The ontogeny of postingestive inhibitory stimuli: examining the role of CCK

Cholecystokinin (CCK) inhibits food intake in adults. This paper describes research examining the ability of CCK to affect feeding in infant rats and the role of CCK in the developmentally emerging ability of the rat pup to inhibit ingestion in response to sensory characteristics of food. First, data will be described from studies that asked if the CCK system is functional in preweanling rats. Specifically, these studies examined whether exogenous and endogenous CCK can decrease intake of the infant rat during independent ingestion (of a milk diet, away from the dam). In addition, the ability of exogenous CCK to activate central feeding-control areas in the brain stem and hypothalamus in infant rats was examined by C-FOS staining. Next, experiments examining which specific intake-inhibitory sensory aspects of food are mediated by CCK will be described. The volume, hypertonicity, fat, carbohydrate and protein content of a preload were separately manipulated in different studies, followed closely by a 30-min test meal. The selective CCK(1) receptor antagonist devazepide was used to assess CCK mediation of the control of intake produced by particular sensory aspects of food, at the earliest age in which this ability to control intake appears. Finally, the pattern of independent ingestion in infant OLETF rats lacking CCK(1) receptors was examined. The results suggest that the CCK intake-inhibitory mechanism is potentially available to the young, suckling pup even before it starts to feed on its own. However, it appears to mediate only a portion of the controls of intake during nursing and early stages of weaning. Some aspects of the CCK system (e.g., forebrain-hindbrain connections) and CCK's role in mediating the effects of other stimulus aspects of food apparently undergo a post-weaning maturational process.     

Sex differences in response to taste and postingestive consequences of sugar solutions

Male and female rats, maintained on a 23 hr deprivation schedule, were offered solutions of water, 0.1% saccharin, 7% sucrose, 4% glucose, or 0.1% saccharin plus 4% glucose, during the daily 1 hr period of access to food pellets. The different solutions were selected to assess the effects of variations in taste and postingestive cues on the suppression of feeding behavior. The results show that male rats are virtually unaffected by the manipulation of taste factors, but consistently overrespond to the caloric value of the sugar solutions. Females are less likely to overrespond to the caloric consequences, but are more responsive than males to the taste properties.     

Intragastric infusion of glucose enhances the rewarding effect of sorbitol fatty acid ester ingestion as measured by conditioned place preference in mice

We investigated substances that induce a rewarding effect during the postingestive process using the conditioned place preference (CPP) test. Although mice showed high affinity for a low-energy fat substitute—sorbitol fatty acid esters and low-concentration linoleic acid solution—they did not exhibit a place preference toward a voluntary intake of fat substitute in the CPP test. However, during a conditioning session of CPP that involved intragastric administration of corn oil immediately before the intake of the fat substitute, the test mice displayed a place preference. Similarly, intragastric administration of glucose, galactose, and dextrin also induced CPP; however, fructose, mannose, and a nonmetabolized carbohydrate did not. These results suggest that administration of corn oil and glucose has the same postingestive effect with regard to inducing CPP and that the structural specificity of carbohydrates influences the postingestive effect.     

Early ontogeny of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the sheep brain

Summary Using immunohistochemistry with specific antiserotonin anti-sera, the ontogeny of serotonergic neurons was studied in the foetal sheep brain. Serotonergic-immunoreactive perikarya first appeared rostrally on day 25 of pregnancy, in the medio-ventral part of the mesencephalic flexure, and caudally, on day 28, in the medio-ventral part of the cervical flexure. The development of this system is very rapid, because on day 40 of gestation, all serotonergic nuclei present in the adult were visible. Compared with other species such as rodents or primates, serotonin appears early in the sheep nervous system, and the development of the serotonergic system is even more rapid.Serotonergic immunoreactivity was seen in some cell bodies in the growing adenohypophysis between days 40 and 50. This phenomenon has not been observed in other species.Because serotonin appears very early and is present in growing areas of the nervous system, it could play a trophic role in the development and maturation of the sheep central nervous system, as has been described previously in other species.Abbreviations ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone - BSA Bovine serum albumin - FITC Fluorescein isothiocyanate - FLM Fasciculus longitudinalis medialis - 5HT Serotonin - 5HT-IR Serotonin-Immunoreactive - LPH Lipotropic hormone - PBS Phosphate buffered saline - POMC Pro-opiomelanocortin     

The ontogeny and distribution of glucagon- and pancreatic polypeptide-immunoreactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the chicken

Summary The times of first appearance and the distribution of APP- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells have been established in the embryonic chick gut between 11 days of incubation and hatching. These immunoreactive cell types appeared for the first time at 13 days of incubation, APP-immunoreactive cells in the duodenum and upper ileum and glucagon-immunoreactive cells in the proventriculus and duodenum. At 14 days, APP-immunoreactive cells were detected in the proventriculus and lower ileum and glucagon-immunoreactive cells in the pyloric region, upper and lower ileum. Thereafter both APP- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells increased in frequency until the numbers at hatching were approximated, APP-immunoreactive cells at 19 days and glucagon immunoreactive cells at 17 1/2 days of incubation. No APP-or glucagon-immunoreactive cells were found in the gizzard, caecum or rectum at any of the selected stages examined. When these types of endocrine cells first appeared, the surface epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract was relatively undifferentiated. A few glands were present in the proventriculus only, at this stage. Thereafter immunoreactive cells of both types were found in the glandular epithelium of the proventriculus, pyloric region and small intestine soon after morphogenesis had begun.This study reports part of work undertaken for the degree of PhD at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg     

Early ontogeny of catecholaminergic structures in the sheep brain

Summary The localization of tyrosine hydroxylase was studied in the brain of sheep foetus during early ontogeny using immunohistochemistry. The first immunoreactive neurons appeared very early since they were found on day 30 of pregnancy in the medioventral part of the mesencephalic flexure. The distribution of the different catecholaminergic groups of neurons was similar to the adult's after 75 days of pregnancy. The latest group to appear was the A₁₂ group.Comparison of the development of the sheep foetus with rodents or primates, more commonly studied, is difficult because of its different development. It seems, however, that catecholaminergic structures appear earlier in sheep and rodents than in human. Considering the early appearance of these transmitters in the central nervous system, their role on brain development has to be studied in the futureAbbreviations used in the text ACTH adrenocorticotropin hormone - BSA bovine serum albumin - FLM fascicules longitudinales mediales - FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate - FSH follicle stimulating hormone - LH luteinizing hormone - LPH lipotropin hormone - PBS phosphate buffered saline - TH tyrosine hydroxylase - TH-IR tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive Abbreviations used in the figures AI adhesio interthalamica - BO bulbus olfactorius - CA commissura anterior - Cer cerebellum - cf cervical flexure - ChO chiasma opticum - CM corpus mamillare - COL colliculi - CP commissura posterior - Ep epiphysis (pineal gland) - FMT fasciculus mamillothalamicus - FR fasciculus retroflexus - Hyp hypophysis;mf, mesencephalic flexure - NO nervus opticus - P pons - pf pontic flexure;tg, tongue - I-II lateral ventricles - III third ventricle - IV fourth ventricle     

Conditioned flavor preference learning by intragastric administration of l-glutamate in rats

The preference for foods or fluids in rats is partly dependent on its postingestive consequences. Many studies have investigated postingestive effect of high caloric substances, such as carbohydrate or fat. In this study, we examined postingestive effect of l-glutamate at the preferable concentration using conditioned flavor preference paradigm. Adult male rats with chronic intragastric (IG) cannula were trained to drink a flavored solution (conditioned stimulus; CS+) paired with IG infusion of nutrient solution and another flavored solution (CS−) with IG distilled water infusion on alternate days. The nutrient solution was 60 mM monosodium l-glutamate, sodium chloride or glucose. Before and after conditioning, rats received 30 min two-bottle choice tests for CS+ and CS− solution. All groups exhibited no significant preference for CS+ in pre-test period. By the last half of conditioning period, intake of CS+ solution was significantly higher than that of CS− in MSG group, but not in NaCl and glucose groups. After conditioned, the MSG group showed significantly higher intake and preference for CS+ solution (69.9%), while the NaCl and glucose group did not show any significant intake and preference for CS+ solution (50.9%, 43.5%, respectively). These results indicate that the amino acid l-glutamate at a preferable concentration has a positive postingestive effect as demonstrated by its ability to condition a flavor preference. The mechanism(s) for this positive effect could be through a direct effect on gut Glu receptors rather than the provision of calories or glucose from metabolized Glu; Further studies are needed to test these hypotheses.     

In vivo priming effect during various stages of ontogeny of an influenza A virus nucleoprotein peptide

In vivo priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) by an influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) peptide was studied at various stages of development. Adult mice immunized twice with the NP peptide in complete Freund's adjuvant and incomplete Freund's adjuvant, respectively, produce significant CTL responses. Neonates immunized at birth with large amounts of NP peptide and boosted twice with the peptide during adulthood, also mount a weak but significant CTL response. By contrast, offspring from mothers immunized with the NP peptide at days 15, 17, and 19 of pregnancy showed unresponsiveness to the peptide subsequent to a similar regimen of peptide immunization at the age of 1 month. The data indicate that the contact of T cell precursors with antigen during fetal life induces CTL tolerance, whereas, afterbirth the precursors are not susceptible to tolerogenic signals.     

Early prenatal ontogeny of central monoamine neurons in the rat: Fluorescence histochemical observations

Summary The early ontogeny of the monoamine neuron systems in the rat brain has been analysed using Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal sections of embryos with a crown rump length between 7 and 13 mm, approximately corresponding to gestational days 12 to 15 were obtained from mothers treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor given in order to increase the monoamine levels of the embryos. 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-neurons made their first appearance in the 8 mm embryo, dopamine (DA)-neurons in the 9 mm embryo, and noradrenaline (NA)-neurons in the 11 mm embryo. Small, rounded, weakly fluorescent cell bodies forming sparse aggregations appeared first. Fluorescent processes of two types soon appeared. Short processes from the cell bodies were running perpendicular to the long axis of the brain stem within the cell groups, while long slender axon bundles could be traced ascending through the met- and mesencephalon and into the prosencephalon as well as descending in the myelencephalon andspinal cord. In the 12 mm embryo the primordial DA cell formation of the substantia nigra with its striatal projections, the 5-HT neuron formations of the caudal mesencephalon, met- and myelencephalon as well as the NA neurons of the met- and myelencephalon are relatively well developed.It is concluded that the monoamine-neurons develop mechanisms for synthesis and storage of amines at a very early stage during ontogeny, thus recapitulating the phylogeny of these old systems. Likewise, monoamine oxidase is present early. The presence of neurotransmitters specifying the different developing neurons long before development of their nerve terminal areas and therefore before the establishment of normal synaptic function may indicate a role of these substances during ontogeny other than transmission of nerve impulses.     

The effect of light on sleep and the EEG of young rats

Sleep states, the power spectra of the cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) and cortical temperature (T _crt) were determined in young rats (age 23–24 days). Recordings were made for 1 day under habitual 12 h light: 12 h dark (LD 1212) conditions and on the subsequent day under continuous darkness (DD). The amount and distribution of the vigilance states differed little between experimental conditions. Sleep occurred predominantly during the actual (LD) or habitual (DD) 12-h light period. The EEG power density in the actual light period was lower than in the habitual light period. These differences were largest in the delta range for the EEG of non-rapid eye movement of sleep (NREMS) and in the theta range for the EEG of REM sleep (REMS) and waking. EEG power density in NREMS was somewhat lower in the LD dark period than in the corresponding DD period. The typical 24-h pattern of EEG power density in NREMS, which reflects processes underlying sleep regulation, was little affected by the experimental conditions. It is concluded that the light during an LD 1212 schedule suppresses the EEG but has little effect on the vigilance states.     

高渗盐溶液对失血性休克大鼠红细胞膜黏弹性的影响

采用微管吸吮技术,观察高渗盐溶液对失血性休克大鼠红细胞膜黏弹性的影响。Wistar大鼠随机分为0.9%NaCl(NS)、7．5％ NaCl(HS)、5％ NaCl-3.5% NaAc(HSA)三组。10min内放血使平均动脉压降至5．3kPa,维持90min。休克模型完成后,分别按4ml／kg体重静脉注入NS、HS、HSA,5min内输完。取血测定休克前、后及给药后的红细胞膜黏弹性。结果表明,休克后红细胞膜弹性模量、黏性系数较休克前显著增加。治疗后,HS组与NS组比较,弹性模量增加,黏性系数显著降低;HSA组与NS、HS组比较,弹性模量和黏性系数显著降低。结论 是HSA可显著改善失血性休克大鼠红细胞膜黏弹性。     

Hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions in dehydration therapy in neonate calves: comparison of clinical profile and serum and urinary concentrations of electrolytes

Sixteen male Holstein calves, from 1 to 9 days old, were used in the study. The purpose was to compare the effect of both hypertonic (NaCl at 7.2%, 2,400 mOsm/l) and isotonic (NaCl at 0.9%, 300 mOsm/l) saline solutions associated with oral rehydrating solution, using the serum biochemical profile, serum and urinary osmolality, and electrolytic renal clearance and excretion in neonate calves with osmotic diarrhea-induced dehydration. Calves were randomly distributed into four groups: group 1, normal; group 2, treatment with hypertonic saline plus oral solution; group 3, treatment with isotonic saline plus oral solution; and group 4, with no treatment (diarrhea control group). Animals with no treatment presented aqueous diarrhea, severe hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypokalemia, decrease of rhythm of glomerular filtration, hyperphosphatemia, and azotemia. The use of small volumes of hypertonic saline solution in a single dose restored the plasma volume, serum sodium and chloride concentrations, and rhythm of glomerular filtration. When compared to isotonic saline, hypertonic saline brought about a less marked hemodilution and reestablished serum potassium concentration and rhythm of glomerular filtration. The use of large volumes of isotonic saline solution is associated with a higher rhythm of glomerular filtration, larger hemodilution, and urinary losses of sodium and chloride. We conclude that a rapid infusion of small volumes of hypertonic saline solution with oral rehydrating solution immediately increases plasma volume, serum osmolality, sodium and chloride seric concentrations, rhythm of glomerular filtration, urinary flow, restoring the volume of extracellular fluid after 24 h constituting a practical and economical alternative to the use of large volumes of isotonic saline solution.

基因指纹图谱探索胚胎淋巴细胞克隆发生的规律

目的　通过人胚胎发生不同时期的IgH基因指纹图谱 ,观察执行免疫功能的B淋巴细胞克隆是如何发育起来的。方法　提取不同胎龄肝脏、脾脏、骨髓、胸腺标本的RNA ,根据不同淋巴细胞克隆具有不同的IgH基因重排的特点 ,用RT-PCR扩增IgHV1-V6基因 ,变性胶电泳获得人类胚胎B细胞克隆的表达谱系。结果　胎龄 11w大部分B细胞克隆已在肝脏出现 ,13w～ 14w达高峰后迁移至脾脏。脾脏的B细胞克隆于 14w出现 ,19w～ 2 0w达高峰。骨髓的B细胞克隆迟至 17w出现 ,2 5w出现全部表达谱系。有IgH基因家族标志的淋巴细胞克隆出现是有规律的 ,肝脏IgHV6是优势利用的家族 ,而IgHV3为脾脏优势表达的家族 ,骨髓更多利用的基因家族也是IgHV3。胎儿胸腺内也可以有B淋巴细胞克隆表达。结论　人类胚胎B细胞克隆谱系发育有明显规律。在不同脏器 ,具有不同的IgH基因家族标志的淋巴细胞可成为优势克隆 ,随着胎龄可以发生变化     

Evaluation of a protocol for hypertonic saline administration in acute euvolemic symptomatic hyponatremia: A prospective observational trial

Context:

Acute symptomatic hyponatremia is a frequent yet poorly studied clinical problem. Aims: To develop a non-weight based protocol for the treatment of acute symptomatic hyponatremia.

Settings and Design:

Observational study in a Multi-disciplinary Intensive Care Unit of an urban tertiary care hospital.

Materials and Methods:

Patients aged >18 years, admitted with euvolemic acute symptomatic severe hyponatremia (defined as serum sodium <120 meq/l with symptoms <24 hours), formed the study population. On confirmation of euvolemic status clinically and by laboratory investigations, patients were administered 100 ml of 3% NaCl over a period of 4 hours irrespective of the weight of the patient, followed by reassessment of serum Na at the end of 4 hours. The volume of hypertonic saline (in ml) required to increase serum Na by 8 meq/l was calculated using the formula: 100 × 8/increment in serum Na observed with 100 ml hypertonic saline. This volume was infused over the next 20 hours. To monitor renal water diuresis which may contribute to overcorrection, the urine specific gravity was monitored every 4 hours for sudden decrease of ≥ 0.010 from the baseline value. Measurement of serum Na was repeated if a fall in the urine specific gravity was observed and subsequently repeated every 4 hours. If no fall occurs in urine specific gravity, serum Na measurement was repeated at 12, 20 and at 24 hours (0 hour being the initiation of 100 ml hypertonic saline). The volume of infusate was adjusted if an excessive increment of serum Na (greater than 3 meq at 8 hours, 4 meq at 12 hours, 5 meq at 16 hours and 6 meq at 20 hours) was observed. Baseline characteristics were compared using chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U test.

Results:

58 patients formed the study cohort. The mean age was 58 years. The mean serum Na on admission was 114 meq/l. Administration of 100 ml hypertonic saline resulted in a mean increase in serum Na of 2 meq/l. The mean increase in serum Na over 24 hours was 9 meq/l and mean volume of hypertonic saline required for a serum Na increment of 8 meq/l was 600 ml.

Conclusions:

The non-weight based protocol with monitoring for water diuresis is reasonably an effective strategy in the treatment of acute euvolemic symptomatic hyponatremia.     

Sensitivity of pressor responses to central hypertonic saline is greatly enhanced even in pre-hypertensive spontaneously hypertensive rats

It has been suggested that intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline mimics the effects of a high salt diet in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), a genetic model of hypertension. Intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline produces an increase in blood pressure and the pressor response to hypertonic saline is enhanced in adult hypertensive SHR. In this study, we examined whether the intracerebroventricular hypertonic saline-induced pressor response is enhanced even in pre-hypertensive SHR. The basal mean blood pressure was almost the same in 4-week-old SHR and age-matched Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY), whereas it was greater in 15-16-week-old SHR than in age-matched WKY. Intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline (10 microl of 230 mM NaCl) produced an increase in blood pressure in both 4-week-old and 15-16-week-old SHR, whereas it did not affect blood pressure in both age-matched WKY. Intracerebroventricular injection of hypertonic saline (10 microl of 260 mM NaCl) produced an increase in blood pressure in all rats but the pressor response was greater in both 4-week-old and 15-16-week-old SHR than in respective age-matched WKY. Intracerebroventricular injection of Phe-Met-Arg-Phe amide (FMRF), an FMRF-inducible sodium channel activator, produced an increase in blood pressure in all rats but the pressor response was greater in SHR than in WKY at both ages. These findings indicate that the sensitivities of pressor responses to intracerebroventricular hypertonic saline and FMRF are enhanced not only in hypertensive but also in pre-hypertensive SHR.     

氨基胍对牙周炎抑制作用的研究

目的: 观察氨基胍(AG)对牙周炎的作用。方法: 采用丝线结扎法建立大鼠牙周炎模型; 利用分光光度仪测定大鼠牙龈组织中亚硝酸盐(NO₂^-)含量, 以间接确定一氧化氮(NO)含量; 应用Tiger细胞图象仪分析牙周附着丧失; 采用组织切片法观察牙周组织的病理学改变。结果: AG能明显降低大鼠牙周炎牙龈NO含量, 抑制牙周组织附着丧失和减轻炎症程度。结论: AG通过选择性抑制诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS), 降低牙周组织NO含量, 达到减轻牙周组织炎症程度的作用, 提示AG对临床牙周炎可能有疗效.     

The ontogeny of play in rats

Play behavior, as indicated by frequency and duration of pinning behavior, was studied in young rats between 18 and 64 days of age. The incidence of play was markedly increased by social isolation. Play increased from 18–28 days of age, peaked between 32 and 40 days of age, and gradually declined thereafter. Animals developed stable “dominance hierarchies” during the course of testing so that one animal pinned the other on the average 70% of the time. Also, “dominant” animals exhibited the longer pin durations. The data indicate that social play can be efficiently studied in the laboratory rat and, further, that one function of play may be to establish stable social relationships.     

The influence of experimentally induced pain on shoulder muscle activity

Muscle function is altered in painful shoulder conditions. However, the influence of shoulder pain on muscle coordination of the shoulder has not been fully clarified. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of experimentally induced shoulder pain on shoulder muscle function. Eleven healthy men (range 22–27 years), with no history of shoulder or cervical problems, were included in the study. Pain was induced by 5% hypertonic saline injections into the supraspinatus muscle or subacromially. Seated in a shoulder machine, subjects performed standardized concentric abduction (0°–105°) at a speed of approximately 120°/s, controlled by a metronome. During abduction, electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded by intramuscular wire electrodes inserted in two deeply located shoulder muscles and by surface-electrodes over six superficially located shoulder muscles. EMG was recorded before pain, during pain and after pain had subsided and pain intensity was continuously scored on a visual analog scale (VAS). During abduction, experimentally induced pain in the supraspinatus muscle caused a significant decrease in activity of the anterior deltoid, upper trapezius and the infraspinatus and an increase in activity of lower trapezius and latissimus dorsi muscles. Following subacromial injection a significantly increased muscle activity was seen in the lower trapezius, the serratus anterior and the latissimus dorsi muscles. In conclusion, this study shows that acute pain both subacromially and in the supraspinatus muscle modulates coordination of the shoulder muscles during voluntary movements. During painful conditions, an increased activity was detected in the antagonist (latissimus), which support the idea that localized pain affects muscle activation in a way that protects the painful structure. Further, the changes in muscle activity following subacromial pain induction tend to expand the subacromial space and thereby decrease the load on the painful structures.     

On the ontogeny of aldolase isozymes and their interactions with cellular structure

In an endeavour to extend the available information on the biological significance of the interactions between aldolase and cellular ultrastructure, the extent of association has been studied in the tissues of the mouse during the major stages of development from embryo to adult. Analysis of the isozyme status in these compartments and the latency of the enzyme during tissue differentiation was also effected. In all tissues investigated, a considerable variation in the degree of association of aldolase with structure was evident during development. Binding was particularly extensive in the early embryonic stages, but regardless of the tissue or the stage of differentiation, binding preference was directed towards A-type activity over the B- and C-type of enzyme. Substantial latent activity of aldolase was evident only in brain in the postnatal stages of development, and not in the other tissues or early stages of ontogeny. The significance of these ontogenic phenomena have been discussed, along with the physiological variations in individual tissues during maturation.     

Late prenatal ontogeny of central monoamine neurons in the rat: Fluorescence histochemical observations

Summary The development of all monoamine-containing neuron systems in the rat brain throughout the last seven days of gestation, i.e. from the 15th day to term, crown rump length (CRL) 16 mm to 42 mm, has been followed using the Falck-Hillarp method for fluorescence histochemistry. Serial sagittal, horizontal and transverse sections through whole brains of fetuses from MAO-inhibited mothers have been carefully analyzed by fluorescence microscopy, and drawings of almost all sections depicting specific fluorescence have been collected from 10 of the 16 analyzed brains. Thus, all the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) neuron systems have been mapped, both regarding the cell groups, the formation of axon pathways and the development of terminal plexuses in the whole brain prenatally. Together with a previous report (Olson and Seiger, 1972a) the present data have made it possible to determine the common origin of groups A1–A3, A4–A7, A8–A10, B1–B3 and B4–B9, respectively (nomenclature according to Dahlström and Fuxe, 1964). These findings and an estimation of the number of visible fluorescent cells in all monoamine cell complexes throughout the prenatal period of development have been summarized in a flow-chart. In the full-term fetus all monoamine neurons and their axon pathways, except for the hypothalamic cell groups, are very well developed. Thus, the new neuroanatomical data presented, in all probability hold true also for the adult state. A comprehension of the innervation course of neostriatum by DA nerve terminals from the 14th day of gestation to adult hood is given.