Impact of type II diabetes and gender on major clinical events after percutaneous coronary intervention

AimsIncidence of type 2 diabetes is markedly rising worldwide. Some studies suggest that the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) after PCI is different in men and women, but data are conflicting.MethodsWe studied patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent PCI between years 2000 and 2017. Patients with primary PCI were excluded. Drug-eluting stent (DES) and dual antiplatelet therapy were administered in all patients. We followed these patients for a mean of 68 months. MACE as a composite of coronary revascularization, myocardial infarction or cardiovascular death was sought in three time windows.ResultsWe studied 1799 patients, 29.6% of whom with diabetes. Women were 52%. In multivariate analyses, there were no significant differences in the risk of MACE between diabetic and non-diabetic patients, as well as between men and women, neither in different time windows, nor in the whole duration of follow-up. The components of MACE did not show any significant differences between diabetic and non-diabetic patients, as well as between the genders.ConclusionIn our patients with stable CAD who received a modern therapeutic management after PCI, neither type 2 diabetes nor gender were associated with an excess risk of MACE.     

性别对急性心肌梗死患者住院预后的影响

目的 探讨性别是否为影响急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者住院病死率的独立危险因素.方法 对1501例男性和635例女性AMI患者进行回顾性研究,比较不同性别患者的临床特征、住院治疗和并发症发生率,并对可能影响AMI患者住院病死率的因素进行多因素回归分析.结果 与男性相比,女性患者年龄较大,高血压和糖尿病患病率较高(分别为52.1%比41.1%,35.4%比17.3%,均P<0.01),入院时血清总胆固醇>4.68 mmol/L和心功能≥KillipⅢ级者较多(分别为71.3%比55.0%,11.7%比5.1%,均P<0.01).男性患者吸烟史多于女性(69.4%比15.7%).女性患者急性期再灌注治疗率低于男性(22.2%比31.5%,P<0.01),住院期间β受体阻滞剂和调脂药的使用率也明显低于男性(分别为64.6%比71.2%,P=0.003;43.1%比48.0%,P=0.041).女性患者住院病死率高于男性(11.7%比6.3%,P<0.01).多因素回归分析显示年龄、高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、心功能Killip分级、再灌注治疗和β受体阻滞剂的使用率为影响AMI患者住院预后的独立危险因素,性别未进入logistic回归方程.结论 女性AMI患者住院病死率明显高于男性,造成这一差异的原因在于女性患者年龄较大,伴随危险因素多,急性期再灌注治疗率和B受体阻滞剂的使用率明显低于男性.     

Impact of diabetes mellitus on mortality rates and outcomes in myocardial infarction

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus (DM) represents a major cardiovascular risk factor for increased risk of coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction (MI). DM is also associated with a poorer clinical outcome in MI.Materials and methodsThe nationwide German inpatient population treated between 2005 and 2016 was used for statistical analyses. Hospitalized MI patients were stratified by the presence of DM and investigated for the impact of DM on in-hospital events.ResultsIn total, 3,307,703 hospitalizations for acute MI (37.6% female patients, 56.8% aged ≥ 70 years) treated in Germany during 2005–2016 were included in this analysis. Of these patients, 410,737 (12.4%) died while in hospital. Overall, 1,007,326 (30.5%) MI cases were coded for DM. While the rate of MI patients with DM increased slightly over time, from 29.8% in 2005 to 30.7% in 2016 (β = 7.04, 95% CI: 4.13–9.94; P < 0.001), their in-hospital mortality decreased from 15.2% to 11.5% (β = -0.36, 95% CI: -0.38 to -0.34; P < 0.001). Rates of in-hospital death (13.2% vs 12.1%; P < 0.001) and recurrent MI (0.8% vs 0.6%; P < 0.001) were higher in MI patients with vs without DM. Also, in MI patients with DM, significantly lower use of coronary artery angiography (51.5% vs 56.8%; P < 0.001) and interventional revascularization (37.6% vs 43.9%; P < 0.001) was noted.ConclusionAlthough in-hospital mortality of patients with MI decreased in both diabetes and non-diabetes patients, in-hospital deaths were still higher in diabetes patients, thereby revealing the impact of this metabolic disorder on cardiovascular outcomes.     

Sex differences in cardiovascular and total mortality among diabetic and non-diabetic individuals with or without history of myocardial infarction

Aims/hypothesis We investigated the associations of type 2 diabetes and a history of myocardial infarction (MI) with coronary heart disease, stroke, cardiovascular and total mortality, and whether these effects are different in men and women.Methods Study cohorts included 51,735 Finnish men and women aged 25–74 years. Smoking status and the history of MI and type 2 diabetes were recorded, and height, weight, blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels were measured at baseline. Additional data on the occurrence of diabetes and MI prior to baseline survey were obtained from national hospital discharge and drug registers through computerised register linkage. Mortality data were obtained from the national mortality register.Results During a mean follow-up period of 17.2 years, 9,201 deaths were recorded. Hazard ratios (HRs) for coronary mortality were 2.1, 4.0 and 6.4 among men with diabetes alone, men with MI alone, and men with diabetes and MI, respectively, compared with men with neither diabetes nor a history of MI. The corresponding HRs among women were 4.9, 2.5 and 9.4, respectively. The equivalent HRs for cardiovascular and total mortality were 2.2, 3.3 and 6.0, and 1.8, 2.3 and 3.7 in men, and 4.4, 2.4 and 6.5, and 3.2, 1.7 and 4.4 in women, respectively. Diabetic men and women had similar total mortality rates, whereas total mortality rates were markedly higher among men in the other three diabetes–MI categories.Conclusions/interpretation Diabetes and MI markedly increase cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. In women, the association between diabetes and mortality was stronger than that between MI and mortality, whereas the converse was true among men.     

Incidence of cardiovascular events after hospital admission for pneumonia

Objective

Several studies have suggested an increased risk of cardiovascular events, primarily acute myocardial infarction, around the time of hospital admission for pneumonia. Therefore, we examined cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, unstable angina, stroke, and serious cardiac arrhythmias, within 90 days after hospitalization for pneumonia.

Methods

By using data from the administrative databases of the Department of Veterans Affairs, we examined a cohort of subjects hospitalized with pneumonia between October 2001 and September 2007. Subjects were at least 65 years of age. We examined the incidence of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, unstable angina, and stroke by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes, excluding those with a diagnosis before the admission for pneumonia.

Results

The cohort comprised 50,119 subjects with a mean age of 77.5 years (standard deviation 6.7 years), 98% of whom were male. The 90-day incidence of cardiovascular events was 1.5% for myocardial infarction, 10.2% for congestive heart failure, 9.5% for arrhythmia, 0.8% for unstable angina, and 0.2% for stroke. The majority of events occurred during the hospitalization for pneumonia.

Conclusion

A clinically important number of subjects in this cohort had a cardiovascular event within 90 days of hospital admission, suggesting that such events may have an important role in post-pneumonia mortality. Additional research is needed to determine whether interventions may reduce the number of cardiovascular events after pneumonia.     

Association between mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure throughout the follow‐up and cardiovascular events in acute myocardial infarction patients with systolic dysfunction and/or heart failure: an analysis from the High‐Risk Myocardial Infarction Database Initiative

Background

Observational data have described the association of blood pressure (BP) with mortality as ‘J‐shaped’, meaning that mortality rates increase below a certain BP threshold. We aimed to analyse the associations between BP and prognosis in a population of acute myocardial infarction (MI) patients with heart failure (HF) and/or systolic dysfunction.

Methods and results

The datasets included in this pooling initiative are derived from four trials: CAPRICORN, EPHESUS, OPTIMAAL, and VALIANT. A total of 28 771 patients were included in this analysis. Arithmetic means of all office BP values measured throughout follow‐up were used. The primary outcome was cardiovascular death. The mean age was 65 ± 11.5 years and 30% were female. Patients in the lower systolic BP (SBP) quintiles had higher rates of cardiovascular death (reference: SBP 121–128 mmHg) [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.26–2.74 for SBP ≤112 mmHg, and HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.16–1.43 for SBP 113–120 mmHg]. The findings for HF hospitalization and MI were similar. However, stroke rates were higher in patients within the highest SBP quintile (reference: SBP 121–128 mmHg) (HR 1.38, 95% CI 1.11–1.72). Patients who died had a much shorter follow‐up (0.7 vs. 2.1 years), less BP measurements (4.6 vs. 9.8) and lower mean BP (–8 mmHg in the last SBP measurement compared with patients who remained alive during the follow‐up), suggesting that the associations of low BP and increased cardiovascular death represent a reverse causality phenomenon.

Conclusion

Systolic BP values <125 mmHg were associated with increased cardiovascular death, but these findings likely represent a reverse causality phenomenon.

     

Higher heart rates increase risk of diabetes and cardiovascular events: A prospective cohort study among Inner Mongolians

AimThe study examined the association between resting heart rate and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular events in an Inner Mongolian population.MethodsBased on a cross-sectional survey carried out in 2003, 2530 participants were reinvestigated between 2013 and 2014. All participants were classified into four groups (quartiles) according to heart rate. Primary outcomes were hypertension, T2D, major macrovascular events and all-cause deaths. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs), and shape-restricted cubic spline regressions were conducted to investigate the associations between resting heart rate and study outcomes.ResultsDuring the 10-year follow-up, 502 (41.6%) patients developed hypertension, 200 (10.4%) had diabetes, 464 (18.3%) experienced major macro-vascular events and 306 (14.3%) died. Resting heart rate was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension, T2D, major macro-vascular events and all-cause deaths: adjusted ORs (95% CI) for the highest vs lowest quartiles of heart rate were 1.51 (1.06–2.15), 2.44 (1.54–3.85), 1.55 (1.14–2.10) and 1.57 (1.05–2.34), respectively. Multivariable-adjusted restricted cubic spline regression models showed a linear association between heart rate and the four outcomes (all P < 0.05 for linearity). The addition of heart rate to basic risk factors improved the prediction of risk of diabetes and all-cause deaths [indices of continuous net reclassification improvement and of integrated discrimination improvement were 21.92% (P = 0.002) and 22.69% (P < 0.001), and 0.72% (P = 0.01) and 0.58% (P = 0.03), respectively].ConclusionHigher heart rates were associated with an increased risk of hypertension, T2D, major macro-vascular events and all-cause deaths among Inner Mongolians, suggesting that heart rate measurement may be of value as a potential clinical and diagnostic marker.     

Cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes: comparison with nondiabetic individuals without and with prior cardiovascular disease. 10-year follow-up of the Hoorn Study.

AIMS: We questioned whether prior cardiovascular disease has the same impact on risk of cardiovascular events as type 2 diabetes, and whether this differed between men and women. METHODS AND RESULTS: To address these issues we compared the 10-year risk of cardiovascular events among 208 Caucasian individuals with diabetes to that of 2253 Caucasian individuals without diabetes, in a population-based cohort study. Gender significantly modified the association between type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events (p=0.01). The hazard ratio of cardiovascular events associated with the presence of diabetes was higher in women (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2 to 2.7) than in men (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.3; 0.9 to 2). As compared to men without diabetes but with prior cardiovascular disease, risk of cardiovascular events was significantly lower in men with diabetes but without prior cardiovascular disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.5; 0.3 to 0.9). In contrast, this risk was equal in women with diabetes but without prior cardiovascular disease and women without diabetes but with prior cardiovascular disease (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.0; 0.6 to 1.7; P for interaction between gender and diabetes=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Women with diabetes but without prior cardiovascular disease have a risk of cardiovascular events that is similar to that of women without diabetes but with prior cardiovascular disease, whereas in men the presence of prior cardiovascular disease conferred a higher risk. These data emphasise the necessity of aggressive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors in women with type 2 diabetes.     

心肌梗死后患者应用非甾体类抗炎药影响心血管风险的临床分析

目的 评估非甾体类抗炎药(NSAIDs)对心肌梗死后患者心血管事件发生的影响.方法 回顾性分析182例心肌梗死患者的临床资料,依据出院后服药差异分为:观察组,87例,长期服用选择性NSAIDs;对照组,95例,仅服用阿司匹林或氯吡格雷.随访1年后,比较两组患者高血压、接受血运重建术、2级以上心力衰竭以及猝死等心血管事件的发生率;并用Cox风险比例模型分析NSAIDs与心血管事件发生率的相关性.结果 观察组患者高血压、接受血运重建术、2级以上心力衰竭及猝死的发生率显著高于对照组,分别为13.79％(12/87)和9.47％(9/95)、14.94％ (13/87)和10.64％(10/95)、22.99％ (20/87)和12.63％ (12/95)、3.44％ (3/87)和2.10％(2/95,P均＜0.05).服用NSAIDs使心肌梗死后患者心血管事件的发生率显著增加,分别为:高血压(OR=1.48,95％ CI:1.26～ 1.69)、接受血运重建术(OR=1.33,95％CI:1.17 ～ 1.53)、2级以上心力衰竭(OR=1.84,95％ CI:1.49 ～2.06)及猝死(OR=1.42,95％CI:1.29～1.68).结论 心肌梗死后患者服用选择性NSAIDs会显著增加患者心血管事件发生风险.     

Risk for cardiovascular events in an Italian population of patients with type 2 diabetes

Background and aim

This study aims to analyse the risk of cardiovascular events in a local cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes, and to evaluate the prognostic accuracy of four algorithms used to estimate cardiovascular risk: the Framingham study, United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), Riskard study and Progetto Cuore.

Method and results

We analysed clinical charts of the Diabetes Clinics of Modena for the period 1991–95. Patients in the age range of 35–65 with type 2 diabetes and no previous cardiovascular disease were eligible. The incidence of new cardiovascular disease was compared with estimated rates deriving from the different functions. A stratification was obtained in subgroups at different cardiovascular risk, allowing comparison between the algorithms. A total of 1532 patients were eligible; women presented a worse cardiovascular risk profile. An absolute 10-year rate of cardiovascular events of 14.9% was observed. Comparing patients with events with event-free subjects, we found significant differences in systolic blood pressure, age at visit, smoking, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, duration of diabetes, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and co-morbidities. Comparing the estimated risk rate according to the different functions, Italian algorithms were more consistent with observed data; however, Progetto Cuore and Riskard show underestimation of events when applied to females.

Conclusions

Estimation of cardiovascular risk is dependent on the algorithm adopted and on the baseline risk of the reference cohort. Functions designed for a specific population, including risk variables peculiar for diabetes, should be adopted to increase the performance of such functions which is clearly unsatisfactory at present.     

Abnormal myocardial perfusion and risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND:

Diabetes is a major risk factor for heart failure (HF), although the pathophysiological processes have not been clarified.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the prevalence of HF and of abnormal myocardial perfusion in diabetic patients evaluated using technetium (99m) sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography.

METHODS:

An observational cross-sectional study was conducted that included patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent echocardiography to diagnose HF and a pharmacological stress test with intravenous dipyridamole to examine cardiac scintigraphic perfusion abnormalities. Clinical and biochemical data were also collected.

RESULTS:

Of the 160 diabetic patients included, 92 (57.6%) were in HF and 68 (42.5%) were not. When patients were stratified according to the presence of abnormal myocardial perfusion, those with abnormal perfusion had a higher prevalence of HF (93%) than those with normal perfusion (44.4%) (P<0.0001). Patients with HF weighed more (P=0.03), used insulin less frequently (P=0.01), had lower total cholesterol (P=0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (P=0.002), and a greater number of their myocardial segments showed abnormal perfusion (P≤0.001). More HF patients had a history of myocardial infarction (P<0.001) compared with those without HF. In a logistic regression analysis, the number of segments exhibiting abnormal myocardial perfusion was an independent risk factor for HF.

CONCLUSIONS:

The prevalence of HF in diabetic patients was high and HF predominantly occured in association with myocardial ischemia.     

糖尿病对急性心肌梗死住院病死率的影响

目的:探讨糖尿病是否为影响急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。方法:回顾分析2136例AMI患者,根据是否并发糖尿病分为2组,比较2组患者的临床特征、住院治疗和并发症发生率,并对可能影响AMI患者住院病死率的因素进行多因素回归分析。结果:与非糖尿病组相比,糖尿病组患者年龄较大[(65.5±10.3)比(62.4±11.8)岁,P<0.01],空腹血糖较高[(10.4±3.2)比(5.6±1.2)mmol/L,P<0.01],女性较多(46.4%比24.8%,P<0.01),多伴有高血压(49.9%比42.8%,P<0.01)和血脂异常(63.9%比58.7%,P<0.05),心功能≥KillipⅢ级者较多(11.3%比5.8%,P<0.01),急性期再灌注治疗率(22.3%比30.6%,P<0.01)和住院期间β受体阻滞剂的使用率(64.5%比70.6%,P<0.05)较低。糖尿病组患者住院病死率显著高于非糖尿病组(14.4%比5.9%,P<0.01)。多因素回归分析显示,年龄、高血压、糖尿病、空腹血糖、血脂异常、心功能Killip分级、再灌注治疗和β受体阻滞剂的使用率均为影响AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。结论:糖尿病是影响AMI患者住院病死率的独立危险因素。     

不同性别老年ST段抬高性心肌梗塞患者临床分析

目的：探讨不同性别老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗塞（STEMI）患者冠状动脉病变程度以及危险因素的差异。方法：选择年龄≥60岁的STEMI患者206例,其中男性124例,女性82例,分析比较老年男性和女性STEMI患者临床基本资料,高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症、吸烟等危险因素伴发情况及冠状动脉病变程度。结果：与老年男性STEMI患者比较,老年女性STEMI患者总胆固醇[（4.41±0.89）mmol/L∶（4.80±1.06）mmol/L]、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇[（1.08±0.26）mmol/L∶（1.26±0.36）mmol/L]和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇[（2.67±0.68）mmol/L∶（2.88±0.82）mmol/L]水平明显升高（P〈0.05~〈0.01）,合并糖尿病（25.0%∶39.8%）、高脂血症（36.3%∶52.4%）比例明显升高（P〈0.05~〈0.01）,女性STEMI患者冠状动脉病变积分较低[（5.56±2.14）分∶（4.93±2.36）分,P〈0.05],三支病变比例明显降低（58.1%∶40.2%）,单支病变（15.3%∶26.8%）和双支病变（26.6%∶32.9%）比率明显升高（P均〈0.05）。结论：老年女性急性ST段抬高心肌梗塞患者较多合并高脂血症、糖尿病,而老年男性患者冠脉血管病变多为多支病变。     

Carotid intima-media thickness progression predicts cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes

Aims

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the relationship between progression of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and cardiovascular events in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and free of history of cardiovascular events.

Methods

Patients with T2DM (n = 342) without history of cardiovascular events whose cIMT was assessed more than twice by ultrasonography were recruited and followed up for cardiovascular events.

Results

During a mean follow-up of 7.6 years, 56 (16.4%) cardiovascular events (27 coronary events and 29 cerebrovascular events) were recorded. Multivariate analysis with the Cox proportional hazard model identified cIMT progression as a significant determinant of cardiovascular events, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.24 (95% confidence interval; CI, 1.25–4.03, P < 0.01), in addition to baseline cIMT. The Kaplan–Meier curves also showed significantly higher event rate in patients with high cIMT progression compared with those with low cIMT progression (log-rank χ² = 6.65; P < 0.01). Furthermore, the combination of high baseline cIMT and high cIMT progression was a significant predictor of cardiovascular events.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that cIMT progression, in addition to baseline cIMT, is a predictor of cardiovascular events in patients with T2DM without history of cardiovascular events, and that the combination of cIMT progression and baseline cIMT has a strong predictive power for such events.     

心脏康复护理对急性心肌梗死患者心理状态和并发症的影响

目的：探讨心脏康复护理对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者心理状态和并发症发生率的影响。方法：84例AMI患者被随机分为常规护理组和康复护理组,各42例;分别予以常规护理和心脏康复护理,通过焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）对两组患者在护理前和治疗一周、二周后进行评分;同时记录两组患者主要不良心血管事件（MACE）发生率;将所得数据进行统计分析。结果：康复护理组患者SAS[一周后（52.20±6.15）分,二周后（39.54±7.29）分]和SDS[一周后（42.90±5.31）分,二周后（35.23±5.12）分]评分显著低于常规护理组的[SAS：一周后（61.8±5.84）分、二周后（58.62±7.40）分,SDS：一周后（49.35±5.08）分、二周后（46.25±5.43）分],P均〈0.01;且MACE发生率显著低于常规护理组（P〈0.05）。结论：在没有并发症的急性心肌梗死患者中实施心脏康复护理能够改善患者心理状态,减少主要不良心血管事件的发生。     

Impact of diabetes mellitus on long-term survival in patients with congestive heart failure.

AIMS: To test the hypothesis that diabetic status may be used as a prognostic indicator in heart failure (HF) patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 1246 consecutive patients with left ventricular dysfunction. All patients had a cardiopulmonary exercise test and an echocardiogram. Cardiac catheterisation was systematically performed to define HF aetiology. Twenty-two percent of the patients were diabetic (hypoglycaemic drugs or fasting blood glucose >126 mg/dL); in diabetic patients, HF aetiology was ischaemic in 58% vs. 40% in non-diabetic patients ( p < 0.0001). Clinical follow-up (median 1200 days) was obtained for 1241 patients. There was a statistically significant effect of diabetes mellitus on cardiac survival that differed according to HF aetiology (interaction p > 0.01). Diabetes mellitus was an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in ischaemic patients (HR=1.54 [1.13; 2.09]; P = 0.006) but not in non-ischaemic patients (HR=0.65 [0.39; 1.07];p = 0.09). When diabetic patients were defined as patients receiving hypoglycaemic drugs at baseline, diabetes mellitus remained an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in ischaemic patients (HR=1.43 [1.03; 1.98]; p = 0.03) while diabetes mellitus was associated with a statistically significant decrease in cardiovascular mortality in non-ischaemic patients (HR=0.46 [0.23; 0.88]; p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The prognostic impact of diabetes mellitus in HF patients is markedly influenced by the underlying aetiology and is particularly deleterious in those with ischaemic cardiomyopathy.     

Impact of gender differences on lifestyle and glycemic control in Japanese patients with diabetes during COVID-19 lockdowns

AimsThe COVID-19 pandemic has drastically changed global lifestyles. Some reports about lifestyle changes during this pandemic have been published. However, these studies have not assessed gender differences. Thus, we analyzed three lifestyle changes to determine gender differences.MethodsWe analyzed physical activity, snacking habits, and drinking habits in 323 patients with diabetes. Gender differences in lifestyle habits were analyzed using the ?² test, and comparisons of HbA1c between 2019 and 2020 were analyzed using the paired t-test. The factors that influenced the deterioration of HbA1c were determined using multivariate logistic regression analyses.ResultsOf the 323 patients, 212 were male and 111 were female. When examined by quarter, the HbA1c values increased significantly in 2020 compared with that in 2019 in the July–September period. In terms of gender differences in the changes of lifestyle habits, decreased physical activity was higher in women. The factors that affected deterioration in HbA1c were snacking habits for the overall and the male populations.ConclusionsThe lifestyle changes differed between the genders during the pandemic. A balanced diet is important for all patients with diabetes. Additionally, more attention should be paid to physical inactivity in women.     

Hypertension in diabetes: A call to action

The Canadian Hypertension Education Program, Blood Pressure Canada, Canadian Hypertension Society, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Canadian Diabetes Association, College of Family Physicians of Canada, Canadian Pharmacists Association and the Canadian Council of Cardiovascular Nurses call on Canadian health care professionals to redouble efforts to help patients achieve treatment targets (blood pressure less than 130 mmHg systolic and less than 80 mmHg diastolic) in people with diabetes. Treatment of high blood pressure in people with diabetes results in large reductions in death and disability within a short period of time and needs to be a therapeutic priority. Achieving blood pressure targets requires sustained lifestyle modification, and three or more drugs including a diuretic are often required. Antihypertensive treatment in people with diabetes is one of the few medical treatments estimated to reduce overall health costs. The cost of treatment is less than the cost of complications prevented. Blood pressure needs to be assessed at all visits and home blood pressure assessment is encouraged. Management strategies need to include assessment and management of cardiovascular risks including smoking, unhealthy eating, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia as well as dysglycemia. The risks and benefits of acetylsalicylic acid in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease are uncertain in people with hypertension and diabetes. Intensive individualized lifestyle modification is recommended to prevent and treat hypertension, dyslipidemia, dysglycemia and other vascular risks in people with diabetes.