手术治疗髋臼横形骨折伴后壁骨折

目的 介绍应用前后入路治疗髋臼横行骨折伴后壁骨折的手术经验。方法 回顾分析1999-2006年收治的资料完整的手术治疗髋臼横形骨折伴髋臼后壁骨折或股骨头脱位患者11例，按照Letournel-Judet骨折分型为复杂骨折中髋臼横形骨折伴髋臼后壁骨折，按AO分型为B1-2型。骨折采用重建钢板及螺钉固定。结果 全部患者均得以随访，平均随访3年。复位情况按Judet等方法进行评估，解剖复位6例，满意复位4例，不满意1例。髋关节功能按美国矫形外科研究院髋关节功能的方法进行评估，优6例，良可4例，差1例。结论 手术是髋臼横形骨折伴髋臼后壁骨折治疗的有效方法，前后入路、复位质鼍、牢固固定是治疗关键。     

手术治疗髋臼骨折18例

目的探讨手术复位内固定治疗髋臼骨折的方法和疗效.方法根据Letournel分型,后壁骨折7例,后柱骨折2例,后壁 后柱骨折3例,横行 后壁骨折1例,前方伴后半横行骨折2例,T型骨折2例,双柱骨折1例.髂腹股沟入路5例,Kocher-Langenbeck入路12例,联合入路1例.结果解剖复位9例,良好复位6例,一般复位3例.完全恢复髋关节功能15例;遗留轻度跛行步态3例伴患髋偶有疼痛.结论根据骨折分型选择手术入路,复位内固定临床效果满意.     

扩展型髂股切口手术治疗复合型髋臼骨折

目的探讨扩展型的髂股切口的优缺点和手术方法治疗复杂髋臼骨折的疗效。方法回顾性总结了2002年至2005年收治的资料完整的手术治疗髋臼骨折26例．按照Letournel—Judet分型：横行伴后壁骨折2例．T型骨折8例，前方伴后方半横行骨折3例和完全双柱骨折13例，均采用扩展型的髂股切口手术治疗，根据不同骨折类型采用重建钢板和拉力螺钉固定。结果全部患者均得以随访，平均随访14个月．复位情况按Matta评分标准，解剖复位20例，满意复位4例，不满意复位2例。髋关节功能参照Matta评分系统进行评估，优21例，良2例，一般2例，差1例。结论手术治疗是复杂髋臼骨折的有效治疗方法，扩展型髂股人路对复杂髋臼骨折手术治疗是一个良好的选择。     

髋臼骨折的CT分型与手术入路选择

目的探讨应用髋臼骨折的CT分型指导手术入路选择，提高髋臼骨折的治疗水平。方法2002年12月至2007年9月间对21例髋臼骨折患者术前应用CT扫描，按髋臼骨折的Judet—Letoumel分型选择手术入路，4例后壁骨折、5例后柱骨折及2例横行骨折采用Kocher—Langeneback入路，2例前柱骨折、5例双柱骨折采用髂腹股沟入路；2例移位较重双柱骨折，采用前后联合入路；1例前壁骨折伴股骨头前上方骨折，采用髂股入路。采用专用器械及骨盆重建钢板和螺丝钉对骨折进行复位和固定；骨折距手术的时间为6—10d。结果随访6～57个月，平均18个月。术后骨折复位的质量按Matta影像学评定：解剖复位12例，良好复位8例，不满意复位1例。根据Merledd’Aubigne和Postel评分标准：临床疗效优13例，良5例，一般2例，差1例。结论CT扫描能明确髋臼骨折移位和粉碎程度，用术前CT分型指导手术入路的选择能提高手术治疗的临床效果。     

髋臼骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨髋臼骨折的分型、手术入路的选择及手术效果.方法 手术治疗22例髋臼骨折患者,后壁骨折和后柱加后壁骨折选择K-L入路,前柱、前壁骨折及横断骨折选择髂腹股沟入路,前后移位明显的横断骨折、T形骨折、双柱骨折选择前后联合入路.结果 22例均获随访,时间6个月~5年,骨折6~9个月均愈合.按Matta评定标准:解剖复位 9例,满意复位13例.根据改良的Merle d′Aubigne-Poster髋关节功能评分标准:优7例,良10例,可4例,差1例.1例股骨头坏死,3例创伤性关节炎,2例异位骨化.结论 按髋臼骨折的分型选择合适的手术入路和良好的骨折复位内固定是获得满意疗效的前提.     

髋臼骨折复位固定导向器的研制和应用

目的研制一种用于髋臼骨折的复位固定导向器,提高内固定螺钉植入的精确度。方法应用髋臼骨折复位固定导向器治疗有移位的髋臼骨折23例,其中后壁骨折9例,后柱伴后壁骨折4例,前伴后半横行骨折1例,T型骨折6例,双柱骨折3例。结果手术中复位固定导向器使用后,复位满意,拉力螺丝钉植入均一次成功。结论髋臼骨折的复位固定导向器设计合理,使用方便。复位、固定满意,导向精确,可缩短手术时间,提高手术的精确度。     

手术治疗移位髋臼骨折31例

目的探讨移位髋臼骨折的手术方法和疗效。方法回顾分析2003年5月至2009年7月在我院治疗的31例移位髋臼骨折,按Letournel分类方法而采用不同手术入路使用重建钢板及螺钉内固定治疗后壁骨折6例,后柱骨折4例,前壁骨折2例,前柱骨折3例,横行骨折6例,横行伴后壁骨折3例,双柱骨折2例,后壁伴后柱骨折3例,T型骨折2例。结果所有病例获3-36个月随访,按美国矫形外科评价髋关节功能的方法进行评价,优20例,良6例,可3例,差2例,优良率为83.8%。结论术前结合X线CT正确判断髋臼骨折类型,选择合适的手术入路,使骨折复位精确,结合重建钢板和螺钉固定,可获得良好的治疗效果。     

Judet-Letournel分型个体化手术入路内固定与选择性植骨治疗髋臼骨折

目的探讨根据Judet-Letournel分型选择个体化手术入路手术治疗髋臼骨折的疗效。方法回顾性分析自2010-01—2015-05诊治的14例髋臼骨折。骨折根据Judet-Letournel分型:前柱骨折1例,后壁骨折1例,后柱骨折2例,横断伴后壁骨折2例,T形骨折2例,双柱骨折2例,前方伴后方半横形骨折4例。根据Judet-Letournel分型选择手术入路,所有患者均用重建钢板配合拉力螺钉内固定及选择性植骨治疗。结果骨折复位按照Matta评分标准评定:解剖复位11例,满意复位2例,不满意复位1例,复位满意率92.9%。14例均获随访1.2~5.0(3.2±0.8)年。末次随访疗效按改良Merle D'Aubigne和Postel评分系统评定:优10例,良2例,可2例。随访期内无内固定松动、异位骨化及深静脉血栓形成。结论根据Judet-Letournel分型系统选择个体化手术入路及复位内固定,选择性植骨治疗髋臼骨折具有固定可靠、并发症少等优点,能显著提高疗效。     

内固定治疗移位髋臼骨折的疗效分析

目的 探讨内固定治疗移位髋臼骨折的疗效.方法 2004年7月至2009年4月共收治64例移位髋臼骨折患者,男40例,女24例;平均年龄47.6岁.按Letournel-Judet方法分型:后壁骨折16例,后柱骨折2例,前柱骨折2例,横行骨折8例,后柱伴后壁骨折8例,横行伴后壁骨折6例,T形骨折6例,前柱伴后壁横行骨折2例,双柱骨折14例.根据不同骨折类型,手术采用Kocher-Langenbeck(K-L)入路32例,髂腹股沟入路16例,前后联合入路(髂腹股沟切口+K-L入路)16例,复位后应用骨盆重建钢板、拉力螺钉内固定. 结果 平均手术时间为3 h,术中平均失血量为800mL.所有患者术后获8～40个月(平均18个月)随访.根据Matta影像学评分,患者伤后2周内手术者53例,其中解剖复位39例,满意复位10例,不满意复位4例,复位优良率为92.5%.伤后2～3周后手术者11例,其中解剖复位4例,满意复位5例,不满意复位2例,复位优良率为81.8%.临床疗效评定结果:优37例,良13例,可8例,差6例,优良率为78.1%.发生创伤性关节炎2例,异位骨化3例(Ⅱ～Ⅲ度),股骨头缺血性坏死1例. 结论 对于移位髋臼骨折,根据不同骨折类型采用不同开放复位策略、尽早选择合理的手术方法是提高疗效的关键.     

髋臼骨折的外科治疗

目的 探究内固定技术在治疗髋臼骨折中的临床疗效和优越性.方法 2000年1月至2005年1月行切开复位内固定术治疗髋臼骨折48例.按照Letournel分型,其中后壁骨折8例,横形骨折7例,横行加后壁骨折10例,T型骨折7例,前柱伴后半横形骨折7例,双柱骨折6例,后柱后壁骨折3例.单纯应用拉力螺钉11例,单纯应用重建钢板21例,重建钢板加拉力螺钉16例.结果 48例患者随访12～48个月,骨折全部愈合,复位质量按Matta标准达到解剖复位30例,满意复位18例.按照美国矫形外科研究院评价髋关节功能的方法最终结果优26例,良15例,可5例,差2例,优良率85.4%.结论 手术复位和内固定治疗髋臼骨折可获得良好的临床效果.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.