降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑cAMP反应元件结合蛋白mRNA表达的影响

目的 探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)mRNA表达的影响.方法 用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA表达.结果 假手术组右侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA有明显表达,缺血再灌注组右侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA阳性产物吸光度值减少,CGRP组缺血侧海马CAl区和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA表达的吸光度值比缺血再灌注组增高(P＜0.05).结论 CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质CREB mRNA的表达,CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过激活CREB的转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现.     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质内CREB mRNA表达的影响

探讨外源性神经生长因子(nervegrowthfactor,NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质内的cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(cyclicAMPresponseelementbindingprotein,CREB)mRNA表达的影响。用线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,运用原位杂交和图像分析技术检测大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质内CREBmRNA的表达。结果显示:缺血再灌注组缺血侧海马CA1区和顶叶皮质CREBmRNA阳性反应产物平均光密度(OD)比假手术组减少(P<0.05),NGF组CA1区和顶叶皮质内的CREBmRNA阳性产物平均光密度高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。本研究结果提示NGF可以上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马和顶叶皮质缺血神经元CREBmRNA的表达,NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过激活CREB的转录与翻译,从而启动一系列信号通路来实现。     

CGRP及NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马cAMP反应元件结合蛋白磷酸化的影响

目的探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)及神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响。方法用线栓法阻塞大鼠右侧大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、Western blotting和图像分析方法检测大鼠手术侧海马CA1区CREB和p-CREB表达。结果缺血再灌注组海马CA1区CREB表达较假手术组减少,p-CREB表达高于假手术组(P<0.05);CGRP组和NGF组CA1区的CREB和p-CREB表达均高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05);CGRP与NGF联合应用时CREB和p-CREB表达分别高于CGRP组和NGF组(P<0.05)。结论CGRP及NGF上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,CGRP与NGF联合应用则作用更强,CGRP及NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的,CGRP与NGF对缺血神经元的保护有协同作用。     

神经生长因子与降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和磷酸化CREB的上调作用

目的:探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质环磷酸腺苷反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响。方法:用线栓法制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、Western印迹法和图像分析方法检测大鼠手术侧顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB表达。结果:缺血再灌注组手术侧顶叶皮质CREB表达较假手术组减少,p-CREB表达高于假手术组;NGF组和CGRP组顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB表达均高于缺血再灌注组;NGF组和CGRP联合应用时CREB与p-CREB的表达更高。结论:NGF与CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的,NGF和CGRP有协同作用。     

降钙素基因相关肽对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化CREB的上调作用

目的:探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化CREB(p- CREB)表达的影响。方法:制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型实验组并给予CGRP,应用免疫组织化学、Western印迹和图像分析方法检测大鼠海马CA1区CREB和p-CREB表达。结果:缺血再灌注组CA1区CREB表达较假手术组减少,CGRP组CA1区的CREB表达高于缺血再灌注组。缺血再灌注组CA1区p-CREB表达高于假手术组,CGRP组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组。结论:CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的。     

CGRP对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB的上调作用

目的：探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CREB和磷酸化CREB（p-CREB）表达的影响。方法:用线栓法阻塞大鼠右大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型，应用免疫组织化学、Western blotting和图像分析方法检测大鼠手术侧顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB表达。结果:缺血再灌注组大鼠顶叶皮质CREB表达少于假手术组，CGRP组大鼠顶叶皮质CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组（P<0.05）。假手术组右侧顶叶皮质p-CREB表达很少，缺血再灌注组顶叶皮质p-CREB表达多于假手术组，CGRP组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组（P<0.05）。结论:CGRP上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠右侧顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB的表达，CGRP对缺血神经元的保护作用可能是通过上调神经元内CREB和p-CREB来实现的。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB表达的上调作用

目的探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马CREB和磷酸化的CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响。方法用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学、W estern B loting和图像分析方法检测大鼠海马CA1区CREB和磷酸化CREB表达。结果假手术组海马CA1区CREB有明显表达,缺血再灌注组CA1区表达较假手术组减少,NGF组CA1区的CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。假手术组海马CA1区p-CREB表达很少,缺血再灌注组p-CREB表达多于假手术组,NGF组p-CREB表达多于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。结论NGF上调海马CREB和p-CREB的表达,对缺血神经元起保护作用,CREB和p-CREB参与NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用机制。     

NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CREB表达的上调作用

为探讨外源性神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质cAMP反应元件结合蛋白(CREB)和磷酸化CREB(p-CREB)表达的影响,用线栓法制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学、WesternBlotting和图像分析方法检测大鼠缺血侧顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB的表达。结果显示:缺血再灌注组CREB表达较假手术组减少,p-CREB表达高于假手术组(P<0.05);NGF组CREB和p-CREB表达高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05)。以上结果表明NGF明显上调局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质CREB和p-CREB的表达,NGF对缺血神经元的保护作用可能通过上调CREB和p-CREB的表达来实现。     

CGRP和NGF对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马p53蛋白表达的影响

为了探讨外源性降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)和神经生长因子(NGF)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马p53蛋白表达的影响,用线栓法制备大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞模型,应用免疫组化和显微图像分析方法检测脑缺血再灌注后大鼠海马CA1区p53蛋白的表达。结果如下:假手术组海马CA1区未见p53阳性细胞,而脑缺血再灌注组阳性细胞明显增多。分别注射CGRP或NGF后海马CA1区p53阳性细胞平均灰度值均明显高于缺血再灌注组(P<0.05),二者联合应用时平均灰度值较单独应用高(P<0.05)。以上结果提示:CGRP和NGF下调缺血神经元p53蛋白的表达,二者合用作用更强,可能对缺血神经元的恢复有促进作用。     

神经生长因子及降钙素基因相关肽减轻局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白磷酸化

目的:探讨外源性神经生长凶子(NGF)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠顶叶皮质神经元tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响.方法:制作局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,应用免疫组织化学SABC法、免疫印迹法和图像分析方法检测大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白在Ser199/202位点磷酸化程度和总tau蛋白表达,以及NGF与CGRP对tau蛋白过度磷酸化的影响.结果:缺血再灌注组同侧顶叶皮质tau蛋白在Scr199'202位点磷酸化水平和总tau蛋白明显升高;NGF组及CGRP组大鼠顶叶皮质tau蛋白在scr199'202位点磷酸化水平明显低于缺血再灌注组,总tau蛋白也下降;NGF与CGRP合用组顶叶皮质tau蛋白磷酸化水平进一步降低,分别低于NGF组和CGRP组.结论:NGF及CGRP明显减轻脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑tau蛋白磷酸化程度.两者合用作用更强.     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008