免疫补体调节蛋白C1 抑制物对巨噬细胞极化的作用

目的:研究免疫补体调节蛋白C1 抑制物(C1INH)调节巨噬细胞向经典活化巨噬细胞(M1)和选择性激活巨噬细胞(M2)的极化作用。方法:首先从人血中分离单核细胞后,单核细胞在巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)或粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)作用下转变为静态巨噬细胞;静态巨噬细胞在干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)或白细胞介素4(IL-4)+IL-13 刺激作用下分别转化为M1 或M2。通过流式细胞仪观察C1INH 对巨噬细胞CD14、CD163、CD206 表型标志物的作用;应用RT-PCR 分析C1INH 对巨噬细胞细胞因子、趋化因子、相关酶基因表达影响;利用Western blot 方法,探讨在炎症条件下C1INH 对巨噬细胞CD14 结合Toll 样受体4(TLR4)的影响。结果:C1INH 抑制M-CSF 源性M1 的CD14、CD163 和GM-CSF 源性M2 的CD206 表型。C1INH 减少M1 的肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和IL-6 表达,而增加M2 的15 脂氧合酶(ALOX15)和IL-10 表达。C1INH 抑制M1 的诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)mRNA,而提高M2 的精氨酸酶1(Arg1)mRNA 表达。C1INH 促进M1 的杀菌活性和M2 对菌的吞噬功能。C1INH 阻断CD14-TLR4 介导信号传导通路。结论:C1INH 调节巨噬细胞极化。     

Epigenetic control of macrophage polarization

Epigenetic control of gene expression is critical for cellular differentiation and development. Macrophage development, polarization and activation are also controlled by DNA and histone modifications. This Viewpoint summarizes the recent findings on the role of histone modifications regulating macrophage polarization toward M1 and M2 subtypes.     

病原菌影响巨噬细胞极化的研究进展

巨噬细胞作为固有免疫系统中的重要一员,具有吞噬、抗原呈递、杀伤病原体等功能,在早期控制病原菌感染中发挥重要作用。病原菌可诱导巨噬细胞发生M1/M2型极化而参与机体对病原菌感染的免疫应答。病原菌运用不同的策略诱导巨噬细胞极化,对感染性疾病转归产生重要的影响。     

信号转导及转录激活因子家族分子在巨噬细胞极化调控中的作用研究进展

巨噬细胞在调控炎症及免疫反应,维持免疫稳态中发挥关键的作用.不同微环境条件下,巨噬细胞功能出现异质性.其可以极化为经典活化(M1)或替代活化(M2)两种不同的极化类型,分别发挥促炎或抑炎的功能.众所周知,许多调控分子参与了巨噬细胞的极化调控过程.在众多的极化调控分子中,信号转导及转录激活因子(Stats)家族是一类最主要的调控分子.Stats家族有7个成员,即Stat1、Stat2、Stat3、Stat4、Stat5a、Stat5b和Stat6.它们结构相似,但功能不同.目前已经明确,Stats分子在机体炎症应答中发挥重要的作用,调控着巨噬细胞的极化进程.     

Advanced age impairs macrophage polarization

Aging affects many aspects of the cellular function of macrophages. Macrophages play a critical role in innate immunity, acting as sentinels to fight pathogens, promoting wound healing, and orchestrating the development of the specific acquired immune response. However, little is known about how age influences the ability of macrophage to change phenotypes in response to environmental factors. This study examined the age-associated defects on macrophage polarization toward a pro-inflammatory (M1) or an anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotype. Adherent splenocytes enriched for macrophages were cultured with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a combination of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or interleukin (IL)-4. A panel of M1 markers, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and M2 markers, including arginase-1 (Arg1), Ym1, and Found In Inflammatory Zone 1 (FIZZ1), were analyzed. IL-6 mRNA in cells from aged mice was decreased by 78% and 58% compared with young after stimulation with LPS or IFN-γ and TNF-α (P<0.05), respectively. Also, there was a marked reduction in the induced levels of iNOS, IL-1β, and TNF-α in cells from aged mice relative to young controls. Similarly, IL-4 exposure resulted in a reduction of M2 markers in adherent splenocytes from aged mice compared with younger animals. This was consistent with a 28% decrease in splenic F4/80(+)IL-4R(+) cells in aged mice relative to controls, although IL-4R expression on these cells did not vary between age groups. In contrast, levels of M1 and most M2 markers, save for FIZZ1, in bone marrow-derived macrophages were similar between the age groups, irrespective of stimuli. These data imply that impaired macrophage polarization in the elderly may dysregulate the development of the host response, making them more susceptible to infectious diseases and that the aging microenvironment may be a key modulator of these macrophage-elicited responses.     

Aire 对巨噬细胞极化影响的研究

目的:研究自身免疫调节因子(Aire)对巨噬细胞极化的影响。方法:分别用LPS、IL-4 以及LPS 联合免疫复合物刺激小鼠单核巨噬细胞系RAW264郾7 细胞、稳定表达GFP-Aire 的RAW264.7 细胞(A33-3) 细胞和稳定表达GFP 的RAW264.7 细胞(C1-6),使其向M1(LPS)、M2a(IL-4)和M2b(LPS 联合免疫复合物)型巨噬细胞极化。通过Real-time PCR 检测各组细胞中M1 型巨噬细胞特征分子IL-1、iNOS 和IL-6,M2a 型特征分子Arg-1 和M2b 型特征分子IL-10 的表达水平,研究Aire 对各种类型巨噬细胞极化的影响。结果:LPS 在0.5 g/ ml 浓度时,RAW264.7 细胞中M1 型巨噬细胞产物IL-1 、iNOS和IL-6 基因表达量最高;而IL-4 以及LPS 联合免疫复合物的刺激作用有显著的剂量依赖性,都在浓度最高时RAW264.7 细胞中Arg1(M2a)和IL-10(M2b)基因表达量最高。LPS 刺激后,A33-3 细胞中IL-1 和iNOS 表达水平明显高于C1-6 细胞,IL-6 则相反;IL-4 及LPS 联合免疫复合物刺激后,A33-3 细胞中Arg1 和IL-10 的表达水平明显低于C1-6 细胞。结论:Aire 可能促进巨噬细胞向M1 极化,同时抑制其向M2a 和M2b 极化。     

巨噬细胞极化在过敏性哮喘中的作用

过敏性哮喘(allergic asthma,AA)是常见的慢性呼吸道疾病,严重危害人们的身体健康.巨噬细胞是存在于肺组织中最丰富的免疫细胞群,参与了过敏性哮喘的发病过程.在受到不同变应原刺激后,巨噬细胞表现出不同的活化状态,并发挥不同的免疫功能,这一过程称之为巨噬细胞极化(mac-rophge polarization).这里主要讨论巨噬细胞及巨噬细胞极化在过敏性哮喘发病过程中的作用,以及巨噬细胞极化过程中表观遗传学变化的新概念,包括miRNAs、DNA甲基化和组蛋白修饰等,它们可能通过调节细胞信号和标志基因的表达来调控巨噬细胞极化,从而影响了过敏性哮喘发病过程,为过敏性哮喘的免疫治疗策略提供了新的见解.     

NAD +代谢调控巨噬细胞炎症反应研究进展

细胞内烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸( nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD +)通过从头合成、补救合成、Preiss-Handler三条合成途径以及以NAD+为底物的三种酶家族[聚ADP-核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerase,PARP)、CD38、沉默...     

Schistosoma japonicum infection induces macrophage polarization

The role of macrophages （MФ） as the first line of host defense is well accepted. These cells play a central role in orchestrating crucial functions during schistosomal infection. Thus, understanding the functional diversity of these cells in the process of infection as well as the mechanisms underlying these events is crucial for developing disease control strategies. In this study, we adopted a Mqb polarization recognition system. M1 macrophage was characterized by expressing CD16/32, IL-12 and iNOS. M2 macrophage was characterized by expressing CD206, IL-10 and arg-1. In vivo （mouse peritoneal macrophages of different infection stages were obtained） and in vitro （different S. japonicum antigens were used to stimulate RAW264.7） were characterized by using the above mentioned system. NCA and ACA stimulated RAW264.7 express significantly higher levels of IL-12 while significantly higher levels of IL-10 were detected after soluble egg antigen （SEA） stimulation. The results showed that dramatic changes of antigen in the microenvironment before and after egg production led to macrophage polarization. Furthermore, through TLR blocking experiments, the TLR4 signaling pathway was found to play a role in the process of macrophage polarization toward M1. Our data suggest that macrophage polarization during S. japonicum infection had significant effects on host immune responses to S. japonicum.     

凋亡细胞与外染色体的免疫调节作用

树突状细胞（DC）是专职的抗原递呈细胞（APC）,它能够引起同种异体移植物排斥的抗供者T细胞反应。利用供者来源的凋亡细胞或外染色体在原位将供者同种异体抗原递呈给受者的静止DC来诱导耐受,凋亡细胞和外染色体的免疫调节作用为诱导移植耐受提供了一条新的途径。     

Role of exosomes in tumour and transplant immune regulation

Exosomes are a potent means for intercellular communication. However, exosomes have received intensive research focus in immunobiology only relatively recently. Because they transport proteins, lipids and genetic material between cells, they are especially suited to amplify their parental cell's message and overcome the physical constraints of cell‐to‐cell contact, that is exosome release gives cells the ability to alter distant, non‐contiguous cells. As progress is made in this field, it has become increasingly obvious that exosomes are involved in most biological processes. In the immune system, exosomes are fundamental tools used by every immune cell type to fulfil its function and promote inflammation or tolerance. In this review, we first summarize key aspects of immune cell‐specific exosomes and their functions. Then, we describe how exosomes have been shown to be indispensable orchestrators of the immune response in two immunological scenarios, namely transplant rejection or tolerance, and tumour evasion or initiation of anti‐tumour immune responses.     

Strain-dependent modulation of macrophage polarization within scaffolds

Implanted synthetic substrates for the regeneration of cardiovascular tissues are exposed to mechanical forces that induce local deformation. Circulating inflammatory cells, actively participating in the healing process, will be subjected to strain once recruited. We investigated the effect of deformation on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) adherent onto a scaffold, with respect to macrophage polarization towards an inflammatory (M1) and reparative (M2) phenotype and to early tissue formation. HPBMCs were seeded onto poly-ε-caprolactone bisurea strips and subjected to 0%, 7% and 12% cyclic strain for up to one week. After 1 day, cells subjected to 7% deformation showed upregulated expression of pro and anti-inflammatory chemokines, such as MCP-1 and IL10. Immunostaining revealed presence of inflammatory macrophages in all groups, while immunoregulatory macrophages were detected mainly in the 0 and 7% groups and increased significantly over time. Biochemical assays indicated deposition of sulphated glycosaminoglycans and collagen after 7 days in both strained and unstrained samples. These results suggest that 7% cyclic strain applied to hPBMCs adherent on a scaffold modulates their polarization towards reparative macrophages and allows for early synthesis of extracellular matrix components, required to promote further cell adhesion and proliferation and to bind immunoregulatory cytokines.     

姜黄素对巨噬细胞的极化调节作用研究进展

巨噬细胞是创面愈合和组织修复过程的“总指挥”,对整个愈合过程具有不可替代的指导作用.巨噬细胞在不同微环境中可分别被诱导分化为M1型巨噬细胞和M2型巨噬细胞,前者在创面中能吞噬并清除外源性异物和坏死细胞,促进炎症反应的发生;后者在创面中通过释放各种细胞因子,调节创伤修复,抑制炎症反应的发生.不同极化状态的巨噬细胞在创伤愈合过程中发挥着不同的作用.姜黄素能够促进M0和(或)M1型巨噬细胞向M2型巨噬细胞极化.但至今姜黄素对巨噬细胞极化调节作用机制还尚不完全清楚.深入探讨姜黄素对巨噬细胞的调节机制及作用效应,将为创面愈合提供新的治疗策略和靶点.     

Tumor-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induces intratumoral infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophage subpopulation in transplanted rat tumors.

By immunohistochemistry using anti-rat macrophage monoclonal antibodies RM-1, ED1, ED2, ED3, TRPM-3, and Ki-M2R, we studied transplanted rat tumors of 9L (rat gliosarcoma), Ad-2 (rat mammary carcinoma), and MT-P (rat malignant fibrous histiocytoma) cell lines to examine the distribution pattern of macrophages within and around the tumors. Most tumor-associated macrophages expressed RM-1, ED1, and Ia antigens, indicating activated macrophages. Based on differences in their immunophenotypical expression, these macrophages were distinguished into two major subpopulations. One expressed TRPM-3 and/or ED3, and the other was positive for ED2 and Ki-M2R. The former was considered to be monocyte-derived macrophages, whereas the latter showed the immunophenotype of tissue-fixed, resident macrophages. Infiltration and distribution patterns in the two macrophage subpopulations differed in the three different tumors. Monocyte-derived, activated macrophages infiltrated into 9L- and Ad-2-transplanted tumors, which markedly produced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Additionally, numerous ED2- and Ki-M2R-positive macrophages were observed within the Ad-2-transplanted tumors, and some of them expressed TRPM-3. However, there were few macrophages in the MT-P-transplanted tumors that showed no MCP-1 production. In transplanted tumors of four MT-P/MCP-1 cell lines established by transfecting a rat MCP-1 gene expression vector (pCEP4/MCP-1) into the MT-P cell line, different levels of MCP-1 production were detected, which correlated well with the numbers of intratumorally infiltrated TRPM-3-positive macrophages. In contrast, ED2- and Ki-M2R-positive macrophages were not detected in any MT-P/MCP-1-transplanted tumors. MT-P/MCP-1-transplanted tumors exhibited lower growth rate than parental MT-P-transplanted tumors. These results indicate that tumor-derived MCP-1 induces intratumoral infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages, but not macrophages with the immunophenotype of tissue-fixed, resident type. The former population of macrophages seems to have a suppressive effect on the growth of tumors.     

Obstacles and opportunities for understanding macrophage polarization

Macrophages are now routinely categorized into phenotypic subtypes based on gene expression induced in response to cytokine and pathogen-derived stimulation. In the broadest division, macrophages are described as being CAMs (M1 macrophages) or AAMs (M2 macrophages) based on their exposure to TLR and IFN signals or Th2 cytokines, respectively. Despite the prolific use of this simple classification scheme, little is known about the precise functions of effector molecules produced by AAMs, especially how representative the CAM and AAM subtypes are of tissue macrophages in homeostasis, infection, or tissue repair and how plasticity in gene expression regulates macrophage function in vivo. Furthermore, correlations between mouse and human tissue macrophages and their representative subtypes are lacking and are a major barrier to understanding human immunity. Here, we briefly summarize current features of macrophage polarization and discuss the roles of various macrophage subpopulations and macrophage-associated genes in health and disease.     

A glimpse on the phenomenon of macrophage polarization during atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular disease are the leading causes of mortality in developed countries and the World Health Organization has estimated that by 2020 these disorders will be the main sanitary and socio-economic problem world-wide due in part to the progressive aging of our societies. Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory process triggered and perpetuated by cardiovascular risk factors which cause endothelial dysfunction and leukocyte infiltration within the subendothelial space in the artery wall. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms that govern the recruitment of circulating monocytes into the incipient atherosclerotic lesion and their differentiation into macrophages. Moreover, we discuss current knowledge on macrophage polarization, a phenomenon of increasing interest given recent work suggesting that different stages in the progression of atherosclerosis are associated with the presence of distinct macrophage subtypes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate macrophage polarization and the precise role of distinct macrophage subsets should provide a basis for novel treatment strategies to limit the progression of atherosclerosis.