周宁县50年疟疾流行与防治

疟疾在周宁县流行历史较久,陈国忠统计报道１９３７～１９３８年我县为高发病县之一［１］,《周宁县志》记载：“民国三十五年（１９４６年）６～１１月,全县恶性疟疾流行,死亡１５３人”［２］。解放后,５０年代和７０年代曾发生过两次暴发,严重危害人民身体健康和影响生产建设。经过多年的反复防治,疟疾发病率已从５０年代的年均７１．８４／万降到９０年代的０．０６／万,年发病率连续１０年控制在１／万以下,近１１年未发现当地感染病例,抗疟成果已进入巩固提高阶段,各项指标都已达到卫生部颁布的基本消灭疟疾标准。现将我县…     

阳山县基本消灭疟疾后期管理措施与效果分析

阳山县基本消灭疟疾后期管理措施与效果分析黄新华，梁辉阳，黄安阳山县地处粤北石灰岩地区，是历史上疟疾流行比较严重的县，１９５４年发病率高达３３９．３１２／十万。经大规模群防群治，１９７９年发病率已降为０．５／十万以下，８０年代已达到基本无疟。１９８５年...     

阳山县基本消灭疟疾后期管理措施与效果分析

阳山县地处粤北石灰岩地区，是历史上疟疾流行比较严重的县。1954年发病率高达339．312／十万。经大规模群防群治，1979年发病率已降为0．5／十万以下，80年代已达到基本无疟。1985年，省卫生防疫站组织专家考核验收。确认达到基本消灭疟疾部颁标准。1986年至1995年。坚持10年灭疟监测，未发现本地疟疾流行，巩固了灭疟成果。监测管理措施及效果分析如下。     

余姚市2005年疟疾发病流行病学分析

余姚市疟疾防治工作始于上世纪50年代，曾是疟疾高发地区．但经全社会参与及疟防工作人员的努力．采取一系列有效的防治手段．疟疾发病率逐年下降，到1986年已降至1／10万以下．有效控制了疟疾的流行。1988年经省卫生厅考核验收．达到基本消灭疟疾标准。达标后，在全市范围内，继续对人群开展一系列的监测防治工作．疟疾发病一直处于较稳定状态．平均年发病率在0．16／10万左右。但近年来随着社会经济发展，人员的流动性加大，大量高疟区人员的流人，造成我市疟疾疫情的回升，发病率大于1／10万．现将2005年我市疟疾发病情况分析如下：     

淮安市灭疟后期管理情况分析

淮安市（原淮阴市）地处江苏北部，总人口490余万人，以间日疟流行为主。历史上曾在1960、1970年发生过2次疟疾暴发流行，年发病率分别为38．6％和36．0％。经过30多年的积极防治，疟疾发病从1975年前的流行阶段转至80年代的控制阶段，至90年代已达到基本消灭疟疾标准。为强化疟防后期监测管理，巩固防治成果，现对十五期间全市疟防管理情况分析如下。     

茂名市1950~1999年法定报告传染病流行动态分析

目的：探索茂名市传染病的发病趋势，方法：采用描述流行病学方法分析茂名市１９５０～１９９９年法定报告传染病的流行及发病趋势。结果：除鼠疫、黑热病外，其余法定传染闰都有发生，年均发病率由５０年代的１９９６．０９／十万降低至９０年代的９４．５６／十万，死亡率由５０年代的８．１７／十万降至９０年代的０．６０／十万，５０年代以虫煤传染病（１３１９．９１／十万）为优势病种，６０～８０年代以呼吸传染病（８６４．００／十万～４４２７．８８／十万）为优势病种，９０年代以肠道传染病（３５．２７／十万）为优势病种，居各年代首位的传染病为：５０年代疟疾，６０年代麻疹，７０～８０年代流感，９０年代肝炎，计免相关病种发病率下降明显，如麻疹由５０年代的４０９．９９／十万降至９０年代的５．１３／十万，肝炎发病率下降幅度不大，９０年代，肺结核、     

江苏省如东县近年疟疾流行态势及防治

60年代后期，在调查摸底基础上采取全民性休根和15岁以下疟史儿童复治．流行季节每半月1次的全民预防服药和当年疟史复治的“两全两复”措施，取得显效果．发病率大幅度下降。随着改革开放和经济建设的不断深入，流动人口增多，疟疾疫情有所反复。80年代后期积极采取检索传染源．现疟病人管理，病灶点处理和流动人口管理为主的措施，疫情得到有效控制，1988年疟疾发病率首次降至1／万以下。1998年已通过江苏省对如东县疟疾基本消灭的考核验收。现将1988～1998年疟疾流行态势及防治情况报道如下：     

湖南省1992～1995年疟疾发病情况监测结果分析

我省是以中华按蚊为传播媒介的疟疾流行区。曾在50年代中期、60年代初和70年代初发生了三次大流行．1955年发病率高达159．04／10万。经过几十年大力防治，至1986年发病率降至1／万以下。截至1993年已有57个县（市）经省考核达到部颁基本消灭疟疾的标准．从1986年起，根据我省的实际情况，每年选择具有代表性的县（市）作为全省的疟疾监测点，以便及时了解疟疾的疫情动态、发病特点、媒介按蚊的密度及传播潜势等。现将1992～1995年的疟疾发病情况监测结果报告如下。1内容和方法1．1病原学监测采取主动和被动侦察相结合的方法，对居民中初诊…     

如东县1988～1998年疟疾流行态势及防治

60年代后期,在调查摸底的基础上采取“两全两复”措施,即全民性休根和15岁以下疟史儿童复治,流行季节每半月一次的全民预防服药和当年疟史者复治,取得显著效果,发病率大幅度下降。随着改革开放和经济建设的不断深入,流动人口增多,出现疟疾疫情有所反复。80年代后期积极采取检索传染源,现疟病人管理、病灶点处理和流动人口管理为主的措施,疫情很快得到有效控制,1988年疟疾发病率首次降至0.1‰以下。在不同流行阶段针对不同流行态势及时调整防治政策,1998年已通过江苏省对如东县疟疾基本消灭的考     

外来人口对广州市疟疾流行影响的分析

广州市曾是疟疾的高发病率流行区，７０年代后，该病的流行得到控制，间日疟成为唯一的虫种，呈散发流行。１９６８～１９８８年疟疾年平均发病率为０．２９／万〔１〕。１９８９年开始，由于大量外省民工涌入我市参加经济建设，如开采石场、筑路修水库等，同时也输入了疟...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.