第1骨间背侧肌支神经肌蒂转移修复拇对掌肌功能应用解剖

目的探讨带血供的尺神经深支第1骨间背侧肌支神经肌蒂转移修复拇对掌肌功能术式的可行性,为临床应用提供解剖学基础。方法新鲜和固定上肢标本各10例,在手术显微镜下解剖观测尺神经第1骨间背侧肌支及其营养血管的分支、分布情况,据此设计带血管的第1骨间背侧肌支神经肌蒂转移修复拇对掌肌功能的手术方式。结果尺神经深支第1骨间背侧肌支进入肌肉前分出2个分支,分别由肌肉的上下1/3处进入肌肉;远端肌支横径(1.5±0.2)mm,可无损伤分离长度为(2.8±0.3)cm,足够到达受区,其营养血管发自第1或第2掌心动脉,起始处直径为(0.8±0.3)mm。结论带血供的尺神经第1骨间背侧肌支神经肌蒂转移修复拇指对掌肌功能的术式具有可行性,该术式实用性、有效性有待临床进一步验证。     

骨间背侧神经的解剖学特征及其临床意义

目的　研究前臂骨间背侧神经及其肌支的解剖学特征,为体表定位提供形态学基础。 方法　解剖 30具成人防腐尸体的60侧上肢骨间背侧神经及其肌支,观察骨间背侧神经的行程与神经分叉点,测量分叉点分别至肱骨外上髁（LHE）、桡骨Lister结节（LTR）、尺骨茎突（SPU）的距离等参数,通过三圆交汇法及神经分段法来确定神经的体表位置。 结果　骨间背侧神经在发出指伸肌支、小指伸肌支及尺侧腕伸肌支后,主干有4个主要分叉点（O、O1、 O2、 O3）;以分叉点分别至LHE 、LTR 、SPU 的平均距离为半径,LHE 、LTR 、SPU为圆心,绘制3个圆,三圆交汇的点或区域可作为神经的体表定位;4个分叉点又可将骨间背侧神经分为7段（O点上段、OO1段、O1点下段、OO2段、O2点下段、O2O3段、O3点下段）。 结论　骨间背侧神经分叉点结合三圆交汇定位及神经分段法,根据神经损伤的临床表现,可明确神经损伤的位置。     

第一骨间背侧肌的应用解剖

解剖观察了30只成人手标本的第一骨间背侧肌。该肌为三角形双羽状肌,有桡、尺两个头,分别起于第一、二掌骨,主要止于食指近节指骨底外侧结节.桡侧头约占总肌量的2/3,该肌的主要作用是使食指外展和稳定食指的掌指关节.营养该肌的动脉从背、掌两面入肌,支数及外径均以背侧入肌者占优势,主要从第一掌背动脉和桡动脉末端直接分支供养。该肌用作转移肌瓣供体是不可取的,如利用巳丧失支配神经的废用肌另当别论.     

骨间前神经综合征解剖学基础

目的 :探讨骨间前神经综合征发病解剖基础。方法 :48侧 (左右各 2 4侧 )成人防腐固定标本在肉眼或双目放大镜下解剖观察可能构成对骨间前神经卡压的解剖结构。结果 :有 6 6 .6 %的拇长屈肌副头由内上至外下斜过骨间前神经主干前方。横过骨间前神经的结构还有 :尺侧副血管 (48.3% ) ,指浅屈肌发出至拇长屈肌的小肌束或纤维束 (10 .4% )。骨间前神经与桡、尺骨的关系 :77%骨间前神经走在桡骨颈前方下行一段 ,长为 3.9cm(37侧 ,) ;16 .7%骨间前神经在桡、尺骨之间走行 ;6 .3%隔指深屈肌走在尺骨的前方。结论 :拇长屈肌副头、横过骨间前神经的肌束和纤维等结构可能是致骨间前神经综合征的解剖基础。     

浅识第1骨间掌侧肌

第1骨间掌侧肌firstPalmarin－terosseous，有的作者称为拇短屈肌深头deepheadofflexorpolllclsbrevis[1]或拇短屈肌深层deepstratumofflexorPollicisbre－yis，或拇深屈肌[2]，意见不一致。国内早在1964年就有人报导了有关第1骨间掌侧肌的调查结果[3]，但教科书和有关手的专著     

手骨间掌侧肌数目的观察

解剖、观察25例成人手的第1掌骨间隙,发现具有额外肌束者18例(72%),分析认为位于此间隙内、止于拇指近侧节指骨的额外肌束属于拇收肌的扩展部分,不宜命名新的“骨间掌侧肌”。     

骨间背侧神经压综合征的显微外科治疗

作者遇到4例骨间背侧神经受压综合征患者,均为上肢用巨力之后发生不同程度的垂腕和伸指不能症状,均行显微外科治疗,发现于桡管处深支的两处断伤1例和Frohse氏腱膜弓下 的嵌压伤3例,分别给以束膜 外膜缝合术的束间松解术 束膜切开减压术,效果显著。文中计论其应用解剖、病因病理、临床表现、治疗原则及与桡管综合征的关系。     

骨间前神经综合征的局部解剖学研究

目的 搪塞骨间前神经综合征的解剖学基础。方法 解剖４８例（左右各２４侧）成人防固定标本。结果 骨间前神经主干邻近腱性结构有旋前圆肌纤维桥（５８．３％），尺骨头浅面腱膜（９３．７％），联合腱板（８３．３％）和指浅屈肌纤维弓（９１．２％），横过骨间前神经的拇长岂副头（６６．７％），及少 尺侧血管、小束肌肉或纤维结构。７７％骨间前神经干走在桡骨颈前方结论 骨间的神经主干邻近的腱性结构及距离桡骨颈近可能是     

骨间掌侧神经受压综合征的解剖学研究

在32具成人尸体的64侧上肢中解剖了骨间掌侧神经及其发出的肌支共510支,对其分支平面,分支数目,长度及其走行过程中的受压因素进行了观察和测量,旋前圆肌尺骨头的纤维弓,指浅屈肌腱弓,拇长屈肌的异常肌束和骨间掌侧血管的分支血管束是造成骨间掌侧神经受压的主要因素.     

前臂伸肌内神经血管分布的解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：观察前臂伸肌内神经血管解剖分布，探讨前臂肌是否可被分割为若干个功能单位，以提供新的功能性骨骼肌游离移植供区。方法：解剖10具10％甲醛固定的成人尸体共20侧前臂伸肌，观察其肌外神经血管的分布形式。5具新鲜成人尸体标本共10侧前臂伸肌，用Sihler＇s染色法观察肌内神经的分布。4具新鲜成人尸体标本共8侧前臂伸肌，经30％硫酸钡、乳胶混悬液血管灌注并行X线钼靶摄片，而后对照观察各肌的神经、血管在肌内分布关系。结果：按前臂肌肌内神经的分布及其形状分为3类：Ⅰ类肌肉为扁平形肌肉，主要肌内神经干垂直于肌纤维的走行方向。Ⅱ类肌肉为纺锤形肌肉，Ⅱa类肌肉，单羽肌为主，神经分支多为单干支配，神经多在其肌腹的上1／3入肌，神经入肌后多平行肌纤维纵向走行至肌远端。Ⅱb类肌肉，可分为两个部分，每个部分都有独立的神经支配，部分肌肉在其神经入肌门处还有一个返支配肌腹的上1／3。Ⅲ类肌肉，多个止点，神经在肌内呈横向穿越或纵向平行于肌纤维走行，在其肌肉起始部，有神经返支支配肌腹的上1／3。前臂伸肌血供是多源性的，以节段血管蒂型为主。结论：前臂伸肌内中Ⅱb类肌肉的第1，2种类型和Ⅲ类肌肉可将其分为不同的功能单位，供节段性游离肌肉移植。     

Architectural properties of the first dorsal interosseous muscle

Muscle architecture is considered to reflect the function of muscle in vivo, and is important for example to clinicians in designing tendon‐transfer and tendon‐lengthening surgeries. The purpose of this study was to quantify the architectural properties of the FDI muscle. It is hypothesized that there will be consistency, that is low variability, in the architectural parameters used to describe the first dorsal interosseous muscle because of its clear functional role in index finger motion. The important architectural parameters identified were those required to characterize a muscle adequately by modeling. Specifically the mass, cross‐sectional area, and length of the tendon and muscle were measured in cadavers along with the muscle fiber optimum length and pennation angle, and the moment arm of the first dorsal interosseous at the metacarpophalangeal joint. These parameters provide a characterization of the architecture of the first dorsal interosseous, and were used to indicate the inherent variability between samples. The results demonstrated a large amount of variability for all architectural parameters measured; leading to a rejection of the hypothesis. Ratios designed to describe the functioning of the muscles in vivo, for example the ratio of tendon to fiber optimum lengths, also demonstrated a large variability. The results suggest that function cannot be deduced from form for the first dorsal interosseous, and that subject‐specific architectural parameters may be necessary for the formulation of accurate musculoskeletal models or making clinical decisions.     

Contraction coupling efficiency of human first dorsal interosseous muscle

During working contractions, chemical energy in the form of ATP is converted to external work. The efficiency of this conversion, called 'contraction coupling efficiency', is calculated by the ratio of work output to energy input from ATP splitting. Experiments on isolated muscles and permeabilized fibres show the efficiency of this conversion has a wide range, 0.2–0.7. We measured the work output in contractions of a single human hand muscle in vivo and of the ATP cost of that work to calculate the contraction coupling efficiency of the muscle. Five subjects performed six bouts of rapid voluntary contractions every 1.5 s for 42 s (28 contractions, each with time to peak force < 150 ms). The bouts encompassed a 7-fold range of workloads. The ATP cost during work was quantified by measuring the extent of chemical changes within the muscle from ³¹P magnetic resonance spectra. Contraction coupling efficiency was determined as the slope of paired measurements of work output and ATP cost at the five graded work loads. The results show that 0.68 of the chemical energy available from ATP splitting was converted to external work output. A plausible mechanism to account for this high value is a substantially lower efficiency for mitochondrial ATP synthesis. The method described here can be used to analyse changes in the overall efficiency determined from oxygen consumption during exercise that can occur in disease or with age, and to test the hypothesis that such changes are due to reduced contraction coupling efficiency.     

Morphology and functional anatomy of the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the hand

The aim of this study, based upon anatomical and electrophysiological evaluation, was to identify the relationship between the morphology and physiology of the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the hand, which should be distinguished from the other dorsal interosseous muscles of the hand. Its morphology, distal attachments and physiology have been subject of numerous studies yielding conflicting results. The study reported herein was made on the basis of anatomical and electrophysiological investigation. Most of the dissections (20/34) were made on fresh specimens. Results of this study confirm the existence of the deep and superficial heads of the 1st dorsal interosseous muscle. The muscle is attached distally to the palmar plate of the metacarpophalangeal joint, the lateral tubercle of the base of the proximal phalanx of the index and the interosseous hood. Conversely, the muscle did not show any attachment to the oblique radial wing of the extensor apparatus in our dissections. The deep head of the muscle causes mainly flexion pinch between thumb and index superficial head abduction. Within the complex physiology of the various types of apposition of thumb and index, the dorsal interosseous muscle acts as a stabilizer. The results of electrophysiological study confirmed most of the interpretations deduced from morphological investigation.     

Task-related variations in the surface EMG of the human first dorsal interosseous muscle

Evidence from human and animal studies suggests that motor neuron pool organization is not uniform for all motor tasks. Groupings of motor units within a muscle may be recruited differentially for a given task based on principles beyond anatomical or architectural features of the muscle alone. This study aimed to determine whether: (1) there was differential activation across locations of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle during a given task, (2) the differential activation was related to directional requirements and/or end goal of the task, and (3) there was an anatomical pattern to the differential activation. Twenty-six healthy right-handed participants carried out isometric finger/hand contractions in sitting while surface EMG was collected from 4 bipolar sites on the FDI muscle simultaneously. The tasks included: abduction, flexion, diagonal, 30% abduction + 30% flexion, 30% flexion + 30% abduction, key pinch, and power grasp. Mean peak integrated EMG for each task was normalized to site and task specific mean M waves. Differential activation was evident across FDI sites based on movement direction, order of directional components within a combination condition, and end goal of the task. There was greatest activation in the distal ulnar site for all tasks. Additionally there was a trend toward an ordering effect in the amount of activation at each site: distal ulnar > distal radial > proximal radial > proximal ulnar.     

Radial nerve innervation of the first dorsal interosseous muscle: A functional study

A recent cadaver study described that 25% of the superficial radial nerves (SRN) investigated sent a contributing nerve branch into the first dorsal interosseous (1DI) muscle. This high degree of anatomical variation was unexpected, as the 1DI muscle is typically viewed as receiving its innervation from the ulnar nerve. The purpose of this study was to explore this possible SRN innervation of the 1DI muscle using electrophysiological tests on living subjects. Fourteen subjects participated and procedures were completed on their upper extremities bilaterally. Subjects were positioned supine and testing for the presence of a compound motor action potential (CMAP) was completed to determine if the 1DI muscle could be stimulated with activation of the ulnar nerve and the SRN. In all the 28 extremities examined, ulnar nerve stimulation resulted in clear elicitation of a CMAP in the 1DI muscle but stimulation of the SRN did not. The obtained findings do not support an atypical voluntary motor innervation of the 1DI muscle by the SRN with an incidence approaching the 25% reported previously. Clin. Anat. 23:227–233, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Mechanomyographic responses during voluntary ramp contractions of the human first dorsal interosseous muscle

The aim of this study was to examine the mechanomyogram (MMG) and force relationship of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle as well as the biceps brachii (BB) muscle during voluntary isometric ramp contractions, and to elucidate the MMG responses resulting from the intrinsic motor unit (MU) activation strategy of FDI muscle with reference to the MMG of BB muscle. The subjects were asked to exert ramp contractions of FDI and BB muscle from 5% to 70% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) at a constant rate of 10% MVC/s. In FDI muscle, the root-mean-squared amplitude (RMS) of the MMG decreased slowly with force up to 21%, and then a progressive increase was followed by a relatively rapid decrease beyond 41% MVC. The RMS/%MVC relationship in BB muscle consisted of an initial slow increase followed by a rapid increase from 23% MVC and a progressive decrease beyond 61% MVC. With respect to the mean power frequency (MPF), FDI muscle demonstrated no obvious inflection point in the MPF/%MVC relationship compared with that in BB muscle. Namely, the MPF of FDI muscle increased linearly through the force levels exerted. In contrast to FDI muscle, the MPF/%MVC relationship in BB muscle was decomposed into four specific regions: (1) a relative rapidly increase (<34% MVC), (2) a slow increment (34–53% MVC), (3) a temporary reduction (53–62% MVC), and (4) a further rapid increase (>62% MVC). The different MMG responses between FDI and BB muscles are considered to reflect the fact that the MU activation strategy varies among different muscles in relation to their morphology and histochemical type. Namely, the rate coding of the MUs plays a more prominent role in force production in relatively small FDI muscle than does MU recruitment compared with their respective roles in the relatively large BB muscle.     

Modified motor unit number index: A simulation study of the first dorsal interosseous muscle

The motor unit number index (MUNIX) technique has provided a quick and convenient approach to estimating motor unit population changes in a muscle. Reduction in motor unit action potential (MUAP) amplitude can lead to underestimation of motor unit numbers using the standard MUNIX technique. This study aims to overcome this limitation by developing a modified MUNIX (mMUNIX) technique. The mMUNIX uses a variable that is associated with the area of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) rather than an arbitrary fixed value (20 mV ms) as used in the standard MUNIX to define the output. The performance of the mMUNIX was evaluated using motoneuron pool and surface electromyography (EMG) models. With a fixed motor unit number, the mMUNIX output remained relatively constant with varying degrees of MUAP amplitude changes, while the standard MUNIX substantially underestimated the motor unit number in such cases. However, when MUAP amplitude remained unchanged, the mMUNIX showed less sensitivity than the standard MUNIX in tracking motor unit loss. The current simulation study demonstrated both the advantages and limitations of the standard and modified MUNIX techniques, which can help guide appropriate application and interpretation of MUNIX measurements.     

Computing motor unit number index of the first dorsal interosseous muscle with two different contraction tasks

Motor unit number index (MUNIX) is a recently developed novel neurophysiological technique providing an index proportional to the number of motor units in a muscle. The MUNIX is derived from maximum M wave and voluntary surface electromyogram (EMG) recordings. The objective of this study was to address a practical question for computing MUNIX in the first dorsal interosseous (FDI), a multifunctional muscle that generates torque about the second metacarpophalangeal joint, i.e., how will different lines of muscle activation influence its MUNIX estimates? To address this question, the MUNIX technique was applied in the FDI muscle of 15 neurologically intact subjects, using surface EMG signals from index finger abduction and flexion, respectively, while the maximum M wave remained the same. Across all subjects, the average MUNIX value of the FDI muscle was 228 ± 45 for index finger abduction, slightly smaller than the MUNIX estimate of 251 ± 56 for index finger flexion. Different FDI muscle activation patterns resulted in an approximately 10% difference in MUNIX estimates. The findings from this study suggest that appropriate definition of voluntary activation of the FDI muscle should be kept to ensure consistency in measurements and avoid source of error. The current study is limited by only assessing neurologically intact muscles. It is important to perform a similar analysis for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), given that ALS is the primary intention of the MUNIX method as a potential follow-up measurement for motor unit loss.