter in group 1. Furthermore, postoperative drainage amounts were less in group 1. There were significantly fewer patients with postoperative pulmonary complications, pneumonia, atrial fibrillation and renal disease. The number of patients who needed postoperative inotropic support and those with low cardiac output was also significantly less in group 1.

Conclusion

Autologous blood transfusion is a safe and effective method in carefully selected patients undergoing cardiac surgery. It not only prevents transfusion-related co-morbidities and complications but also enables early extubation time and shorter ICU and hospital stay. Furthermore, it reduces the cost of surgery.     

Blood usage for elective surgery. A reappraisal of the need for autologous transfusion

To assess the need for a pre-operative autologous transfusion programme in a large teaching hospital, a review of blood cross-matching and transfusion practice for three elective surgical procedures was undertaken. For hysterectomy, the cross-match rate was 28%, and the transfusion rate only 8%. For transurethral resection of prostate and hemicolectomy, all patients were cross-matched, but only 19% and 36%, respectively, transfused. Given these figures, an autologous transfusion programme was not felt to be cost-effective. Local audit is necessary before this can be ascertained for a given district, as is consideration of the likelihood of infectious hazards in the regional blood supply.     

电视胸腔镜自体血回输治疗自发性血胸和血气胸

目的探讨电视胸腔镜手术（VATS）结合自体血回输治疗自发性血胸、血气胸的疗效。方法 25例自发性血胸和血气胸患者,采用VATS治疗,并在术中同步进行自体血回输。观察失血量和回输血量,检测术前、术后第1天及第7天的血常规、凝血功能及肾功能。结果 25例患者均经胸腔镜完成胸腔积血回收,血凝块清除;胸腔止血和肺大疱切除。术中出血量（1610＋730）ml,回收血量（1235＋485）ml,术后血红蛋白和红细胞总数均较术前有显著增加;除2例病人术后胸腔引流管放置时间较长外,全组无死亡,均痊愈出院。结论电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性血胸和血气胸,创伤小,恢复快;结合术中自体血回输可以及时补充血容量,节约血源,显著减少各种输血并发症,增加抢救成功率。     

血小板分离回输对心脏外科手术患者血小板和凝血功能的影响

目的:评价血小板分离回输对心脏外科手术患者血小板和凝血功能的影响。方法:选择体外循环心脏直视手术患者100例,将患者随机分为两组,血小板分离回输组(PRP组,n=50)和对照组(n=50)。PRP组在麻醉诱导后行血小板分离,在肝素化之前完成富血小板血浆提取,于体外循环结束、鱼精蛋白中和肝素后回输,对照组不进行血小板分离。于术前、术后1 h、24 h和48 h测定血小板计数、凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)及血栓弹力图的凝血功能参数,记录术后引流量和输血情况。结果:PRP组术后1 h血小板计数高于对照组(P0.05),余时间点两组间血小板计数无统计学差异;两组间各时间点PT、APTT和FIB无统计学差异;PRP组血栓弹力图中的反应时间(R)在术后各时间点较对照组缩短(P均0.05),最大振幅(MA)在术后各时点均较对照组增大(P均0.05)。PRP组术后1 h引流量[(40.3±14.8)mL对(55.7±15.4)mL,P0.05]、24 h引流量[(270.7±93.3)mL对(378.2±83.7)mL,P0.05]均较对照组明显减少,PRP组异体血输注率明显低于对照组(32%对58%,P0.05)。结论:血小板分离回输可改善心脏手术患者的血小板和凝血功能,降低术后出血量和异体血输注,具有血液保护作用。     

Abnormalities of insulin secretion in coronary patients. Apropos of 67 cases]

The curve of blood insulin levels recorded during the oral provoked hypoglycaemia test (OPHG) was studied in 67 proven coronary patients. None of the curves obtained was normal. The abnormalities found in this way are of two types: either a hypoinsulinaemic response, with a high non-retarded peak (type 1) or a high retarded peak (type 2), or else a hypoinsulinaemic response, with a flat curve (type 3) or a very small late peak (type 4). The possible role of these abnormalities of insulin secretion in the pathogenesis of atheroma is discussed. The correlations between age, sex, obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, and the OPHG curve are investigated. The preliminary results of a test in which insulin levels are monitored after intravenous provoked hypoglycaemia, followed by tolbutamide, are reported.     

Hyperparathyroidism: the limits of surgery in cases of bone or cardiovascular involvement

In primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), asymptomatic bone disease can be detected by bone densitometry. The bone mineral density is about 10% lower than normal control values, especially in the cortical radius. Without parathyroidectomy, bone mineral density is frequently stable, but a few patients, mostly postmenopausal women, have a significant decrease. Histology shows maintenance of trabecular connectivity but with an increase in cortical porosity. After parathyroidectomy, bone mineral density increases, particularly at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, and the benefit persists after 10 years. The fracture risk is controversial but risk of trabecular bone fracture may be higher than that for controls. The impact of PHPT on survival is also controversial, but highest quartile of serum calcium, osteoporosis, old age, and low lean mass are each associated with a death risk. There is also a debate about the criteria for distinguishing between asymptomatic and symptomatic PHPT and about the bone mineral density threshold that should be used as a basis to recommend surgery. The rate of progression of PHPT is slow but in some cases bone loss progresses, justifying bone mineral density follow-up. The frequency of inadequate follow-up and the cost of nonoperative follow-up are in favor of recommending surgery. With broader indications for surgery, it is mandatory to improve the biochemical diagnosis of PHPT.     

Corticotherapy and surgery. Apropos of 73 cases

The authors reviewed the outcome of 73 operations performed on 60 patients on long-term steroid therapy: Eighteen operations were carried out for gastro-intestinal perforation but the causal role of steroid therapy was only established in 6 cases (4 gastric and 2 colonic perforations). In the other 12 cases there was intercurrent pathology or a recrudescence of the underlying disease process. More selective indications for steroid therapy and the protective action of new drugs on the gastro-intestinal mucosa are probably responsible for the low incidence of iatrogenic complications compared with previously published series. However, steroid therapy did affect the postoperative course: the risk of infection was 20 to 30 p. 100 higher than normal, very common after emergency surgery (75 p. 100) and a major cause of mortality (60 p. 100); the risk seems to be high when the steroid dose exceeds 0.5 mg/kg/day, the disunion of an anastomosis was observed in 6 cases, including 5 "dirty" operations with a mortality of 60 p. 100, healing was slow: 2 cases of evisceration and 2 of abdominal hernia were observed. It was not possible to assess the threshold dose of steroids with regards to this complication, metabolic complications, especially adrenal failure were much less common. Of the diseases requiring steroid therapy the problem of angiitis seemed particularly prominent. Although the prognosis of the intercurrent surgical condition was not aggravated; mortality from a relapse of the angiitis was nearly 100 p. 100. Therefore, medical control of the relapse would seem to be the first priority and should be taken into account when assessing the surgical indications.