光学表面监测系统在胸部肿瘤调强放疗的初步应用

目的 探讨光学表面监测系统在胸部肿瘤调强放疗的摆位精度及其应用价值。方法 选取28例胸部肿瘤患者,应用体表标记与激光灯进行治疗前摆位,治疗前行锥形束CT（CBCT）扫描,扫描时通过光学表面监测系统获取表面影像,并与参考影像配准,记录x（左右）、y（头脚）与z（前后）轴的平移误差与旋转误差;扫描后CBCT图像与计划CT图像配准并记录x、y与z轴的平移误差与旋转误差,校正误差后治疗。应用Pearson法分析两组摆位误差的相关性,计算两组摆位误差的系统误差（Σ）与随机误差（σ）;应用Bland-Altman法评估两种影像系统的一致性,并计算95%的可信区间。结果 两组摆位误差有较好的相关性,相关系数在x、y、z轴分别为0.79、0.62、0.53,光学表面监测系统（OSMS）的Σ/σ（mm/mm）在x、y与z轴分别为0.7/1.5、0.9/1.8、0.9/1.5;CBCT的Σ/σ（mm/mm）在x、y与z轴分别为0.8/1.6、1.3/1.9、0.7/1.5;95%的可信区间在x、y与z轴的平移方向分别为（-2.0~2.3）、（-3.4~3.6）与（-3.3~2.4）mm,旋转方向分别为（-2.0~1.6）°、（-2.0~1.4）°与（-1.6~1.6）°。结论 OSMS是一种有效的图像引导工具,能快速准确地验证患者位置,提高摆位精度,可用于胸部肿瘤患者调强放疗的治疗摆位。     

ExacTrac X-射线图像引导系统在体部肿瘤放疗中的摆位误差和残余误差分析

目的 通过对体部肿瘤放射治疗的ExacTrac X-射线图像的回顾性分析,了解患者群体的摆位误差和残余误差分布情况,研究六维放射治疗床修正摆位误差的必要性和有效性。方法 通过配准数字重建图像（DRR）和ExacTrac图像引导系统拍摄的正交kV级验证像的骨性解剖结构,计算患者3个方向的平移误差和旋转误差以及对应的残余误差。结果 平移摆位误差为x（左右方向）：（2.27±2.02）mm,y（头脚方向）：（4.49±2.52）mm,z（腹背方向）：（2.27±1.37）mm;旋转摆位误差为Rx（矢状面）：（1.02±0.73）°,Ry（横断面）：（0.67±0.68）°,Rz（冠状面）：（0.76±0.84）°。残余平移误差x（r）：（0.27±0.48）mm,y（r）：（0.37±0.45）mm,z（r）：（0.22±0.30）mm;残余旋转误差为Rx（r）：（0.17±0.33）°,Ry（r）：（0.14±0.34）°,Rz（r）：（0.16±0.28）°。结论 对于体部放射治疗的患者,旋转误差和平移误差是同时存在的,不仅需要校准平移误差,旋转误差也不容忽视。ExacTrac X-射线图像引导系统能够有效纠正六自由度的摆位误差,并保证残余误差在较小的范围内,保证了体部肿瘤放疗的治疗精度。     

水固化头枕对提高乳腺托架固定下乳腺癌放疗锁骨上野摆位准确性的研究

目的 利用水固化头枕对乳腺托架固定下乳腺癌患者下颈部固定进行改良,观察其对锁骨上野（supraclavicular field,SCF）摆位误差及临床靶区（CTV）外放边界的影响。方法 选取13例乳腺癌改良根治术后放疗患者,在原有乳腺托架定位的基础上增加使用水固化垫,将其固定于圆形头枕上并保证填充颈部与托架间的间隙,同时支撑头部偏转。再利用锥形束CT（cone-beam CT,CBCT） 于第1、10和20次治疗前采集CT图像,记录SCF靶区的摆位误差并与前期研究对比分析,计算其CTV外放值及其外放体积的变化。结果 全组患者摆位误差在左右（x）、上下（y）、前后（z）方向分别为（2.16±1.25）、（1.50±1.28）和（1.94±1.12）mm,俯仰（θ）、滚转（Ф）、偏转（ψ）角度分别为（1.76±1.87）°、（1.82±1.12）°和（0.99±0.58）°。与前期研究数据进行非参数秩和检验（Mann-Whitney U test）,在y、z方向及θ角度上摆位误差差异具有统计学意义（Z=4.152、3.415、2.053,P<0.05）。CTV在x、y、z方向分别需外放4.07、4.03和3.73 mm,较前期研究x、y、z方向外放8、8和6 mm的体积平均减少32.73%。结论 个性化头枕配合乳腺托架的定位方法降低了单一圆枕定位下颈部SCF靶区的摆位误差,并将其CTV的外放缩减至在x、y、z方向上不少于4.07、4.03和3.73 mm。     

利用CBCT研究乳腺托架固定下乳腺癌放疗下颈摆位误差及相应CTV外放边界

目的 利用锥形束CT（CBCT）研究乳腺托架固定下乳腺癌放疗下颈部摆位误差,推算锁骨上临床靶区（CTV）的外放边界。方法 选取于本科行乳腺托架固定体位的14例改良根治术后放疗患者,利用CBCT于第1、10、20次治疗前采集CT图像,比对并记录锁骨上靶区的摆位误差,计算其CTV外放值并分析各方向位移量及旋转度的变化。结果 全组患者摆位误差在左右（x）、上下（y）、前后（z）方向分别为（2.89±2.52）、（3.96±2.97）、（4.21±2.24） mm,俯仰（θ）、滚转（φ）、偏转（ψ）角度分别为（2.38±1.97）°、（1.60±1.63）°、（1.91±1.54）°。由公式计算出CTV在x、y、z方向分别需外放8.08、8.13、6.30 mm;摆位误差在y、z方向位移量分别与φ、ψ角旋转度相关（Pearson=-0.515、-0.509,P<0.05）;分次间变化仅在z方向上位移量与ψ角旋转度相关（Pearson=-0.583,P<0.05）。结论 乳腺托架固定下锁骨上靶区放疗其CTV外放在左右、上下、前后方向应≥8.08、8.13、6.30 mm。应重视颈部偏转对摆位误差带来的影响,进一步改良体位固定方法和优化摆位操作流程。     

联合体位固定技术在肺癌放射治疗中的应用研究

目的 对比分析采用联合体位固定与热塑膜固定的肺癌患者放疗时的摆位误差,探讨不同固定方式下临床靶体积（CTV）至计划靶体积（PTV）外扩边界及其对正常肺组织受照剂量的影响。方法 回顾性选取2016年10月至2018年3月在唐山市人民医院接受过胸部放射治疗的90例患者资料,按不同固定方式将患者分成联合体位组（热塑膜+发泡胶固定）50例,热塑膜组（热塑膜固定）40例。两组患者根据统一标准勾画靶区,1次/周锥形CT（CBCT）与计划CT图像匹配后分别记录左右、上下、前后（x、y、z轴）方向摆位误差,通过t检验进行分析。根据M_PTV=2.5∑+0.7δ计算联合体位组患者CTV至PTV外扩边界。通过治疗计划系统（TPS）系统分别计算两组患者的双肺V₅、V₂₀、V₃₀,并进行对比分析。结果 联合体位组与热塑膜组摆位误差在x轴分别为（1.00±0.58）和（3.28±0.43）mm、y轴分别为（1.42±0.28）和（4.03±0.41）mm、z轴分别为（1.06±0.44）和（3.18±0.34）mm,两组患者x、y、z 轴上的摆位误差比较,差异均有统计学意义（t=-20.740、-35.596、-25.015,P<0.05）。联合体位固定技术在中央型与周围型肺癌患者及在左、右肺癌患者摆位误差比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。通过M_PTV=2.5∑+0.7δ得出联合体位组患者CTV至PTV外扩边界在x、y、z轴分别为2.906、3.746 和2.958 mm。A、B两组对比得出,B组中V₅、V₂₀、V₃₀均值分别较A组减小1.5%、3.1%、4.8%。结论 联合体位固定技术可提高肺部肿瘤患者放射治疗体位固定的精确性,将CTV至PTV外扩边界进一步缩小,对减小放射性肺炎的发生具有一定价值。     

3D打印个体化非共面模板辅助粒子植入时定位与复位误差研究

目的 探讨3D打印个体化非共面模板（简称3D模板）辅助放射性¹²⁵I粒子植入治疗中定位和复位时的误差。方法 选取2015—2016年收治的41例3D模板辅助粒子植入治疗患者。术前2日行CT扫描模拟定位。根据肿瘤靶区位置、深度的图像信息行3D模板针道设计、打印模板。术前3D模板复位,对术前定位计划3D模板位置和复位时3D模板位置的x轴（左右）、y轴（头脚）进行对比分析,并对不同部位、体位3D模板复位与术前摆位误差进行分析。结果 头颈部、胸部和盆腔粒子植入术前计划3D模板定位x、y轴与复位时3D模板位置平均绝对误差分别为（1.77±1.09）、（2.66±1.65）、（4.00±1.41）、（5.22±1.85）、（1.88±1.29）和（2.52±1.37）mm。与胸部相比,头颈部和盆腔部的x和y轴方向位置误差差异有统计学意义（t=-3.730、-3.080、-3.944、-4.519,P<0.05）;其余结果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 3D模板辅助放射性粒子植入联合CT模拟定位技术对模板定位、复位具有很好的校正作用,误差小、精度高,值得临床普及和推广。     

CBCT图像引导鼻咽癌调强放疗的精确性研究

目的 探讨千伏级锥形束CT(kV-CBCT)图像引导技术对鼻咽癌调强放疗精确性的影响。方法 331例鼻咽癌调强放疗患者每周行kV-CBCT校正扫描。计算系统误差(Σ)和随机误差(σ),摆位扩边按照Van Herk公式计算(2.5Σ+0.7σ)。结果 分析3 972个CBCT扫描图像。校正前在x、y、z方向上的平移误差和旋转误差分别为(0.95±0.79)、(1.04±0.66)、(1.14±0.63) mm 和1.32°±0.99°、1.45°±1.37°、1.25°±1.35°,校正后分别为(0.56±0.44)、(0.56±0.51)、(0.42±0.63) mm 和0.78°±0.76°、0.62°±0.85°、0.75°±0.64°。在x、y、z方向校正前的计划靶区扩边值(MPTV)分别为2.93、3.06和3.30 mm,校正后为1.71、1.76和1.49 mm。结论 应用kV-CBCT校正鼻咽癌调强放疗摆位中的线性和旋转误差明显缩小系统和随机误差,使得MPTV缩小到2 mm以内,提高了放疗的精确性。     

光学体表监测系统在乳腺癌术后放疗颈胸膜固定中的应用

目的 建立光学体表监测系统（OSMS）在乳腺癌术后患者放疗颈胸膜固定中的摆位流程,与传统体表标记线摆位方式的摆位精度及其计划靶区体积（PTV）外放边界进行比较。方法 回顾性分析2019年3月至2019年8月于北京大学肿瘤医院行乳腺癌放疗的20例患者摆位数据,根据摆位方式分为OSMS摆位组和传统体表标记线摆位组,每组10例。通过锥形束CT（CBCT）刚性配准靶区微调后获取床左右（x轴向）、升降（y轴向）、进出（z轴向）、床旋转（Rtn）、进出倾斜（Pitch）、左右转动（Roll）配准误差;采用独立样本t检验和χ²检验分别统计误差绝对值和误差分布;最后由PTV外扩公式计算CTV-PTV外扩范围。结果 OSMS组和传统体表标记线组6维度配准误差取绝对值后平均值依次为0.18和0.18 cm、0.12和0.13 cm、0.13和0.23 cm、0.55°和0.74°、0.63°和0.99°、0.67°和0.68°;标准差依次为0.13和0.12 cm、0.09和0.09 cm、0.11和0.16 cm、0.37°和0.55°、0.53°和0.65°、0.42°和0.55°。两组病例摆位误差在z和Pitch方向差异均具有统计学意义（t=3.53、2.98,P<0.05）,两组z方向误差分布差异具有统计学意义（χ²=11.090,P<0.05）。OSMS组和传统体表标记线组x、y、z轴向CTV-PTV外放边界分别为0.28和0.26 cm、0.21和0.20 cm、0.24和0.35 cm。结论 建立和应用OSMS引导乳腺癌术后患者摆位流程,其摆位精度整体优于传统体表标记线摆位方式,且在z、Pitch方向摆位精度提升显著,z方向PTV外扩边界明显缩小,具有临床应用价值。     

新型真空垫在盆腔肿瘤放疗体位固定中的应用评估

目的 对一种新型定制真空垫在盆腔肿瘤放疗体位固定中的应用进行评估,并与传统体位固定方式进行对照研究,以提高盆腔肿瘤摆位精度。方法 66名盆腔肿瘤患者接受放射治疗,将患者按照随机数表法分为3组,每组22名,采用3种不同固定方式：平板固定（N组）、传统真空垫（V组）和定制真空垫（New-V组）。固定效果用三维方向及矢状位轴向旋转的摆位误差测量结果进行评估。结果 New-V组摆位误差在前后（x）、头脚（y）、左右（z）及矢状位轴向旋转角度（r）依次为（0.35±0.37）、（0.21±0.22）、（0.29±0.28） cm和（0.70±0.65）°;N组相应摆位误差依次为（0.44±0.43）、（0.31±0.62）、（0.45±0.60） cm和（1.25±1.00）°;V组依次为（0.38±0.36）、（0.27±0.25）、（0.32±0.29）和（1.09±0.77）°。其中,r值各组比较,差异有统计学意义（F=7.859,P<0.05）。New-V组的r值误差比其他两组小。分次间误差波动性分析显示,z和r方向各组比较,差异有统计学意义（F=3.166,P<0.05）,New-V组在4个方向上波动性较小。根据摆位误差分布,对误差引起中心偏移量进行估计,其引起计划靶区（PTV）的剂量分布差异统计显示,New-V组在最小剂量和平均剂量上差异较小,且最小剂量差异有统计学意义（F=8.018,P<0.05）。结论 New-V组的固定方式较平板（N组）和普通真空垫（V组）固定方式摆位误差、照射分次间误差波动性较小,相对位置误差引起潜在PTV剂量变化较小。因此,新型定制真空垫可优化摆位精度,改善治疗效果。     

宫颈癌螺旋断层调强放疗的外放边界研究

目的 通过自动和自动+手动配准分别得出的宫颈癌放疗位置误差,评估自动+手动配准的必要性,并给出螺旋断层放疗计划靶区(PTV)外扩边界值(MPTV)。方法 回顾性分析2012年6月至2014年12月入组单纯放疗宫颈癌患者29例,采集每周至少两次治疗前兆伏级CT(MVCT)与计划CT图像进行自动配准,得出自动配准位置误差值(AR),并对AR值再行手动配准,得出自动+手动配准位置误差总移动值(TS),比较AR和TS值的差异,并计算MPTV。结果 共获取443幅MVCT图像,在x、y、z轴和角度旋转方向上AR值分别为(-0.9±2.3)、(0.0±3.1)、(1.0±2.6)mm和0.2°±0.8°,TS值分别为(-0.8±1.8)、(-0.4±3.4)、(1.4±2.5)mm和0.1°±0.5°。除x轴以外,AR和TS两组结果差异有统计学意义(t=5.1、-5.2、3.2,P<0.05);x、y和z轴各方向MPTV相应为4.6、5.7和3.3 mm。结论 宫颈癌螺旋断层放疗中,自动配准基础上的手动配准是必要的。建议行螺旋断层宫颈癌单纯放疗患者外扩PTV左右、头脚、前后方向分别为5、6、4 mm。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.