椎体终板与椎间盘退变

椎间盘退变是导致下腰痛的常见原因,与之密切相关的椎体终板退变也逐渐受到重视.MRI的T1和T2加权像上,退变的椎体终板表现为终板与终板下骨相对于正常终板的信号改变,且与对应的椎间盘退变有较高的相关性.经椎体终板的弥散是椎间盘获得营养的主要途径,同时椎体终板又是脊柱运动单位中最容易受损伤的部位,轴向负荷可导致软骨终板、骨性终板及终板下骨小梁弯曲变形,软骨终板与骨性终板分离.这一系列的终板损伤和软骨终板钙化和骨化会妨碍椎间盘营养供应,导致椎间盘组织学退变.新近研究进一步表明椎体终板与椎间盘退变不仅在组织学上密切相关,而且在力学上也密不可分,椎板形状如曲率也与椎间盘退变和突出存在一定的关联.     

椎间盘软骨终板退变的研究进展

椎间盘的退变与多种因素相关,其中软骨终板作为椎间盘的组成部分,通过其渗透作用为椎间盘提供大部分营养,在维持椎间盘正常功能方面发挥重要作用。软骨终板退变作为椎间盘退变的始动因素近来受到广泛关注。软骨终板退变的具体机制尚不明确,但现有研究表明其退变与年龄、异常应力、局部炎症因子、软骨细胞凋亡、软骨基质退变等因素相关,深入研究各因素在终板退变过程中的具体作用机制将为治疗椎间盘退变性疾病提供新的方法,现对软骨终板退变的主要因素做如下综述。     

颈椎软骨终板钙化与颈椎间盘退变和椎体骨赘形成的关系

目的：研究颈椎软骨终板钙化与颈椎间盘退变和颈椎椎体骨赘形成的关系。方法：应用组织学方法观察颈前路环锯手术切下的18例脊髓型颈椎病和4例颈椎过伸性损伤致颈椎间盘突出患者的颈椎间盘及相邻的上下椎体标本,研究不同退变程度颈椎间盘软骨终板和椎间盘的形态学变化及椎体骨赘形成过程。结果：退变程度较轻或基本正常的颈椎间盘软骨终板结构良好,潮标清晰,退变程度较重的颈椎间盘软骨终板发生明显纤维化,潮标前移,钙化软骨和软骨下骨板增厚,退变颈椎间盘周边软骨终板潮标明显前移,钙化和骨化层增厚,形成突向外侧的椎体边缘的骨赘。结论：颈椎软骨终板的不断钙化和骨化导致颈椎间盘营养发生障碍可能是启动颈椎间盘退变的关键因素,退变椎体周边软骨终板的不断钙化和骨化是椎体骨赘形成的根本原因。     

椎体终板下微循环障碍直接导致椎间盘退变的实验研究

目的 通过建立椎体终板下微循环障碍动物模型,探讨椎间盘退变发病的可能机制.方法 将24只新西兰白兔随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组采用联合应用内毒素与激素的方法制备典型椎体终板下微循环障碍模型,并通过终板微血栓染色证实;对照组为阴性空白对照,不给予任何药物干扰,仅标准饲料喂养.3个月后分析实验组和对照组动物椎间盘的水含量、生化成分含量和组织形态学,从而评估椎间盘的退变程度.结果 终板微血栓染色证实实验组成功构建椎体终板下微循环障碍模型,3个月后实验组动物椎间盘水含量、生物化学成分含量均低于对照组,椎间盘切片染色可见椎间盘退变的表现.结论 椎体终板下微循环障碍可直接导致椎间盘退变,椎间盘营养供给障碍是椎间盘退变的发病机制之一.     

软骨终板钙化在椎间盘退变过程中的作用机理

目的：研究椎体软骨终板钙化在椎间盘退变过程中的作用。人新西兰兔随机分为造模与对照组２组,每组发３个月和８个月２个观察亚组。切作造模组动物颈棘上、棘间韧带及分离颈椎后旁两侧肌肉,造成颈椎力学上的失衡而诱导兔颈椎间盘退行性改变。在术后３个月和８个地分别处死,取颈椎间盘组织,行病理学检查在形态学上评定颈椎间盘退变程度,测定不同退变程度椎间盘软骨终板钙化层厚度。结果：退变程度较轻或基本正常的颈椎间盘,软骨     

阿伦磷酸钠联合肾骨安对去势小鼠终板结构和椎间盘退变的影响

目的 :观察阿伦磷酸钠(alendronate,ALN)联合补肾中药———肾骨安(herbs,HB)对去势小鼠椎体终板、椎间盘退变(intervertebral disc degeneration,IVDD)的影响,初步探讨ALN+HB干预IVDD的作用机制。方法:32只12周龄健康雌性C57BL/6J小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(对照组,n=8)、去卵巢组(OVX组,n=8)、ALN组(n=8)及ALN+HB组(n=8)。对照组行假手术,其余各组行双侧卵巢摘除。术后3d开始给药,连续给药2个月后取材,HE及番红O-固绿染色观察椎间盘组织形态学改变并进行病理评分,显微计算机断层扫描(u-CT)检测终板表面孔隙变化及附近骨赘增生情况,免疫组织化学法检测椎间盘中Ⅱ型胶原(Collagen-typeⅡ,Col2)的表达。结果:实验过程中无小鼠死亡。HE及番红O-固绿染色对照组椎间盘结构和形态基本正常;OVX组椎间盘终板发生严重骨化重塑,以下位终板更为明显,同时出现终板与髓核的边界结构紊乱,椎间盘基质的丢失及裂隙形成;ALN组终板骨化重塑较OVX组轻,髓核结构形态改善,软骨终板内仍可见一些小的骨化区;ALN+HB组终板骨化重塑不明显,番红O固绿染色染色可见软骨终板着色加深。IVDD病理评分、终板表面孔隙率(%)和Col2积分光密度(IOD)值分别为1.20±0.84、28.60±4.04和27764.7±1958.2,OVX组为4.00±1.58、56.80±9.39和17213.6±1021.3,ALN组为2.40±0.89、36.20±3.42和18921.4±888.1,ALN+HB组为2.00±0.71、29.60±6.19和23420.1±2439.6。OVX组与对照组比较IVDD病理评分、终板孔隙率均显著性升高(P0.05);ALN组、ALN+HB组与OVX组比较二者均显著性降低(P0.05);ALN组、ALN+HB组与对照组比较,及ALN+HB组与ALN组比较二者均无统计学差异(P0.05)。OVX组、ALN组和ALN+HB组与对照组比较Col2 IOD值均显著性降低(P0.05),ALN组与OVX组比较无统计学差异(P0.05),ALN+HB组与OVX组、ALN组比较均显著性升高(P0.05)。结论 :OVX小鼠雌激素缺乏可引起椎体终板的骨化重塑及孔隙率增加,导致IVDD。ALN及ALN+HB均可以抑制椎体终板的重塑,降低终板孔隙率,保证终板结构和功能完整,从而能延缓雌激素缺乏相关IVDD,ALN+HB效果更为明显。     

实验性腰椎失稳致椎间盘退变的放射影像学观察

目的：探讨腰椎失稳对椎间盘的影响及其X线表现。方法：选用新西兰兔27只，随机分为手术组15只，对照组12只，手术组沿L3-L6棘突作后正中切口，剥离骶棘肌，切除棘上，棘间韧带，咬除关节突关节外后1/2，对照组作相同皮肤切口即缝合，分别于术后4，8个月对腰椎行X线检查，结果：除外手术组切口感染1只，术后2和5个月各死亡1只，其余兔存活完好至取材，术后4个月，手术组均发生腰椎后凸畸形，出现软骨终板钙化的椎间盘超过半数，8个月时，所有椎间盘软骨终板均钙化，多数椎间隙狭窄。对椎间隙楔形样变。椎间隙狭窄。终板钙化和骨赘形成4种退变征象发生频数的统计分析显示，手术组与对照组间的差异具有显著性意义。结论：脊柱稳定对保持椎间盘生理功能意义重大，脊柱失稳可诱发椎间盘退变，后凸畸形和软骨终板钙化是失稳诱发的腰椎间盘退变早先发生和常见的X线征象。     

仙灵骨葆对去势大鼠腰椎软骨终板退变的预防作用

目的探讨仙灵骨葆预防去势大鼠腰椎软骨终板退变的作用机制。方法 30只3月龄Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠,随机均分为3组,每组10只:双侧卵巢切除(OVX)手术组;手术对照组(Sham组);双侧卵巢切除+仙灵骨葆组(OVX+XLGB组),3组术后三个月处死,常规组织切片,HE常规染色、番红0-固绿特殊染色测量软骨终板血管芽相对面积及运用免疫组化检测软骨终板MMP-13的表达。结果 OVX组大鼠椎间盘MMP-13表达及软骨终板血管芽相对面积减少显著高于Sham组和OVX+XLGB组(P<0.05);Sham组显著低于OVX+XLGB组(P<0.05)。结论仙灵骨葆可能通过降低软骨内MMP-3表达量、增加终板血管芽相对面积,延缓椎间盘的退变.     

椎间盘退变与终板内微血管形态改变的相关性研究

目的：通过观测大白兔椎间盘退变过程中椎间盘终板内的血管形态以及血流量的改变，探讨终板内微血管的改变与椎间盘退变之间的相关性。方法：选用40只新西兰大白兔随机分为2组，通过切除造模组20只兔腰椎棘间、棘上韧带及棘突、关节突，造成力学失稳状态诱导形成椎间盘退变模型。分别在术后4、8个月通过扫描电镜、血流激光多普勒仪测定椎体终板内的血管形态以及血流量。结果：在椎间盘退变过程中，椎间盘终板内的血管芽形态逐渐被破坏，微血管数量相应减少，终板内的血流量也明显减少，同时终板内血流量中心部位(靠近髓核区域)血流量多于终板内周围区域的血流量。结论：椎体终板内微血管的改变可能是椎间盘退变的促进因素。     

颈椎间盘退变病因研究进展

目前关于颈椎间盘退变机制的研究报道很多 ,但其确切原因还不清楚 ,现将这方面的研究进展情况综述如下。1　颈椎间盘退变早期的影响因素1 1　软骨终板的改变软骨终板渗透是椎间盘营养供应的主要途径。年龄与应力等因素可引起软骨板内软骨细胞与基质成分的改变。成人软骨终板厚度约为 1mm ,随着年龄的增长而逐渐变薄 ,中年以后软骨终板可出现裂隙与破裂 ,且随年龄增长软骨终板血管数目减少 ,血流减慢淤积 ,蛋白多糖含量减少 ,终板逐渐钙化 ,出现不同程度的退变。这些改变不仅影响椎间盘细胞的营养供应 ,妨碍废物的排出 ,破坏基质代谢平衡 ,还…     

阻断双侧终板营养途径构建山羊椎间盘退变模型

目的通过建立山羊腰椎双侧终板营养途径阻断的动物模型,观察椎间盘退变(IDD)的情况,研究椎间盘营养途径与IDD的相关性。方法选取8只24月龄雌性关中山羊,每只山羊L2~3、L3~4作为实验椎间盘,麻醉后在平行于终板2 mm的椎体骨质处造成骨缺损,并使用骨水泥填塞,阻断椎体和终板之间的营养通路,L1~2、L4~5作为对照椎间盘。分别于术后4、12、24、48周行X线、MRI检查,各时间点随机处死2只山羊,采集椎间盘标本,计算骨水泥有效阻断面积、椎间高度指数(DHI)和Pfirrmann分级,并行HE、Masson三色、蛋白多糖、番红O染色组织学检查。结果术后骨水泥有效阻断面积达49.6%~69.6%(60.7%±5.3%)。术后48周时实验椎间盘DHI百分比为60.5%~81.7%(72.7%±5.6%),椎间高度丢失较对照差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后48周时实验椎间盘Pfirrmann分级为3~5(4.0±0.7)分,较对照差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。组织学检查证实,实验椎间盘术后12周即发生退变,并随时间(24、48周)逐步加重。结论骨水泥填塞阻断双侧终板营养途径可以构建山羊IDD的动物模型,阻断终板营养途径可以导致IDD发生。     

创伤性终板骨折及椎间盘退变对胸腰椎骨折预后的影响

目的探讨创伤性终板骨折及椎间盘退变对胸腰椎骨折预后的影响。方法对98例胸腰椎骨折患者进行手术治疗,依据术前X线片、CT扫描+三维重建诊断分为观察组(有终板骨折,48例)和对照组(无终板骨折,50例)。统计两组末次随访的ODI及VAS评分。结果创伤性终板骨折患者末次随访时的ODI及VAS评分明显高于对照组(P0.05),两组椎间盘退变率比较差异亦有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论创伤性终板骨折会引起椎间盘退变并影响脊柱骨折手术的预后。     

腰椎终板、椎间盘退变及椎间盘造影疼痛激发试验的相关性研究

目的探讨下腰痛患者腰椎终板Modic退变、椎间盘退变及CT引导下腰椎间盘造影疼痛激发试验的相关性.方法对45例下腰痛患者常规行腰椎X线和MR检查,分别按Modic终板退变标准（0～3级）与Pearce椎间盘退变标准（Ⅰ～Ⅴ级）对终板和椎间盘进行评估.在CT引导下对45例患者中的40例（120个椎间盘）进行造影和疼痛激发试验,并按Dallas椎间盘造影分级系统（DDD）测评椎间盘退变程度.采用SPSS 11.5统计学软件分析腰椎终板Modic退变、椎间盘退变与腰椎间盘造影疼痛激发试验之间的相关性.结果40例下腰痛患者的腰椎终板Modic分级与椎间盘退变Pearce分级存在较强的相关性（Pearson x^2=43.326,P=0.000）,与椎间盘造影疼痛激发试验有显著相关性（Pearson x^2=27.858,P=0.000）;椎间盘退变Pearce分级与CT椎间盘造影椎间盘退变Dallas分级也呈较强的相关性.结论腰椎终板Modic退变分级与椎间盘退变Pearce分级密切相关,而与椎间盘疼痛激发试验有显著相关性,提示终板Modic退变可能是下腰痛的原因之一.     

Novel stepwise model of intervertebral disc degeneration with intact annulus fibrosus to test regeneration strategies

Novel preclinical models that do not damage the annulus fibrosus (AF) of the intervertebral disc are required to study the efficacy of new regenerative strategies for the nucleus pulposus (NP). The aim of the study was to characterize a preclinical ovine model of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) induced by endplate (EP) damage and repair via the transpedicular approach, with or without partial nucleotomy, while keeping the AF intact. Twelve adult sheep were used. By the transpedicular approach, a 2 mm tunnel was drilled to the NP through the EP. A partial‐nucleotomy was performed. The tunnel was sealed using a polyurethane scaffold. Lumbar discs were assigned to different groups: L1‐2: nucleotomy; L2‐3: EP tunnel; L3‐4: nucleotomy + EP repair; L4‐5: EP tunnel + repair; L5‐6: control. X‐Ray and MRI were performed at 0, 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Disc height and MRI indexes were calculated. Macro‐ and micro‐morphology were analyzed. Pfirrmann and Thompson grades were assigned. The treated discs exhibited a progressive decrease in NP signal intensity and MRI index, displaying specific grades of degeneration based on the surgical treatment. According to Pfirrmann and Thompson grades different procedures were staged as: EP tunnel + repair: grade‐II; EP tunnel: grade‐III, nucleotomy + EP repair: grade‐IV; nucleotomy: grade‐V. A new stepwise model of IDD to study and test safety and efficacy of novel strategies for NP regeneration has been characterized. The different degrees of IDD have been observed similar to Pfirrmann and Thompson grading system. The intact AF allows for loading studies and eliminating the need for AF closure. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2460–2468, 2018.

     

大鼠退变腰椎间盘组织的超微结构观察

[目的]观察大鼠腰椎间盘退变动物模型中椎间盘组织的超微结构改变。[方法]32只SD大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组，每组各16只。实验组采用手术方法以L3为中心切除棘突、关节突、棘上、棘间韧带，切断双侧竖棘肌。对照组仅切开皮肤后即缝合。术后8周，应用电镜技术对SD大鼠椎间盘组织进行详细的超微结构观察。[结果]对照组的椎间盘组织超微结构的病理改变不显著，而实验组表现为软骨样细胞减少，出现不同程度地退变、坏死，细胞器数目减少，细胞外周致密颗粒增多；基质中胶原纤维发生不同程度的变性、融合、扭结或钙化，胶原纤维束间裂隙增大；[结论]应用电镜观察腰椎间盘退变动物模型的超微病理改变，可为研究腰椎间盘疾患提供相关的实验依据。     

MRI evaluation of spontaneous intervertebral disc degeneration in the alpaca cervical spine

Animal models have historically provided an appropriate benchmark for understanding human pathology, treatment, and healing, but few animals are known to naturally develop intervertebral disc degeneration. The study of degenerative disc disease and its treatment would greatly benefit from a more comprehensive, and comparable animal model. Alpacas have recently been presented as a potential large animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration due to similarities in spinal posture, disc size, biomechanical flexibility, and natural disc pathology. This research further investigated alpacas by determining the prevalence of intervertebral disc degeneration among an aging alpaca population. Twenty healthy female alpacas comprised two age subgroups (5 young: 2–6 years; and 15 older: 10+ years) and were rated according to the Pfirrmann‐grade for degeneration of the cervical intervertebral discs. Incidence rates of degeneration showed strong correlations with age and spinal level: younger alpacas were nearly immune to developing disc degeneration, and in older animals, disc degeneration had an increased incidence rate and severity at lower cervical levels. Advanced disc degeneration was present in at least one of the cervical intervertebral discs of 47% of the older alpacas, and it was most common at the two lowest cervical intervertebral discs. The prevalence of intervertebral disc degeneration encourages further investigation and application of the lower cervical spine of alpacas and similar camelids as a large animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1776–1783, 2015.     

褪黑素介导抗炎、抗氧化、抗骨质疏松作用在椎间盘退变修复中的研究进展

目前,椎间盘退行性疾病（disc degeneration disease,DDD）已成为临床上中老年人的常见病,且发病年龄有年轻化趋势。椎间盘退变（intervertebral disc degeneration,IDD）是指椎间盘（intervertebral disc,IVD）在内外部因素共同作用下引起的老化、退化等一系列生理、病理过程,被认为是DDD的基本病理过程,是引发患者腰痛的主要原因,因此修复IDD是治疗DDD的重点。IDD过程中伴随着炎症介质的产生、炎症相关信号通路的活化以及氧化应激的发生。褪黑素作为一种吲哚类激素,具有显著的抗炎及抗氧化作用,近年来受到研究者关注,越来越多的研究表明褪黑素对IVD具有保护作用,对治疗骨质疏松症（osteoporosis,OP）也有一定的作用,其有望成为IDD修复的治疗药物。笔者拟对褪黑素在椎间盘退变修复中的最新研究进展做一综述,以期为后续研究及IDD的早期药物干预和修复治疗策略提供思路。     

Calcification in human intervertebral disc degeneration and scoliosis

Calcification is a pathological process that may lead to impairment of nutrient supply and disc metabolism in degenerative and scoliotic intervertebral discs (IVDs). The purpose of this study was to assess the calcification potential of IVDs in degenerative disc disease (DDD) and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). For this purpose, 34 IVDs from 16 adult patients with DDD and 25 IVDs from 9 adolescent patients with AIS were obtained at surgery. The concave and convex parts of the scoliotic discs were analyzed separately. Von Kossa staining was performed to visualize calcium deposits, while type X collagen (COL X) expression associated with endochondral ossification was measured by immunohistochemistry. Alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium and inorganic phosphate concentrations were used as indicators of calcification potential. Results showed the presence of calcium deposits and COL X in degenerative and scoliotic IVDs, but not in control discs, and the level of the indicators of calcification potential was consistently higher in degenerative and scoliotic discs than in control discs. The results suggest that disc degeneration in adults is associated with ongoing mineral deposition and that mineralization in AIS discs might reflect a premature degenerative process. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:1888–1895, 2011     

兔椎间失稳软骨终板退变的实验研究

[目的]通过电镜研究软骨终板在椎间失稳环境下的退变过程,为椎间盘退变的治疗提供新的思路和方法.[方法]取48只6个月龄日本大耳白兔,雌雄不限,体重为(2.5±0.2)kg,随机进行分组,分为对照组和实验组,对照组为21只;实验组为27只;先将实验组兔腰背部皮毛剪除,用安定注射液1.25 mg/kg、氯胺酮0.02 g/kg、阿托品0.125 mg/kg顺次耳缘静脉注射麻醉后,俯卧固定于手术台上,用1%碘伏消毒手术区域,以髂嵴平对椎间隙(即L6.7)为中心,从正中取一长约4 cm纵行切口,切开皮肤及皮下组织,锐性分离,暴露棘突、椎板及上下关节突,将附着于棘突、椎板及小关节的肌肉全部分离开,然后依次切除L6.7棘上及棘间韧带,咬除第6腰椎两侧下关节突,造成椎间失稳,用无菌生理盐水冲洗切口,依次缝合各层组织;术后动物在笼中自由活动.实验组分别在术后2个月、4个月、6个月取材,对照组在相同条件下饲养后2个月、4个月、6个月取材;对椎间盘软骨终板用透射电镜观察软骨终板的结构,以综合判断软骨终板的退变过程.[结果]椎间失稳可导致椎问软骨终板胶原纤维结构由整齐有序、排列紧密向杂乱无章、排列松散退变.[结论]椎间失稳能明显导致椎间软骨终板的退变.     

Optimization of puncture injury to rat caudal disc for mimicking early degeneration of intervertebral disc

The caudal discs of rats have been proposed as a puncture model in which intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration can be induced and novel therapies can be tested. For biological repair, treatments for ongoing IVD degeneration are ideally administered during the earlier stages. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the optimal puncture needle size for creating a model that mimicked the earlier stages of IVD degeneration. According to the disc height index, histologic score, and MRI grading, a puncture needle sized 21G or larger induced rapid degenerative processes in rat caudal discs during the initial 2–4 weeks. The degenerative changes were severe and continued deteriorating after 4 weeks. Conversely, puncture injury induced by needles sized 25G or smaller also produced degenerative changes in rat caudal discs during initial 2–4 weeks; however, the changes were less severe. Furthermore, the degenerative process became stabilized and showed no further deterioration or spontaneous recovery after 4 weeks. In the discs punctured by 25G needles, the expression of collagen I was increased at 2–4 weeks with a gradually fibrotic transformation thereafter. The expressions of collagen II and SOX9 were enhanced initially but returned to pre‐injury levels at 4–8 weeks. The above‐mentioned findings were more compatible with earlier degeneration in discs punctured by needles sized 25G or smaller than by needles sized 21G or larger, and the appropriate timing for intradiscal administration of proposed therapeutic agents would be 4 weeks or longer after puncture. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:202–211, 2018.