207例急性胰腺炎合并肝功能损害的临床观察

目的 研究急性胰腺炎(AP)合并肝功能损害的临床特点、发病机制及对预后的预测.方法 对207例合并肝功能损害AP患者按照病因、严重程度、年龄分组.分别比较各组患者肝功能损害的严重程度、预后及转归,分析对AP严重程度预测灵敏度、特异度较显著的肝功能变化指标.结果 重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)肝功能损害的严重程度明显高于轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)(P ＜ 0.05).胆源性AP肝功能指标中ALT、ALP、LDH比非胆源性AP损害程度重(P ＜ 0.05);胆源性AP比非胆源性AP符合SAP人数、转手术率、死亡率均较高,住院天数较长.不同年龄AP患者肝功能损害的严重程度无显著差异(P ＞ 0.05).各肝功能指标中ALT、AST、LDH对AP严重程度预测灵敏度、特异度较显著.结论 胆源性AP合并肝功能损害明显.ALT、AST、LDH等肝功能变化指标可作为对AP严重程度预测的参考指标.     

肝功能异常对急性胰腺炎病因和病情分级判定的临床意义

目的观察急性胰腺炎(AP)伴发肝损伤患者肝功能各项指标与病因及病情的关系,旨在探讨肝功能变化对明确AP病因及预测病情程度的临床意义。方法回顾性分析聊城市人民医院2011年1月-2016年3月住院的163例AP患者的临床资料,按病因分为胆源性(n=85)、非胆源性(n=78)2组;参照CT影像Balthazar分级标准将其分为轻型胰腺炎(MAP)和重型胰腺炎(SAP),其中MAP患者138例,SAP患者25例。胆源性SAP 18例,胆源性MAP 67例;非胆源性SAP 7例,非胆源性MAP 71例。比较患者肝功能指标ALT、AST、GGT、ALP水平,并观察胆源性、非胆源性AP患者入院时、入院48 h、入院96 h肝功能变化情况。计量资料2组间比较采用t检验;3组间比较采用方差分析,进一步两两比较采用SNK-q检验。计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。结果对于MAP患者,胆源性与非胆源性组间ALT、AST、ALP、GGT水平差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);而SAP患者胆源性与非胆源性组间仅ALP和GGT水平差异有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。胆源性AP所引起的肝损伤,48~96 h的ALT、AST、ALP、GGT水平大幅下降,与入院时比较差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);而非胆源性AP患者不同入院时间肝功能指标比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。胆源性AP患者ALP、GGT及ALP+GGT水平异常的发生率均高于非胆源性AP组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。对于同一病因引起的胰腺炎,肝功能在SAP与MAP患者之间差异均无统计学意义(P值均0.05)。结论AP患者尤其是胆源性AP多合并肝功能异常。对于MAP,肝功能异常越明显,应首先考虑胆源性;对于SAP,ALT、AST对病因的预测价值不大,ALP、GGT则更为敏感,ALP、GGT的升高,提示胆源性AP的可能。连续检测肝功能变化,对于肝功能明显下降,尤其是ALT、AST水平明显下降的患者,胆源性AP的可能性越大。肝功能损伤的程度尤其是转氨酶活性的高低与AP病情程度无关。     

急性胰腺炎合并肝损害32例临床分析

目的探讨急性胰腺炎肝损害的临床特点。方法收集59例既往无肝病史及近期服用损肝药物的急性胰腺炎病人，通过测定血清总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、白蛋白(ALB)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)实验室指标，对肝损害发生率、肝损害程度、病程进行分析。结果重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)较轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)肝损害发生率高(P＜0．025)。32例急性胰腺炎合并肝损害中，SAP与MAP相比肝损害指标无差异性(P＞0．05)。胆源性诱因与肝损害程度无关(P＞0．05)。SAP肝损害者比MAP肝损害者住院天数明显延长(P＜0．05)。结论急性胰腺炎肝损害的发生率与胰腺炎的程度成正相关，肝损害延长了胰腺炎的病程。     

急性胰腺炎并肝损害（附201例临床分析）

目的 观察急性胰腺炎(AP)时肝功能的损害和损害程度及预后。方法 对我院2001-01／2003-07收治的急性胰腺炎进行了回顾性调查和分析。结果 在201例AP中有135例合并不同程度的肝功能损害。重型AP较轻型AP肝功能损害发生率高，损害程度也严重。胆源性AP比非胆源性AP肝功能损害发生率高，损害程度也明显。结论 肝功能损害是AP的常见临床表现，肝功能损害程度与胰腺炎的轻重程度呈正相关。肝脏的损害不仅加重AP的病情，还影响其预后。     

急性胰腺炎肝功能损害37例

目的探讨急性胰腺炎(AP)的肝功能损害及不同诱因的肝功能损害程度及发生率。方法分析82例AP患者丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TB iL)、直接胆红素(DB iL)及白蛋白(ALB)的检查结果。结果37例有肝功能损害(45.12%)。轻型AP 69例,发生肝功能损害24例(66.70%);重型AP 13例,发生肝功能损害13例(100%)。胆源性AP 33例,发生肝功能损害20例(60.61%),明显高于非胆源性AP的34.69%。结论AP的肝功能损害较常见,重型AP的肝功能损害发生率100%,损害程度明显高于轻型AP;胆源性AP的肝功能损害程度及肝功能损害发生率明显高于非胆源性AP。     

急性胰腺炎血浆凝血功能的变化

目的 探讨急性胰腺炎（AP）患者血浆凝血功能的变化及其临床意义。方法 收集2001年1月～2003年6月，福建省立医院128例住院AP患者资料。检测凝血酶原时间（PT）、凝血酶原时间国际标准化指数（INR）、部分活化凝血酶原时间（APTT）和纤维蛋白原浓度（FIB）。结果 重症急性胰腺炎组（SAP）的PT、APTT、INR和FIB与轻症急性胰腺炎组（MAP）比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）组与无MODS组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；合并胆源性病变组和非胆源性AP组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）；在出现器官功能衰竭患者中有肝功能衰竭与无肝功能衰竭者相比，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。MAP组PT、APTT、FIB值和Ranson积分之间无直线相关关系（P〉0．05）；但SAP组和MODS组PT、APTT、FIB值和Ranson积分之间均存在直线相关关系（P〈0．01）。结论 AP患者血浆凝血功能障碍可提示与患者预后有关。     

急性胰腺炎合并肝损害临床分析

目的分析急性胰腺炎合并肝损害的临床特点。方法回顾性分析2009年2月至2012年8月西安市中心医院收治的116例急性胰腺炎患者的临床资料。结果67％（78／116）的急性胰腺炎患者合并肝损害。按病因分类,胆源性胰腺炎合并肝损害者的发病率为79％（38／48）,胰胆手术后（含胆囊切除术后及经内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术后）所致的急性胰腺炎合并肝损害的发病率为68％（15／22）,暴饮暴食所致的急性胰腺炎合并肝损害的发病率为67％（20／30）,其他因素所致的急性胰腺炎合并肝损害的发生率低。胆源性胰腺炎较非胆源性胰腺炎肝功能损害更明显,总胆红素、直接胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、碱性磷酸酶浓度差异均有统计学意义（t值分别为3．16、3．72、4．12、3．26、3．64、3．25,P均〈0．01）。结论胆源性胰腺炎患者大多合并肝损害。     

急性胰腺炎合并肝脏损伤43例并文献复习

目的了解急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)合并肝脏损伤的临床特点并复习相关文献。方法对柘城县人民医院2013年8月-2016年7月43例AP伴肝脏损伤临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 43例AP合并肝脏损伤患者中,轻症急性胰腺炎(MAP)33例(6.7%),重症急性胰腺炎(SAP)10例(3.3%),胆源性(46.5%)为AP主要病因。与MAP相比,SAP时肝酶(ALT和AST)升高、TBIL升高、ALB下降、PT延长、PTA降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),肝脏损伤程度更严重。结论 AP并发肝脏损伤程度与胰腺炎症程度密切相关,且以胆源性多发,须加强临床重视。     

早期肝功能损害对急性胰腺炎病因判定的临床价值

目的:观察急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)患者发病48h内肝功能改变,探讨早期肝功能损害对AP病因判定的临床意义.方法:对153例AP患者临床资料回顾性分析,按病因分为胆源性、非胆源性及不明原因3组.胆源性组(n=80);非胆源性组(n=44);不明原因组(n=29).早期肝功能检测指标:胆源性组(n=61);非胆源性组(n=33).比较胆源性组和非胆源性组早期肝功能指标血清丙氨酸氨基转氨酶(amino transaminase,ALT)、门冬氨酸氨基转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)、总胆红素(total bilirubin,TBIL)、直接胆红(direct bilirubin,DBIL)、谷氨酰转移酶(glutamyl transferase,GGT)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP),观察其早期肝功能损害的临床类型,并计算胆源性组早期肝功能损害的敏感性和特异性.结果:胆源性组患者早期肝功能损害较非胆源性组严重,ALT(214.16U/L±146.92U/Lvs30.82U/L±25.59U/L),AST(212.72U/L±210.50U/Lvs28.24U/L±22.16U/L),GGT(438.34U/L±286.69U/Lvs60.48U/L±68.32U/L),AKP(202.81U/L±147.77U/Lvs72.06U/L±36.70U/L),TBIL(56.52μmol/L±46.01μmol/Lvs18.25μmol/L±9.56μmol/L),DBIL(36.81μmol/L±32.50μmol/Lvs5.17μmol/L±4.65μmol/L,均P<0.001);早期肝功能损害临床类型以ALT、AST、GGT、AKP、TBIL及DBIL混合损害为主,占88.6%;其敏感性为95.1%,特异性为90.9%.结论:早期肝功能损害可预测AP病因为胆石(源)性.早期肝功能检测应作为急诊的常规实验室检查项目,更适合于基层医院.     

老年急性胰腺炎患者胰腺外损害的临床研究

目的探讨老年急性胰腺炎（AP）患者胰腺外损害的临床特征。方法回顾性分析215例急性胰腺炎的病历资料，其中老年组124例，非老年组91例，分析其病因、胰腺外损害的临床特征以及与预后的关系。结果老年AP患者以胆源性病因为主，占71．0％，而非老年AP患者以非胆源性病因较多见，占50．50％（P〈0．005）。68．4％的AP患者合并有胰腺外损害，81．5％的老年AP患者并有胰腺外损害，明显高于非老年组（50．5％）（P〈0．005）。老年组常见胰腺外受损部位依次为肝脏（70．2％），呼吸道（25．0％）和胃肠道（8．9％）。肾功能不全、心功能不全、胰性脑病及DIC等虽然较少见，但主要见于老年患者。27．4％的老年AP患者合并2种或以上器官受损，与非老年组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．01）。老年组伴有胰腺外损害的AP患者其复发率、转重症发生率均高于非老年组，平均住院时间比非老年组长，两组比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论急性胰腺炎是一种可累及多系统的疾病，老年AP患者容易合并胰腺外损害，合并胰腺外损害的老年患者预后较差。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.