腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术

以肠系膜上静脉外科干为中心的D3淋巴结清扫是腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术的关键操作。手术径路采用由内向外、自下而上的内侧入路,首先以回结肠血管解剖投影为起点,游离回结肠血管,显露肠系膜上静脉远端并进入血管鞘,沿其左侧向上至胰腺颈部下缘,以确定淋巴清扫的平面,并离断处理右结肠动脉和中结肠血管,再进入并由内向外拓展天然外科平面-右侧Toldt 间隙,轻松显露十二指肠、胰腺头部、肠系膜上静脉的右侧,同时沿上静脉右侧壁处理可能的属支及胃结肠干,最后由外侧分离将右半结肠完全游离。这种内侧入路可以清楚地判断血管的变异,彻底完成D3淋巴结的清扫,明显提高手术安全性,并达到根治目的。     

腹腔镜下往复式右半结肠D3/CME根治术

步骤包括:1先切开腹膜显露肠系膜上静脉(SMV)。并于中结肠血管左侧辨认胰颈下缘,进入小网膜囊;2沿SMV左侧缘纵向反复多次切开薄层脂肪组织,以显露可能的结肠动脉分支(回结肠动脉或右结肠动脉及中结肠动脉),并结扎处理,充分显露SMV的全长;3结扎处理中结肠静脉汇入SMV的属支后,与SMV右侧处理回结肠静脉;4沿SMV右侧向胰颈分离,显露胃结肠干的各个分支,单独切断右结肠静脉/或胃网膜右静脉;5分离胰十二指肠前间隙和Toldt间隙,游离结肠,脐周切口完成吻合。特点:1纵向显露SMV左侧缘全长后再处理各静脉属支,简化各静脉属支的显露;2以胰腺颈部为标示,处理静脉属支更加安全。腹腔镜下往复式右半结肠D3/CME根治术简单、安全、可行。     

腹腔镜辅助根治性右半结肠切除术

右半结肠切除术的中间入路:回结肠血管被拉伸并且在所产生的腹膜皱褶的基部开始腹膜切开。腹膜前叶的解剖沿着SMA左边缘进行;在SMV前部行整体淋巴结清扫术,沿着肾前筋膜平面从内侧到外侧和从底部到顶部。Toldt筋膜的解剖胚胎平面被锐性分离:内测分离通常沿肝曲的结肠系膜与胰十二指肠前筋膜之间的平面解剖;外侧通过切开结肠肝曲外侧腹膜返折进入上述平面,在这个水平的结肠筋膜囊相互衔接,可以容易的分离。分离过程中确保右半结肠系膜完整性及保护腹膜后结构,如右输尿管和性腺血管。右侧腹膜返折和回盲部腹膜返折逐渐分离后使右半结肠标本完全游离。     

腹腔镜辅助中央入路根治性右半结肠切除术

患者全身麻醉后,5孔法建立气腹,术者左侧站位。探查腹腔未见转移,行腹腔镜辅助中央入路根治性右半结肠切除术。手术步骤：充分显露右半结肠系膜,辨认回结肠血管,沿肠系膜上静脉投影切开右半结肠系膜根部,进入Toldt’s间隙。分离显露回结肠血管并清扫淋巴结,进而显露肠系膜上静脉。向头侧拓展显露肠系膜上静脉并清扫血管根部淋巴结。显露右结肠、中结肠血管,清扫其根部淋巴结。结扎离断回结肠血管、右结肠血管及中结肠血管右支。向头侧及外侧拓展Toldt’s间隙,分离回肠系膜根部,最后从外侧游离升结肠与内侧贯通,完成右半结肠游离。修整回肠,距回盲部10 cm离断血管弓。采用5 cm上腹正中辅助切口,完成回肠-横结肠端侧吻合并移除标本。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME切除术——尾侧中间联合入路

手术遵循完整结肠系膜切除原则。手术过程包括：探查腹腔;自尾侧从末端回肠系膜根部黄白交界线打开系膜,进入右结肠后间隙,向头侧,外侧拓展该间隙,至十二指肠水平;回到传统中间入路,回结肠血管下方打开结肠系膜,与尾侧方向打开的间隙会师;解剖并高位结扎切断回结肠血管、打开肠系膜上静脉血管鞘,清扫外科干,高位结扎切断右结肠血管、中结肠血管右支,继续拓展分离右结肠后间隙、横结肠后间隙,直至胰腺下缘并进入小网膜囊;打开胃结肠韧带,游离结肠肝曲;打开右侧腹膜,完成肠段游离,体外切除标本、重建消化道。     

腹腔镜根治性(扩大)右半结肠切除术

手术采取经典的中间入路:沿肠系膜上静脉(SMV)表面切开,于其左侧清扫回结肠动脉、右结肠动脉及中结肠动脉根部淋巴结并切断;在回结肠血管下方2 cm自然皱褶处切开进入小肠系膜根部,清扫SMV右侧淋巴组织,根部切断回结肠静脉;沿十二指肠水平部与胰头表面间隙分离,显示胃结肠静脉干,于根部切断;胃大弯中部血管弓下方进入网膜囊,在距幽门10 cm处横断胃网膜右血管,沿胃大弯侧分离至显露胃网膜右动脉根部;沿胰颈下缘切开横结肠系膜前叶,向右分离至胃网膜右动脉根部,清扫并将其切断,向右清扫胰头与十二指肠降部前方横结肠系膜;从上至下、从内向外完整切除右半结肠系膜后叶。于右侧经腹直肌切口切开腹壁,长约6 cm,将右半结肠拖出体外。在肿瘤远端10~15 cm横断横结肠,在回盲部近端切断15 cm回肠后行回肠横结肠吻合术。     

全腹腔镜根治性右半结肠切除术

术中切开回结肠血管蒂下缘系膜进入正确层面,处理回结肠血管并清扫203组淋巴结;继续扩展右结肠后间隙,处理右结肠血管并清扫213组淋巴结,处理中结肠血管并清扫223组淋巴结;裁剪右侧半大网膜及横结肠系膜,游离结肠肝曲,向下游离整个右半结肠;全腔镜下行回肠横结肠侧侧吻合,标本装袋后取出。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME根治术与策略

相对传统右半结肠癌手术,完整全结肠系膜切除(CME)手术可以提供高质量的手术标本和更多的淋巴结清扫数目。因此,腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME根治术既结合了腔镜手术的微创性又兼具CME手术的肿瘤根治性。右半结肠因解剖结构复杂、比邻器官众多、血管变异等因素,手术难度较大。高质量腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME手术的完成需要术者丰富的腹腔镜操作经验与技巧、扎实的解剖学知识和助手的良好配合。腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME手术目前没有标准的手术方式,因此本文拟从右半结肠CME概念、手术适应证、手术步骤、外科操作平面及中央组淋巴结清扫边界等方面介绍腹腔镜右半结肠CME手术的相关内容及注意事项。     

腹腔镜右半结肠根治性切除术

患者取仰卧分腿位,扶镜手站在患者两腿之间,术者站在患者左侧,助手站在患者右侧。腹腔镜观察孔位于脐下10 cm。首先,腹腔镜探查肝脏及腹盆腔,没有发现明确转移灶。先沿Toldt’s线打开升结肠侧方解剖间隙,游离回盲部,以利于更好地牵拉右半结肠。随后,打开回结肠血管与肠系膜下血管之间的系膜,显露肠系膜下静脉,并以此作为标志,自下向上、自中间向右侧进一步解剖并扩大手术平面。良好的游离后,首先分离、夹闭并切断回结肠静脉和动脉,随后处理右结肠血管和结肠中血管,此过程中清扫胰腺前方淋巴脂肪组织。因为肿瘤位于结肠肝曲,我们将幽门下区淋巴结一并切除。完成游离后,脐上方取6 cm纵行切口,将病变肠管提出腹腔外完成切除和回结肠端侧吻合。术后病理回报:p T4b N2b M0(Ⅲc期)。患者恢复顺利,术后第8天出院。     

腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌根治切除术

采用中间入路五孔法。沿肠系膜上静脉(SMV)表面用超声刀切开后腹膜,暴露SMV。紧贴SMV主干离断回结肠动静脉,在右结肠动脉根部将其结扎切断。游离出结肠中动静脉脉主干、Henle’干、副右结肠静脉(SRCV)和胃网膜右静脉(RGEV)。结扎切断结肠中动静脉右支,解剖出胃网膜右动脉(RGEA),胰头前切开横结肠系膜前叶进入小网膜囊。依次在根部结扎切断SRCV、RGEV及RGEA。沿Todlt’间隙将右半结肠系膜掀向右侧腹,切断部分回肠系膜,沿右结肠旁沟切开侧腹膜。切断胃结肠韧带,清除第6组淋巴结。切断肝结肠韧带,完全游离右半结肠,在右中腹做小切口行标本切除及吻合。     

Medially approached radical lymph node dissection along the surgical trunk for advanced right-sided colon cancers

Although laparoscopic surgery is one of the treatment options for colorectal cancer, certain technical problems remain unresolved for the radical dissection of regional lymph nodes (LNs), which is essential to improve treatment outcome. We present a safe procedure for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy to dissect the regional LNs along the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). The key characteristic of our procedure is that all right and middle colic vessels are cut along the surgical trunk using only a medial approach. First, the pedicle of ileocolic vessels is identified and the mesocolon is dissected between the pedicle and the periphery of the SMV to expose the second portion of the duodenum. The ileocolic vessels are then cut at their roots. The ascending mesocolon is separated from the retroperitoneal tissues, duodenum, and pancreatic head up to the hepatocolic ligament cranially. The important detail in this procedure is the wide separation between the pancreatic head and the transverse mesocolon. This procedure uncovers the course of the right colic artery, veins, and the gastrocolic trunk [1]. The right colic artery and veins can then be safely cut at their roots. For an extended right hemicolectomy, the middle colic vessels can easily be identified below the lower edge of the pancreas and cut at their roots [2]. We performed curative resections in this manner for 16 consecutive patients with advanced right-sided colon cancer without any serious intraoperative complications. The median number of retrieved lymph nodes was 31 (range = 9–57). The median operative time and intraoperative blood loss were 274 min (range = 147–431 min) and 45 g (range = 0–120 g), respectively. The postoperative course of all patients was uneventful. Four of 16 patients had node-positive disease. With a median follow-up period of 272 days, all patients are alive without recurrence. We consider this a safe method for radical LN dissection during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with complete mesocolic excision

Background

Complete mesocolic excision (CME) has recently been reemphasized as a technical approach for anatomical dissection during colon cancer surgery. Although a laparoscopic approach for right colon cancer is performed frequently, identifying an adequate dissection plane is not always easy. In our practice, the patient lies in a modified lithotomy position. The first step is ileocolic area mobilization, followed by adequate retraction of the cecum laterally. This procedure enables discrimination of the ileocolic vessels and superior mesenteric vessels. Importantly, this method facilitates identification of the superior mesenteric vein (SMV), followed by the identification of the root of ileocolic pedicles. After that, sharp dissection along the SMV in an upward direction helps to safely identify the middle colic artery (MCA). Dissection then continues to the level of the origin of MCA, after which the right branch of MCA can be divided.

Methods

A total of 128 consecutive patients (63 males) who underwent laparoscopic CME for right colon cancer by a single surgeon were analyzed in this study.

Results

There was no conversion to open surgery. The median operation time was 192 min (interquartile range [IQR] 118–363 min). The median proximal and distal resection margins were 11 and 10 cm, respectively. The median number of harvested lymph nodes was 28 (IQR 3–88). There were six postoperative complications (4.6 %). The median hospital stay was 5 days (IQR 4–37 days). The video demonstrates a laparoscopic CME for a patient who had advanced distal ascending colon cancer.

Conclusion

In conclusion, identifying the anatomical location of the SMV and performing meticulous dissection along the SMV is an essential procedure for containing all potential routes of metastatic tumors. Initial ileocecal mobilization with adequate counter traction of the cecum may be useful for novice surgeons attempting to identify the location of SMV during laparoscopic CME for right colon cancer.     

Three-dimensional vascular anatomy relevant to oncologic resection of right colon cancer

We analyzed data on the three-dimensional vascular anatomy of the right colon from the operative documents of 215 patients undergoing oncologic resection for right colon cancer. The right colic artery (RCA) was absent in 146 patients (67.9%), with the ileocolic artery (ICA) crossing the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) ventrally in 78 patients (36.3%). When the RCA was present, both the ICA and the RCA crossed the SMV ventrally in 44 patients (20.5%), dorsally in 10 patients (4.7%), the RCA crossed the SMV ventrally and the ICA dorsally in 10 patients (4.7%), and the RCA crossed the SMV dorsally and the ICA ventrally in 5 patients (2.2%). The arterial branches toward the hepatic flexure crossed the SMV ventrally in 151 eligible cases: the branch originated from the common trunk of the middle colic artery in 97 patients (64.2%) and 1 and 2 arteries directly originated from the SMA in 49 patients (32.5%) and in 5 patients (3.3%), respectively. These data would be useful to safely perform lymph node dissection around the SMV.     

优先清扫No.206和No.204组淋巴结的全程无结扎结肠肝曲癌根治术

本文首次报道以头侧入路优先清扫No.206和No.204组淋巴结的结肠肝曲癌根治术。首先,使用LigaSure（LF1937）将胃网膜右系膜连同右结肠及其系膜向尾侧剥离,显露十二指肠降部外侧的Toldt筋膜平面,以及胰十二指肠前筋膜平面和Henle干汇入肠系膜上静脉处;其次,沿着回结肠血管蒂下窝切开回结肠系膜表面的膜桥,在右结肠系膜背侧叶与Toldt筋膜之间向头侧拓展筋膜间隙并与头侧间隙会师;最后,在肠系膜上动脉右侧缘剥离右结肠系膜,运用LigaSure（LF1937）防波堤技术,凝闭并切断回结肠动静脉、右结肠动静脉及中结肠动静脉,清扫No.203、No.213和No.223组淋巴结。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术的难点和技巧

随着右半结肠癌发病率的升高,右半结肠癌根治手术的比例也越来越高。虽然腹腔镜的微创优势已经获得广泛的认同,但也部分增加了手术操作的难度。笔者通过本文分享腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术的经验,包括如何正确进入Toldt间隙、回结肠血管和中结肠血管的处理以及 D3淋巴结清扫所遇到的问题,探讨手术中的几个难点及其处理技巧,望对初学者有所裨益。     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌根治术难点与关键技术

随着腹腔镜右侧完整全结肠系膜切除(CME)治疗右半结肠癌的推广,右半结肠癌患者从中普遍获益。从传统的外侧入路到如今的中间入路,从开放手术到腹腔镜手术,手术操作不断精细化、规范化。临床实践中,右侧CME手术强调间隙的分离和淋巴结的清扫,掌握术中操作的难点与技巧可以达到事半功倍的效果。本文从肠系膜上血管的解剖和淋巴结的清扫、胰头前方肠系膜上静脉属支血管的解剖和出血的预防和处理、吻合口并发症的预防和处理、肠管切除重建系膜孔的处理这四个方面展开论述,望对读者有所裨益。