血脂康对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响

观察血脂康对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠高脂血症及动脉粥样硬化的影响.16只6周龄载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠随机分为高脂血症组(n=8)和血脂康组(n=8),相同遗传背景的同龄正常C57BL/6J小鼠为正常对照组(n=8).血脂康组每只灌服血脂康4 mg/d,高脂血症组、正常对照组每只灌服生理盐水0.4 mL/d.连续灌胃14周后下腔静脉取血测血脂,再用10%福尔马林灌注后,取主动脉进行形态学观察及图像分析.结果发现,高脂血症组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平明显高于正常对照组(P<0.05),但血脂康组血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白水平与高脂血症组相比则明显下降(P<0.05).图像分析结果发现,高脂血症组动脉粥样硬化病变显著,与正常对照组相比斑块总面积明显增加(P<0.05);光镜下多为粥样硬化期,管壁厚薄不均,可见由大量泡沫细胞形成的脂纹脂斑期病变和由大量泡沫细胞及胆固醇结晶形成的粥样斑块期病灶;血脂康组病变较高脂血症组明显减轻,血脂康组与高脂血症组相比斑块总面积明显减小(P<0.05),主要为早期粥样硬化,管壁厚薄较均匀,未见明显脂纹脂斑及粥样斑块期病灶;正常对照组为正常动脉壁,厚薄均匀,无动脉粥样硬化病灶.结果提示,血脂康有降低载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠血清总胆固醇、甘油三酯和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平及减轻动脉粥样硬化的作用.     

鸢尾素对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的研究鸢尾素对载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE~(-/-))小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响。方法将ApoE~(-/-)小鼠随机分为正常对照组、动脉粥样硬化模型组、鸢尾素组,每组10只,分别给予普通饮食+生理盐水、高脂饮食+生理盐水、高脂饮食+鸢尾素,饲养至12周后处死,处死前测体重,用化学法测定总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)、血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量。采用HE染色和整体油红O染色分析主动脉粥样斑块面积大小,实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)检测主动脉CD36、NF-κB p65的mRNA表达,Western blot检测主动脉CD36、NF-κB p65、SOD的蛋白表达。结果动脉粥样硬化模型组主动脉斑块面积明显高于正常对照组,内膜明显增厚,而鸢尾素组较动脉粥样硬化模型组斑块面积减少,内膜增厚程度下降。与正常对照组比较,动脉粥样硬化模型组小鼠体重、TC、TG、LDLC、MDA水平升高,NF-κB p65、CD36mRNA和蛋白表达增加,而血清SOD活性、HDLC水平减低(P0.05)。与动脉粥样硬化模型组比较,鸢尾素组小鼠体重、TC、TG、LDLC、MDA水平降低,NF-κB p65、CD36 mRNA和蛋白表达下调,而血清SOD活性、HDLC水平升高(P0.05)。结论鸢尾素能减轻ApoE~(-/-)小鼠动脉粥样硬化的发生发展,这可能与其降低小鼠体重和血脂、抑制炎症反应、抗氧化应激有关。     

载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠不同周龄动脉粥样硬化的病理变化

目的研究载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠不同时间段的动脉粥样硬化的病理进展，探讨不同饮食对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化进展的影响。方法采用6周龄40只载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠，20只给予高脂膳食饲料，20只给予普通饮食，分别于15周龄、19周龄、24周龄、28周龄、36周龄5个时间段各取4只麻醉处死做病理检测。结果随着时间进展，载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化程度逐渐加重，经历了从脂质条纹到粥样斑块形成典型的动脉粥样硬化病理过程；高脂饮食组比普通饮食组的载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化病理改变严重。结论载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠是研究动脉粥样硬化的可靠模型，高脂饮食可以加速载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化的病理进程。     

瑞舒伐他汀对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的 探讨瑞舒伐他汀对载脂蛋白E基因敲除(apoE-/-)小鼠主动脉粥样硬化的影响.方法 取apoE-/-小鼠18只建立动脉粥样硬化模型,C57BL/6小鼠12只为对照组.apoE-/-小鼠予高脂饲料,C57BL/6小鼠予普通饲料.12周后,随机抽取C57BL/6小鼠和apoE-/-小鼠各6只,判断是否成模.将成模后余下的12只apoE-/-小鼠随机分为模型组和瑞舒伐他汀治疗组(瑞舒伐他汀10 mg·kg-1·d-1灌胃),每组6只.余下的6只C57BL/6小鼠作为对照组.再过12周后处死小鼠,行血脂及主动脉HE、Masson、油红O染色观察动脉斑块,免疫组织化学方法检测主动脉组织平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)、巨噬细胞表面分子-3(Mac-3)表达.结果 模型组小鼠胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白水平均高于对照组(P均＜0.01),甘油三酯水平与对照组比较差异无统计学意义.模型组小鼠主动脉组织内可见明显动脉粥样硬化斑块形成,α-SMA、TGF-β1和Mac-3表达均较高于对照组(P均＜0.01).瑞舒伐他汀治疗组小鼠胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白、甘油三酯水平与模型组比较差异无统计学意义,但斑块内脂肪含量少于模型组,胶原含量多于模型组.治疗组α-SMA表达与模型组比较差异无统计学意义,治疗组TGF-β1、Mac-3表达均低于较模型组(P均＜0.01).结论 瑞舒伐他汀可以减轻apoE-/-小鼠动脉粥样硬化模型中的脂质沉积和炎症反应,可以增加其胶原含量,利于斑块的稳定,具有抗动脉粥样硬化的作用,对血脂无影响.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the effect of rosuvastatin on atherosclerosis in apoE-knockout ( apoE - / - ) mice. Methods Eighteen 6-week-old apoE - / - mice fed with high fat diet were used as atherosclerosis models, twelve 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice fed with normal diet were used as control. After twelve weeks, six apoE -/ - mice were used to observe the formation of atherosclerosis. Another 12 apoE -/- mice were divided into placebo treated group (n =6) and rosuvastatin group (n =6,10 mg· kg-1 ·d -1 per gavage) and treated for 12 weeks. Then, blood was collected for measuring lipid, aorta was prepared for morphologic study (HE, Oil red O, Masson) and immunohistochemical analysis (α-smooth activor protein, transforming growth factor β1, macrophage surface molecule-3 ). Results Serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels were significantly higher in apoE -/- mice fed with high fat diet than in C57/ BL6 mice( all P ＜0. 01 )while triglyceride level was similar between the two groups, these were not affected by rosuvastatin. Similarly, atherosclerotic lesion area in apoE -/ - mice fed with high fat diet was also not significantly reduced by rosuvastatin, while lipid deposition could be significantly reduced and collagen deposition could be significantly increased in the aortic atherosclerotic lesions by treatment with rosuvastatin.Upregulated TGF-β1 and Mac-3 expression in the aortic atherosclerotic lesions in apoE -/- mice fed with high fat diet could also be significantly reduced by rosuvastatin (all P ＜ 0. 01 ), suggesting reduce inflammatory responses in the atherosclerotic lesion and stable atherosclerotic plaque post rosuvastatin treatment. Conclusion Reducing inflammatory responses and stabilizing plaque properties might contribute to the anti-atherosclerosis effects of rosuvastatin in mice high fat diet fed apoE -/- mice.     

甘草酸对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠脂质代谢及动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响

目的探讨甘草酸对载脂蛋白E基因敲除(Apo E-/-)小鼠血脂代谢及动脉粥样硬化(As)斑块的影响及可能机制。方法雌性Apo E-/-小鼠18只,随机分为对照组和甘草酸组,高脂喂养12周中,甘草酸组给予甘草酸[100 mg/(kg·d)]灌胃,对照组给予等体积生理盐水灌胃,每4周监测小鼠体重并采取小鼠禁食后眼球后静脉血,酶法测量血脂、血糖水平及血清中对氧磷酶1(PON1)活性,小鼠安乐死后取主动脉窦部作冰冻切片油红O染色、胸腹主动脉段作剖面分析脂质斑块面积。实时荧光PCR检测肝组织中基因表达水平,Western blot检测肝组织中相关蛋白的表达水平。结果高脂喂养中小鼠体重增加、血脂紊乱加重。与对照组比较,甘草酸组小鼠体重增幅、血浆甘油三酯及血糖水平均无显著差异,但血清总胆固醇水平显著降低(P0.05);与对照组比较,甘草酸降低主动脉窦及主动脉胸腹部斑块面积可达22%及21%(P0.01和P0.05)。实时荧光PCR结果显示甘草酸能显著上调肝脏脂质转运相关的B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SRBⅠ)及ATP结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)的mRNA水平;其次,甘草酸可促进小鼠肝脏抗氧化酶PON1表达而升高血清中PON1活性(P0.01),并显著提高肝细胞内甲硫氨酸亚砜还原酶A(Msr A)的表达水平显示其抗氧化能力。结论甘草酸能有效阻抑Apo E-/-小鼠As的发展,其机制可能涉及对肝脏胆固醇代谢调节及抗氧化功能的改善。     

中西药物对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化的干预作用

美国洛克菲勒大学生化遗传与代谢实验室和北卡罗莱那大学病理遗传实验室应用胚胎干细胞基因敲除 ( geneknockout)技术 ,于 1992年培育成功载脂蛋白E (apolipoproteinE ,ApoE)基因敲除小鼠 ,亦称ApoE基因缺陷小鼠或ApoE基因摧毁小鼠(本文中统称为ApoE基因敲除小鼠 )。ApoE是清除乳糜微粒和极低密度脂蛋白的受体的配体 ,因此 ,缺乏ApoE则会导致血液循环中富含胆固醇的物质积累而更加容易引起动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis ,AS)病灶形成。ApoE基因敲除小鼠无论正常或高脂饮食均可形成严重的高脂血症及AS病灶[1,2 ] ,成为高脂血症及AS…     

载脂蛋白E及其基因敲除小鼠的研究进展

载脂蛋白E是血浆脂蛋白的重要组成成分,在脂质代谢中发挥着重要的作用。它的缺失或者变异都会引起体内的代谢异常或者组织器官的功能障碍,从而导致一系列的疾病和并发症。载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠问世以来,它给研究载脂蛋白E的功能及其在各种相关疾病当中的作用提供了广阔的平台。近年来,载脂蛋白E基因小鼠已成为动脉粥样硬化相关研究中最受欢迎的动物模型之一。     

有氧运动对高同型半胱氨酸血症载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的观察有氧运动训练对高同型半胱氨酸血症(HHcy)小鼠血浆同型半胱氨酸水平(Hcy)的影响,探讨有氧运动是否能够延缓HHcy致动脉粥样硬化。方法 6周龄雌性载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠随机分为三组:对照组、HHcy组和HHcy+有氧运动组。饮用水中加入Hcy制作HHcy模型。HHcy+有氧运动组在1周适应性训练后进行8周跑台训练(0°,15 m/min,60 min/d,每周训练5天)。采用酶法检测血浆Hcy和血脂水平。主动脉根部切片,油红O染色,计算动脉粥样硬化斑块面积。结果 HHcy组血浆Hcy水平与对照组相比明显增高(20.88±5.79μmol/L比7.80±1.10μmol/L,P=0.001),HHcy+有氧运动组血浆Hcy水平较HHcy组明显下降(14.01±2.30μmol/L比20.88±5.79μmol/L,P=0.016)。三组之间体重增长、饮水量及血浆总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯水平无显著性差异。与对照组相比,HHcy组动脉粥样硬化斑块面积[(9.24±9.02)×10-4 mm2比(15.55±4.64)×10-4 mm2,P=0.034]及斑块负荷(12.20%±12.09%比19.86%±6.30%,P=0.047)明显增加,HHcy+有氧运动组较HHcy组斑块面积[(15.55±4.64)×10-4mm2比(8.62±7.55)×10-4mm2,P=0.024]及斑块负荷(19.86%±6.30%比10.62%±9.06%,P=0.021)明显降低。结论有氧运动可以降低HHcyApoE-/-小鼠血浆Hcy水平,延缓动脉粥样硬化进展,该作用独立于血脂水平的改变。     

激动β_3肾上腺素受体对载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块的影响

目的探讨激动β3肾上腺素受体(β3-AR)对载脂蛋白E基因敲除(apoE-/-)小鼠血脂、动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块、B族Ⅰ型清道夫受体(SR-BⅠ)的影响。方法选择10周龄C57BL/6小鼠10只作为正常对照组(A组,等量生理盐水腹腔注射),10周龄apoE-/-小鼠50只,高脂饮食至36周龄时随机分为高脂模型组(B组,等量生理盐水腹腔注射)、阿托伐他汀阳性药物对照组(C组,10mg/kg灌胃)、β3-AR激动剂小剂量组(D组,1.65μg/kg腹腔注射)、β3-AR激动剂大剂量组(E组,3.0μg/kg腹腔注射)与β3-AR拮抗剂组(F组,5.0μg/kg腹腔注射),分别给予β3-AR激动剂或β3-AR拮抗剂腹腔注射2次/周,共12周。48周龄时全自动生化仪检测小鼠血脂,取胸主动脉行病理观察,Western blot测定SR-BⅠ蛋白表达水平的变化。结果与B组比较,C组、D组、E组TC、VLDL/LDL-C显著下降(P<0.01);胸主动脉粥样斑块面积减小(P<0.01);SR-BⅠ蛋白表达水平显著上调(P<0.05)。D组、E组TG水平显著下降(P<0.01)。结论激动β3-AR通过改善apoE-/-高脂小鼠血脂代谢,上调SR-BⅠ,促进胆固醇逆转运,进而起到了减小胸主动脉斑块面积、抗AS的作用。     

辛伐他汀消退老年载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化斑块的观察

目的观察辛伐他汀对高脂喂养的老年载脂蛋白E(apoE)基因敲除小鼠动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块的作用。方法选取高脂喂养的60周龄雄性aopE基因敲除小鼠30只,随机分为辛伐他汀高剂量组、辛伐他汀低剂量组和模型组,每组10只,分别每天予以辛伐他汀20mg/kg、辛伐他汀5mg/kg和等量生理盐水灌胃,连续灌胃8周后,取主动脉窦部做病理检测。冷冻切片光镜下观察AS斑块病理情况,免疫组织化学染色观察骨桥蛋白、α肌动蛋白的表达。vonkossa染色观察斑块钙化情况。结果与模型组比较,辛伐他汀高、低剂量组apoE基因敲除小鼠的血清TC和LDL-C水平明显降低(P<0.05),斑块面积占管腔面积比、斑块内钙化染色面积明显减少(P<0.05)。结论辛伐他汀可明显降低老年apoE基因敲除小鼠的血清TC和LDL-C水平,消退AS斑块的大小及其钙化。     

The Thromboxane Receptor Antagonist S18886 influence the stability of atherosclerosis in ApoE Null Mice

Objectives To investigate whether thromboxane receptor antagonist S18886 inhibits infiltrating macrophages to vessel wall and influence the morphology of atherosclerotic plaque;The effective of S18886 compared to clopidegrol on the development of atherosclerosis, accumulation of lipidfilled macropha-ges in apoE null mice. Methods All mice were done cuffed common carotid artery and fed a Western-type atherogenic diet for 6 weeks from the day of surgery, at same time the therapy group mice were garaged S18886 5mg/Kg/day and clopidegrol respectively, the same volume water were garaged as the placebo group. Results profound inhibition of lesion area growth after cuff of the right common carotid artery in mice with 5mg/kg of S18886, markdely reduce intima to media ratio and intima to total wall area compare with clopidegrol or blank group; Macrophage infiltration into sites of arterial plaque was also markedly attenuated by ICAM-1 deficiency in the S18886 group, whereas inside the arterial wall plaque of placebo apoE null mice α-smooth muscle actin markedly attenuated. Treatment with 25mg/kg/day clopidegrol reduced the level of ICAM-1 staining, both S18886 and clopidegrol didn‘t influence the α-smooth muscle actin inside plaque. Conclusions It was considered that the novel anti-thrombotic drug significant reduce macrophage infiltration in the sites of arterial plaque by ICAM-1 deficiency, S18886 not only reduce the size, but also stabilized the plaque.     

脂欣康对ApoE基因敲除小鼠海马形态学及胆碱乙酰转移酶和突触素表达的影响

目的研究脂欣康对ApoE基因敲除(ApoEKO)小鼠海马形态学及脑胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)和突触素(P38)表达的影响。方法以ApoEKO小鼠为研究对象,随机分为ApoEKO组、脂欣康组、联合干预组,分别给予生理盐水、脂欣康、脂欣康+维生素E灌胃,每日一次,连续灌胃60d,以同龄C57BL/6J小鼠作为正常对照组,之后将所有小鼠断头处死,采用HE染色观察各组小鼠海马神经元组织形态学改变,采用免疫组化技术与计算机图像分析技术检测ApoEKO小鼠海马内ChAT和P38的表达。结果与C57BL/6J小鼠相比,ApoEKO组小鼠海马区神经细胞结构破坏,ChAT阳性神经细胞数目与P38阳性染色颗粒明显减少,染色变浅,ChAT与P38平均灰度值明显增高(P<0.05)。干预组的反应结果介于两者之间,联合干预组表达优于脂欣康组。结论脂欣康能够减轻ApoEKO小鼠海马区神经损害,增强ChAT与P38的表达,与维生素E间有协同作用。     

高脂诱导胰岛素抵抗ApoE基因敲除小鼠糖脂代谢的变化

目的建立高脂诱导ApoE基因敲除（ApoE^-/-）小鼠胰岛素抵抗（IR）模型,并探讨其糖脂代谢的变化。方法高脂喂养ApoE叫小鼠16周建立IR模型,采用3-^3H葡萄糖为示踪剂的扩展高胰岛素钳夹技术评价其胰岛素敏感性和糖脂代谢变化。结果普通饲料喂养ApoE^-/-小鼠（NF组）血浆FFA、TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C和Ins明显高于C57BL／6J小鼠对照（NC）组（P〈0．01和P〈0．05）,而高脂喂养ApoE叫小鼠（HF组）上述指标又明显高于NF组（P均〈0．01）,并且FBG也明显高于NF和NC组（P均〈0．01）。钳夹稳态时,HF组Ins明显高于NF和NC组（P均〈0．01）,FFA、TC、TG虽被抑制,但仍明显高于NF和NC组（P均〈0．01）;HF组葡萄糖输注率明显低于NF和NC组（P均〈0．01）。在钳夹结束时,HF组葡萄糖清除率明显低于NF和NC组（P均〈0．01）,而肝糖输出率则明显高于NF和NC组（P均〈0．01）,仅被抑制51％。结论ApoE^-/-小鼠存在糖脂代谢紊乱和IR的遗传特征,长期高脂饲养后更为明显。     

葡萄籽原花青素耐缺氧作用的实验研究

目的观察葡萄籽原花青素(GSP)的耐缺氧作用.方法采用小鼠常压耐缺氧实验和小鼠断头实验,观察GSP对缺氧小鼠存活时间、耗氧量及断头后张口喘气时间的影响.结果 GSP能明显延长常压缺氧小鼠的存活时间及脑缺氧小鼠张口喘气时间,降低耗氧量.结论 GSP具有耐缺氧作用,其作用机制可能与增加大脑供血和降低心脑耗氧有关.     

Effect of 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde on Ethanol Metabolism in Mice

The compound 4-(diethylamino)benzaldehyde (DEAB) is a potent inhibitor of cytosolic (class 1) aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in vitro and can overcome cyclophosphamide resistance in murine leukemia cells characterized by their high content of ALDH. In this study, we examined the in vivo effect of DEAB in mice on ethanol metabolism and on antipyrine clearance as a measure of the microsomal mixed function oxidase activity. DEAB administered in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg increased the blood acetaldehyde concentration and decreased the plasma acetate concentration in mice treated with ethanol. A pharmacokinetic approach demonstrated that DEAB in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg inhibited the fraction of ethanol converted to acetate by 32.5 and 67.5%, respectively. This inhibition was comparable with that produced by disulfiram. DEAB produced optimal inhibition of ALDH 10–15 min after administration. DEAB did not change the half-life or the total clearance of antipyrine. We conclude that DEAB is a potent inhibitor of ALDH in vivo and has no effect on the mixed function oxidase activity as determined by antipyrine clearance.     

Characterization of the thromboxane synthase pathway product 12-oxoheptadeca-5(Z)-8(E)-10(E)-trienoic acid as a thromboxane A2 receptor antagonist with minimal intrinsic activity

Thromboxane synthase forms thromboxane (TX) A₂ and 12(S)-hydroxyheptadeca-5(Z)-8(E)-10(E)-trienoic acid (HHT) at equimolar amounts. Twelve-oxoheptadeca-5(Z)-8(E)-10(E)-trienoic acid (Oxo-HT) is the primary metabolite of HHT and has been described to be an inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Functional studies, Schild analysis and competitive binding studies were performed to clarify its mode of action. Oxo-HT was prepared biosynthetically as well as chemosynthetically, purified and characterized by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Platelet activation was assessed by determination of shape change, aggregation, fibrinogen binding and P-selectin expression using optical aggregometry and flow cytometry. Oxo-HT 0.1 n M to 50 μM did not induce platelet activation. Furthermore, it had no effect on platelet activation induced by thrombin, ADP or PAF. In contrast, Oxo-HT inhibited platelet aggregation, fibrinogen binding and P-selectin expression induced by U46619 in a competitive manner. Schild analysis for U46619-induced fibrinogen binding and P-selectin expression revealed pA₂ values of 6.1 and 6.6, respectively, which correspond to K_d values of approximately 0.8 μM and 0.3 μM , respectively. Oxo-HT also inhibited U46619 induced shape change (IC₅₀ ? 10 μM ). However, Oxo-HT over a concentration range of 0.1–1 μM enhanced the partial shape change induced by low concentrations of U46619. Thus Oxo-HT seems to possess a minimal agonistic potential, which alone is not sufficient to trigger a platelet activation but can enhance low levels of platelet activation. Oxo-HT blocked the binding of [³H]SQ 29548 in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas HHT did not displace [³H]SQ 29548. The K_d of Oxo-HT determined from competition binding studies was 7.7 μM , about 10–25-fold higher than the apparent K_d determined by Schild analysis. This discrepancy might be due to a desensitization of the TXA₂ receptor triggered by the minimal intrinsic activity of Oxo-HT. We conclude that Oxo-HT is a naturally occurring specific TXA₂ receptor antagonist with minimal intrinsic activity. Oxo-HT may contribute to the regulation of TXA₂-induced platelet activation in vivo.     

卡氏肺孢子虫感染裸小鼠的实验研究

用醋酸可的松诱导Wistar大鼠获得卡氏肺孢子虫感染,取大鼠肺组织含虫匀装直接接种于NCS系裸小鼠两侧肺0.05ml,以及接种保存于-70℃低温中5月以上的含虫肺匀奖和分离纯化后的虫体,均使裸小鼠获得感染,发生卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎。在国内首先建立起裸小鼠卡氏肺孢子虫肺炎实验模型。     

Preventing atherothrombotic events in peripheral arterial disease: the use of antiplatelet therapy

Patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are at increased risk of generalized atherothrombotic events. Epidemiologic data shows a high rate of co-prevalence of PAD and atherosclerosis in other vascular beds. Aggressive risk-factor modification and antiplatelet therapy has become the cornerstone of treatment to prevent ischaemic events associated with PAD. Recent clinical trials have confirmed the clinical benefit of clopidogrel and ticlopidine in patients with PAD, agents that irreversibly inhibit the binding of adenosine diphosphate to its platelet receptor. In the clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE) trial, clopidogrel was associated with an overall risk reduction of 8.7% (compared with aspirin, P=0.043) in myocardial infarction (MI), ischaemic stroke and vascular death. These results demonstrated that long-term administration of clopidogrel was effective in preventing ischaemic events in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease including PAD. Aspirin and/or clopidogrel are the antiplatelet agents of choice for the reduction of atherothrombotic events in patients with PAD.